Stability analysis of tunnel face reinforced with face bolts

Face bolting has been widely utilized to enhance the stability of tunnel face,particularly in soft soil tunnels.However,the influence of bolt reinforcement and its layout on tunnel face stability has not been systematically studied.Based on the theory of linear elastic mechanics,this study delved into the specific mechanisms of bolt reinforcement on the tunnel face in both horizontal and vertical dimensions.It also identified the primary failure types of bolts.Additionally,a design approach for tunnel face bolts that incorporates spatial layout was established using the limit equilibrium method to enhance the conventional wedge-prism model.The proposed model was subsequently validated through various means,and the specific influence of relevant bolt design parameters on tunnel face stability was analyzed.Furthermore,design principles for tunnel face bolts under different geological conditions were presented.The findings indicate that bolt failure can be categorized into three stages:tensile failure,pullout failure,and comprehensive failure.Increasing cohesion,internal friction angle,bolt density,and overlap length can effectively enhance tunnel face stability.Due to significant variations in stratum conditions,tailored design approaches based on specific failure stages are necessary for bolt design.

Energy analysis of face stability of deep rock tunnels using nonlinear Hoek-Brown failure criterion

The nonlinear Hoek-Brown failure criterion was introduced to limit analysis by applying the tangent method. Based on the failure mechanism of double-logarithmic spiral curves on the face of deep rock tunnels, the analytical solutions of collapse pressure were derived through utilizing the virtual power principle in the case of pore water, and the optimal solutions of collapse pressure were obtained by using the optimization programs of mathematical model with regard of a maximum problem. In comparison with existing research with the same parameters, the consistency of change rule shows the validity of the proposed method. Moreover, parametric study indicates that nonlinear Hoek-Brown failure criterion and pore water pressure have great influence on collapse pressure and failure shape of tunnel faces in deep rock masses, particularly when the surrounding rock is too weak or under the condition of great disturbance and abundant ground water, and in this case, supporting measures should be intensified so as to prevent the occurrence of collapse.

Face stability of shield tunnels considering a kinematically admissible velocity field of soil arching

Existing mechanism of simulating soil movement at tunnel face is generally based on the translational or rotational velocity field,which is,to some extent,different from the real soil movement in the arching zone.Numerical simulations are carried out first to investigate the characteristics of the velocity distribution at tunnel face and above tunnel vault.Then a new kinematically admissible velocity field is proposed to improve the description of the soil movement according to the results of the numerical simulation.Based on the proposed velocity field,an improved failure mechanism is constructed adopting the spatial discretization technique,which takes into account soil arching effect and plastic deformation within soil mass.Finally,the critical face pressure and the proposed mechanism are compared with the results of the numerical simulation,existing analytical studies and experimental tests to verify the accuracy and improvement of the presented method.The proposed mechanism can serve as an alternative approach for the face stability analysis.

Seismic reliability analysis of shield tunnel faces under multiple failure modes by pseudo-dynamic method and response surface method

In order to investigate the stability problem of shield tunnel faces subjected to seismic loading,the pseudodynamic method(P-DM)was employed to analyze the seismic effect on the face.Two kinds of failure mechanisms of active collapse and passive extrusion were considered,and a seismic reliability model of shield tunnel faces under multifailure mode was established.The limit analysis method and the response surface method(RSM)were used together to solve the reliability of shield tunnel faces subjected to seismic action.Comparing with existing results,the results of this work are effective.The effects of seismic load and rock mass strength on the collapse pressure,extrusion pressure and reliability index were discussed,and reasonable ranges of support pressure of shield tunnel faces under seismic action were presented.This method can provide a new idea for solving the shield thrust parameter under the seismic loading.

