A Novel Method for the Application of the ECMS(Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy)to Reduce Hydrogen Consumption in Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles are currently being considered as ideal means to solve the energy crisis and global warming in today’s society.In this context,this paper proposes a method to solve the problem related to the dependence of the so-called optimal equivalent factor(determined in the framework of the equivalent consumption minimum strategy-ECMS)on the working conditions.The simulation results show that under typical conditions(some representative cities being considered),the proposed strategy can maintain the power balance;for different initial battery’s states of charge(SOC),after the SOC stabilizes,the fuel consumption is 5.25 L/100 km.

Implementation of Radial Basis Function Artificial Neural Network into an Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Optimized Control of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Continued increases in the emission of greenhouse gases by passenger vehicles have accelerated the production of hybrid electric vehicles. With this increase in production, there has been a parallel demand for continuously improving strategies of hybrid electric vehicle control. The goal of an ideal control strategy is to maximize fuel economy while minimizing emissions. Methods exist by which the globally optimal control strategy may be found. However, these methods are not applicable in real-world driving applications since these methods require a priori knowledge of the upcoming drive cycle. Real-time control strategies use the global optimal as a benchmark against which performance can be evaluated. The goal of this work is to use a previously defined strategy that has been shown to closely approximate the global optimal and implement a radial basis function (RBF) artificial neural network (ANN) that dynamically adapts the strategy based on past driving conditions. The strategy used is the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), which uses an equivalence factor to define the control strategy and the power train component torque split. An equivalence factor that is optimal for a single drive cycle can be found offline with a priori knowledge of the drive cycle. The RBF-ANN is used to dynamically update the equivalence factor by examining a past time window of driving characteristics. A total of 30 sets of training data (drive cycles) are used to train the RBF-ANN. For the majority of drive cycles examined, the RBF-ANN implementation is shown to produce fuel economy values that are within ±2.5% of the fuel economy obtained with the optimal equivalence factor. The advantage of the RBF-ANN is that it does not require a priori drive cycle knowledge and is able to be implemented in real-time while meeting or exceeding the performance of the optimal ECMS. Recommendations are made on how the RBF-ANN could be improved to produce better results across a greater array of driving conditions.

Fuel Consumption Potential of the Pushbelt CVT

The efforts to further reduce fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with a pushbelt type Continuously Variable Transmission(CVT) focus on different sources of loss.In this paper the magnitude of these losses and their potential for reduction is described.Inside the CVT,the variator,its control strategy and the hydraulic actuation circuit can be distinguished as the main potentials.A major opportunity is offered by a new control strategy that takes the actual slip between belt and pulley as the control parameter.The resulting decrease of clamping forces on the pushbelt leads to a reduction of variator and actuation losses.Further potential is found in the hydraulic actuation circuit by an improved tuning of the power supply to the actual power requirement.Outside the CVT additional potential is found in start-stop functionality as supported by measures inside the transmission.The paper describes the theoretical background as well as practical fuel savings of up to 5.5% that were obtained in tests on vehicle level.Slip control adds an inherent robustness to the operation of the pushbelt and opens up the fuel saving potential of the CVT thus reinforcing its position as the benchmark for the near future.

Research on ECMS Based on Segmented Path Braking Energy Recovery in a Fuel Cell Vehicle

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are widely regarded as having the potential to replace internal combustion engines in vehicles.Since fuel cells cannot recover energy and have a slow dynamic response,they need to be used with different power sources.Developing efficient energy management strategies to achieve excellent fuel economy is the goal of research.This paper proposes an adaptive equivalent fuel minimum consumption strategy(AECMS)to solve the problem of the poor economy of the whole vehicle caused by the wrong selection of equivalent factors(EF)in traditional ECMS.In this method,the kinematics interval is used to update the equivalent factor by considering the penalty term of energy recovery on SOC changes.Finally,the optimized equivalent factor is substituted into the optimization objective function to achieve efficient energy regulation.Simulation results under the New European Driving Cycle show that compared with the traditional ECMS based on fixed SOC benchmarks,the proposed method improves fuel economy by 1.7%while ensuring vehicle power and increases SOC by 30%.

Design and optimization of equivalent consumption minimization strategy for 4WD hybrid electric vehicles incorporating vehicle connectivity

This paper presents an optimized equivalent consumption minimization strategy(ECMS) for four-wheel-drive(4 WD) hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs) incorporating vehicle connectivity. In order to be applicable to the 4 WD architecture, the ECMS is designed based on a rule-based strategy and used under the condition that a certain propulsion mode is activated. Assuming that a group of 4 WD HEVs are connected and position information can be shared with each other, we formulate a decentralized model predictive control(MPC) framework that compromises fuel efficiency, mobility, and inter-vehicle distance to optimize the velocity profile of each individual vehicle. Based on the optimized velocity profile, an optimization problem considering both fuel economy and battery state of charge(SOC) sustainability is formulated to optimize the equivalent factors(EFs) of the ECMS for HEVs over an appropriate time window. MATLAB User Datagram Protocol(UDP) is used in the codes run on multiple computers to simulate the wireless communication among vehicles, which share position information via UDP-based communication, and dSPACE is used as a software-in-the-loop platform for the simulation of the optimized ECMS. Simulation results validate the control effectiveness of the proposed method.