MCS-based quantile value approach for reliability-based design of tunnel face support pressure

This paper develops a new approach for reliability-based design(RBD)of tunnel face support pressure from a quantile value perspective.A surrogate model is constructed to calculate the collapse pressures of the random samples generated by a single run of Monte Carlo simulation(MCS).The cumulative distribution function(CDF)of the collapse pressure is then obtained and the support pressure aiming at a target failure probability is chosen as the upper quantile value of the collapse pressures.The proposed approach does not require repetitive reliability analyses compared to the existing methods.Moreover,a direct relationship between the target failure probability and the required support pressure is established.An illustrative example is used to demonstrate the implementation procedure.The accuracy of the reliability-based support pressures is verified by direct MCS incorporating with three-dimensional numerical simulations.Finally,the influencing factors,including the sample size of MCS,the correlation coefficient between random variables,the choice of experimental points,and the surrogate model,are investigated.This method can play a complementary role to available approaches due to its advantages of simplicity and efficiency.

Experimental study of face passive failure features of a shallow shield tunnel in coastal backfill sand

Face passive failure can severely damage existing structures and underground utilities during shallow shield tunneling,especially in coastal backfill sand.In this work,a series of laboratory model tests were developed and conducted to investigate such failure,for tunnels located at burial depth ratios for which C/D=0.5,0.8,1,and 1.3.Support pressures,the evolution of failure processes,the failure modes,and the distribution of velocity fields were examined through model tests and numerical analyses.The support pressure in the tests first rose rapidly to the elastic limit and then gradually increased to the maximum value in all cases.The maximum support pressure decreased slightly in cases where C/D=0.8,1,and 1.3,but the rebound was insignificant where C/D=0.5.In addition,the configuration of the failure mode with C/D=0.5 showed a wedge-shaped arch,which was determined by the outcropping shear failure.The configuration of failure modes was composed of an arch and the inverted trapezoid when C/D=0.8,1,and 1.3,in which the mode was divided into lower and upper failure zones.

An efficient probabilistic design approach for tunnel face stability by inverse reliability analysis

In order to maintain the safety of underground constructions that significantly involve geo-material uncertainties,this paper delivers a new computation framework for conducting reliability-based design(RBD)of shallow tunnel face stability,utilizing a simplified inverse first-order reliability method(FORM).The limit state functions defining tunnel face stability are established for both collapse and blow-out modes of the tunnel face failure,respectively,and the deterministic results of the tunnel face support pressure are obtained through three-dimensional finite element limit analysis(FELA).Because the inverse reliability method can directly capture the design support pressure according to prescribed target reliability index,the computational cost for probabilistic design of tunnel face stability is greatly reduced.By comparison with Monte Carlo simulation results,the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed method are verified.Further,this study presents a series of reliability-based design charts for vividly understanding the limit support pressure on tunnel face in both cohesionless(sandy)soil and cohesive soil stratums,and their optimal support pressure ranges are highlighted.The results show that in the case of sandy soil stratum,the blowout failure of tunnel face is extremely unlikely,whereas the collapse is the only possible failure mode.The parametric study of various geotechnical uncertainties also reveals that ignoring the potential correlation between soil shear strength parameters will lead to over-designed support pressure,and the coefficient of variation of internal friction angle has a greater influence on the tunnel face failure probability than that of the cohesion.

不同盾构施工参数对地表沉降影响的数值分析

为研究盾构隧道施工阶段不同施工参数对地表沉降的影响规律,文中依托杭州某盾构隧道工程,运用Midas GTS NX数值软件建立盾构隧道施工三维模型,分析施工阶段注浆体弹性模量、注浆压力、掌子面推力等施工参数对地表沉降的影响。结果表明,不同施工参数工况下地表横向沉降曲线皆呈现倒V形,且最大值均位于隧道拱顶正上方;适当增大注浆压力、掌子面推力可以减小地表沉降量;注浆体弹性模量大小与地表沉降量成反比;不同施工参数对地表沉降量的影响作用由大到小排列依次为注浆压力、注浆体弹性模量、掌子面推力,研究成果可为相关工程提供参考借鉴。

盾构不满舱气压辅助模式下开挖面稳定性分析与对比掘进试验

盾构“气压辅助”掘进模式相较于传统的“土压平衡”掘进模式,其开挖面平衡机理更为复杂,地表变形和掘进参数特点与常规满舱土压平衡掘进模式存在明显差异。为对盾构气压辅助掘进模式下的开挖面稳定性进行定量化评估,并确定合理的气压设定值,利用极限平衡法考虑滑裂面空间曲面特点,提出适用于气压辅助掘进模式的开挖面整体稳定性评价方法。在Krabbe公式的基础上,考虑地层的成层性和地下水影响,对气体损失量计算公式进行改进。此外,结合相同地层条件下盾构不同掘进模式的对比掘进试验,对开挖面的整体稳定性、气压损失、地表沉降和掘进参数进行对比分析。研究结果表明:根据提出的整体稳定性评价方法和气体损失量计算方法对本工程试验段进行分析,地层满足气压辅助掘进的整体稳定性,选配的空压机具备该地层气压稳定的功率,气压设定值满足工程安全性要求;气压辅助掘进模式相较于满舱土压平衡模式总推力和刀盘扭矩分别下降35%和44%,而推进速度提升173%,能量消耗减小66%;气压辅助掘进模式引起的地层损失率较高,地表沉降相对较大。

上软下硬地层盾构开挖面稳定性计算模型

针对上软下硬地层失稳特点,在假定开挖面附近因土体失稳而由软硬地层分界线先向上诱发形成部分楔形体、再呈倒圆台状向地面发展的基础上,提出开挖面稳定性计算模型。先基于极限平衡法提出部分楔形体计算模型;再依据修正后的楔形体计算模型,分别计算上覆土压力和开挖面前方部分楔形体的受力;最后依托青岛地铁6号线某区间工程开展数值模拟,验证理论模型。结果表明:不同支护应力比条件下的土体变形范围有所差异,土体变形主要发生在开挖面前方和上方并呈泡状延伸;数值模拟得到的开挖面失稳形态基本符合理论计算模型的假定形状;理论计算得到该例盾构开挖面极限支护应力比为0.21,与数值模拟的误差率为5%;当开挖面支护力小于极限支护力时,上软下硬地层开挖面水平变形会突然迅速增大;开挖面附近的岩土体变形主要发生在上部软弱部分,最大水平位移出现在上部软土中心附近,开挖面上土体最大水平位移与开挖面上方地表最大竖向位移间的相关性较高,两者变形规律类似。

基于多对数螺旋曲线破坏机构的富水软岩隧道开挖面支护应力分析

为了避免对胡克-布朗准则进行任何线性化处理,将广义胡克-布朗(generalized Hoek-Brown, GHB)强度准则直接引入到开挖面稳定性分析中,基于极限分析理论构建了富水地层浅埋隧道开挖面多对数螺旋线破坏机构。在考虑孔隙水压力的作用下,推导出能量平衡方程,得到开挖面极限支护应力表达式,并且通过程序优化得到支护应力最优上限解。在此基础上,分析了GHB强度参数、孔隙水压力系数、岩土体重度以及隧道埋深比对开挖面稳定性的影响。最后通过归一化处理得到不同情况下的开挖面极限支护应力稳定性图表,通过该图表能够快速便捷地获得富水地层隧道开挖面维持稳定性所需的极限支护应力,为盾构隧道初步设计提供理论依据。

基于非线性Hvorslev面的超固结土层隧道掌子面稳定性分析

受沉积历史的影响,天然土层通常表现出一定程度的超固结特性,对土体强度具有显著的影响。然而,传统分析方法无法直接反映土体的超固结特性对隧道掌子面极限支护力的影响。引入非线性Hvorslev面描述地层土体的强度特性,通过切线技术得到土体的等效的摩尔-库仑强度参数,将其应用在修正后的三维坍塌机制分析,得到了超固结比随深度变化的黏土层中隧道掌子面的极限支护力。通过将模型退化形式与经典的模型计算结果进行对比,验证了所提方法的合理性。超固结土层中隧道掌子面极限支护力σ_(c)与土层超固结比、隧道直径D、回弹曲线斜率κ*与压缩曲线斜率λ*之比κ*/λ*、孔隙水压系数r_(u)、侧压力系数K_(0)、隧道深径比C/D和临界状态应力比M等因素相关。计算结果表明,随着超固结比增大,掌子面坍塌范围和相应的极限支护力σ_(c)减小。当土体超固结比OCR不变时,σ_(c)与D、κ*/λ*和r_(u)呈正相关,而与K_(0)、C/D和M呈负相关。当土体超固结比较高时,σ_(c)受κ*/λ*的影响较为显著;当超固结比较低时,σ_(c)对C/D和K_(0)的敏感度较高。在超固结土层中设计隧道掌子面支护力时,应根据实际工况综合考虑土体的应力历史、超固结比、隧道尺寸和埋深等因素。

浅埋偏压隧道在变坡面下围岩压力计算分析

为研究浅埋偏压隧道在变坡面下合理的围岩压力的计算方法,该文建立浅埋偏压隧道在变坡面下围岩压力计算模型,运用极限平衡原理推导围岩压力计算公式。引入中间变量β′,将其作为选取变坡条件下的偏压隧道围岩压力计算方法的依据,并将该文推导公式对比规范公式计算值与隧道围岩压力实测值进行验证。研究结果显示:经对比验证,该文公式具有合理性与实用性。且由计算公式分析可得,当自然坡度角增大,水平侧压力系数λ_(1)随之增大;当黏聚力增大,水平侧压力系数λ_(2)呈先增大后减小趋势;当变坡角度增大,水平侧压力系数λ_(2)将会减小。研究表明:偏压隧道存在变坡会影响隧道变坡段一侧的围岩压力,因此利用该文变坡条件的围岩压力计算公式是必要的。

基于M-C准则的任意角度隧道掌子面稳定性分析

为探究任意盾构角度影响下隧道掌子面的稳定情况,以向上倾斜盾构隧道为例,基于线性Mohr-Coulomb强度准则,运用空间离散技术及“点生点”技术,考虑倾斜角度对隧道掌子面稳定性的影响,通过改进现有的隧道掌子面三维主被动破坏模型,实现了倾斜隧道掌子面的主被动破坏极限支护压力的求解,并建立了线性Mohr-Coulomb准则下倾斜隧道掌子面三维主被动破坏模型,生成了与之对应的主被动破坏模型的能耗方程。通过本文模型计算结果与现有模型和数值模拟的计算结果进行对比分析,验证了本文所建立的倾斜隧道掌子面三维主被动破坏模型的合理性。结果表明,任意盾构纵向倾角是影响掌子面稳定性的重要因素,不可忽略;本文所建立的任意角度掌子面三维旋转主被动破坏模型相比现有模型更接近真实解,在掌子面稳定性分析时能够得到更优的分析结果,为类似隧道盾构施工的安全性提供了有效的理论指导与参考。

Effect of cutterhead configuration on tunnel face stability during shield machine maintenance outages

Owing to long-distance advancement or obstacles,shield tunneling machines are typically shut down for maintenance.Engineering safety during maintenance outages is determined by the stability of the tunnel face.Pressure maintenance openings are typically used under complicated hydrogeological conditions.The tunnel face is supported by a medium at the bottom of the excavation chamber and compressed air at the top.Owing to the high risk of face failure,the necessity of support pressure when cutterhead support is implemented and a method for determining the value of compressed air pressure using different support ratios must to be determined.In this study,a non-fully chamber supported rotational failure model considering cutterhead support is developed based on the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis.Numerical simulation is conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed model.The results indicate that appropriately increasing the specific gravity of the supporting medium can reduce the risk of collapse.The required compressed air pressure increases significantly as the support ratio decreases.Disregarding the supporting effect of the cutterhead will result in a tunnel face with underestimated stability.To satisfy the requirement of chamber openings at atmospheric pressure,the stratum reinforcement strength and range at the shield end are provided based on different cutterhead aperture ratios.

Face stability analysis of a shield tunnel excavated along inclined strata

The horizontally layered or even inclined strata are often encountered in practical shield tunneling.The influence of inclined strata on face stability of shield tunnels is not fully investigated by the existing studies.This paper adopts both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to carry out research on face stability in inclined strata.The spatial discretization technique is adopted to construct a threedimensional(3D)kinematic failure mechanism considering intersection between inclined soil interface and tunnel face.An analytical solution for critical support pressure is obtained.Besides,the critical support pressure and 3D kinematic mechanism are compared with numerical results to verify accuracy and effectiveness of analytical model.The influences of dip and position of inclined strata on face stability are thoroughly studied.The proposed failure mechanism can serve as a reference for face stability analysis in inclined strata.

砂卵石地层盾构隧道掌子面稳定性理论分析

盾构隧道穿越砂卵石地层掘进施工时,由于砂卵石的地层特性及施工扰动,隧道掌子面容易失稳而引发事故。为研究砂卵石地层盾构隧道掌子面稳定所需的最小支护力,结合砂卵石地层的掌子面失稳模式,在三维Murayama模型的基础上,将掌子面前方土体的滑动面形式假设为对数螺旋滑移线,结合上部松动区域的破坏机制,引入椭球体放矿理论,对传统的棱柱体筒仓模型进行改进,进一步通过极限平衡法推导出砂卵石地层的掌子面极限支护力求解公式;最后通过离散元数值模拟验证所推公式,两者的误差为3.1%。结果表明所得公式可对砂卵石地层的掌子面极限支护力进行较为精确的求解。研究成果以期为砂卵石地层掌子面极限支护力计算理论提供依据。

浅埋盾构隧道开挖面被动失稳楔形体计算模型改进

以浅埋盾构隧道开挖面被动失稳模式为研究对象,对楔形体计算模型进行改进,提出了一种新的开挖面等效法,将楔形体计算模型里的倒棱台筒仓改进为倒圆台筒仓,推导了开挖面被动失稳极限支护压力计算公式。主要结论有:楔形体倾角(α)与土体内摩擦角(φ)有关,α最优值为40°-φ/2。通过与既有开挖面被动失稳的极限支护压力解析解及数值解对比,发现改进后的楔形体模型计算结果更接近数值解,说明本文推导的计算公式是可靠的。

盾构隧道开挖面改进三维模型和临界支护压力研究

为解决城市地铁隧道盾构掘进过程中开挖面稳定性较难准确评估的问题,以及针对目前采用极限平衡方法建立的模型无法准确描述隧道开挖面失稳破坏机制的现状,提出一种针对浅埋隧道的改进三维模型。通过将模型与物理试验和数值模拟进行对比,其偏差小于10%,验证改进模型的合理性和有效性。在此基础上,研究土壤参数、隧道直径和埋深对改进模型得出的临界支护压力和失效机制特征的影响规律。结果表明:1)土壤的内摩擦角和黏聚力对临界支护压力影响显著;2)由于土拱效应的存在,隧道埋深和直径在增大至临界值后,临界支护压力将保持不变;3)相比于黏聚力和隧道埋深,土壤内摩擦角的改变对失效机制特征的影响更加显著。

考虑主应力偏转和土拱效应的干砂盾构隧道掌子面极限支护力计算方法研究

深埋干砂盾构隧道在施工过程中存在显著的土拱效应,如何确定考虑土拱效应的隧道掌子面极限支护力至关重要。基于极限平衡法和楔形体理论,提出了一种多层抛物线承载拱模型。根据隧道不同埋深下掌子面失稳破坏的特征和土拱类别,将隧道状态划分为浅埋隧道、过渡隧道和深埋隧道。考虑多层抛物线承载拱区域主应力偏转角和侧向土压力系数的连续性,并假定抛物线承载拱为满足合理拱轴线三铰拱结构,推导了过渡区和深埋区多层抛物线承载拱荷载传递的计算公式,进而通过极限平衡法计算得到掌子面极限支护力。将本模型计算结果与已有理论模型、模型试验和数值结果进行对比,验证了本模型计算得到的掌子面极限支护力和失稳破坏区的合理性。最后,通过参数分析讨论了土体内摩擦角对隧道浅埋和深埋分界线以及极限支护力的影响。该研究成果可为深埋干砂盾构隧道极限支护力的预测提供理论依据。