融合工况预测的燃料电池汽车里程自适应等效氢耗最小控制策略

为有效地提高插电式燃料电池汽车的经济性,实现燃料电池和动力电池的功率最优分配,考虑到行驶工况、电池荷电状态(State of charge,SOC)、等效因子与氢气消耗之间的密切联系,制定融合工况预测的里程自适应等效氢耗最小策略.通过基于误差反向传播的神经网络来实现未来短期车速的预测,分析未来车辆需求功率变化,同时借助全球定位系统规划一条通往目的地的路径,智能交通系统便可获取整个行程的交通流量信息,利用行驶里程和SOC实时动态修正等效消耗最小策略中的等效因子,实现能量管理策略的自适应性.基于MATLAB/Simulink软件,搭建整车仿真模型与传统的能量管理策略进行仿真对比验证.仿真结果表明,采用基于神经网络的工况预测算法能够较好地预测未来短期工况,其预测精度相较于马尔可夫方法提高12.5%,所提出的能量管理策略在城市道路循环工况(UDDS)下的氢气消耗比电量消耗维持(CD/CS)策略下降55.6%.硬件在环试验表明,在市郊循环工况(EUDC)下的氢气消耗比CD/CS策略下降26.8%,仿真验证结果表明了所提出的策略相比于CD/CS策略在氢气消耗方面的优越性能,并通过硬件在环实验验证了所提策略的有效性.

考虑驾驶风格的混合动力汽车强化学习能量管理策略

为了提升混合动力汽车能量管理策略对不同风格驾驶员的适应性,基于深度强化学习和等效燃油消耗最小策略(equivalent consumption minimization strategy,ECMS),提出一种考虑驾驶风格的混合动力汽车能量管理策略。通过实车试验采集驾驶员行驶数据,基于采集数据进行驾驶员驾驶风格的聚类分析,建立驾驶风格识别模型;构建基于强化学习和ECMS的能量管理策略,将驾驶风格系数作为强化学习状态变量,利用多种驾驶风格的组合工况训练深度确定性策略梯度智能体,获取不同工况和驾驶风格下ECMS等效因子,采用ECMS求解最优发动机、电机转矩分配以及变速箱挡位;搭建硬件在环测试平台,并基于实际采集的不同驾驶员驾驶数据构建测试工况,验证所提出控制策略的有效性。研究结果表明,相较于基于规则策略、基于等效因子比例修正的自适应ECMS以及DRL-SAC策略,提出的考虑驾驶风格的强化学习能量管理策略使整车能量消耗分别降低16.35%、11.11%和7.56%,所提控制策略的有效性得到了验证。

基于充电行为电量规划的自适应能量管理策略

为提高插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)的燃油经济性,以并联式PHEV为研究对象,考虑驾驶员充电行为,提出基于充电行为电量规划和等效燃油消耗最小策略(ECMS)的自适应能量管理策略。构建了包含不同类型工况的组合工况。根据驾驶员的充电行为特征(充电频率、充电上限、放电下限)进行充电行为分析,并进行4类工况电量消耗与燃油消耗ECMS策略下的离线仿真数据获取。根据驾驶员充电行为以及离线数据进行SOC轨迹的规划。结果表明:在电池SOC初始值分别为0.9、0.6时,提出的能量管理策略相较于基于电量消耗维持的等效燃油消耗策略,整车燃油经济性分别提升7.87%和13.1%。

氢能无人机等效消耗最小化策略设计

【目的】为了提高氢能混合动力固定翼无人机飞行过程中能源系统功率变化的稳定性以及燃料经济性。【方法】在传统等效消耗最小化策略理论的基础上引入一种考虑蓄电池组功率变化幅度对能量消耗影响的变等效因子。将此因子与原有等效因子加权相加,形成复合等效因子。建立了适用于复杂飞行工况的无人机混合动力仿真平台,研究了复合等效因子对等效消耗最小化策略控制效果的影响。【结果】结果表明,使用复合等效因子的等效消耗最小化策略可以有效降低能源系统的功率波动幅度,巡航飞行时氢燃料电池的功率波动幅度比传统等效消耗最小化策略降低了94.7%,飞行过程中蓄电池组SOC累计变化量降低了46%;在3.5 h的飞行任务中可节省193标准升氢气,提高了燃料的经济性。当蓄电池组SOC接近平衡值时,可以大幅减缓充电功率的变化率。改进后的等效消耗最小化策略有利于延长能源系统的使用寿命,提高燃料电池和蓄电池组的安全性。

复合储能式装载机能量控制优化与仿真

针对工程车辆在机群作业下的能量管理问题,以复合储能式装载机为研究对象,利用Recurdyn-Edem联合仿真建立连续作业环境获取工况数据;分别以V型工况及集群作业下装载机单次循环工况油耗最少为目标,设计了基于等效油耗最小策略与规则相结合的控制策略,为了能够进一步提高全局工况的燃油经济性,使用遗传算法对等效油耗最小关键参数进行寻优,最后带入整车模型进行仿真验证。结果表明,V型工况与集群作业工况下,该控制策略相较于自适应神经模糊控制,燃油经济性分别提升了3.23%和4.26%;通过dSPACE进行硬件在环试验,试验与仿真结果基本一致,进而验证了优化结果的有效性。

基于庞特里亚金极小值原理的柴电混合动力船舶能量管理策略

提升混合动力船舶的能源利用率,制定合适的能量管理策略以实现功率合理分配、减小船舶燃油消耗、节约成本,是混合动力船舶的亟需解决的关键技术问题。本文基于Matlab/Simulink仿真建模软件,建立对象船舶的动力系统仿真模型,研究不同功率需求下对柴油发电机和超级电容的控制要求。考虑动力源特性和船舶功率需求,本文提出了一种基于庞特里亚金极小值的能量管理策略对目标船舶进行合理的功率分配。仿真结果表明:基于庞特里亚金极小值原理的能量管理策略能够优化船舶柴油机组原动机的工作状态,使其在比油耗较低的点工作。在该策略的控制下,航行工况内的柴油发电机组原动机平均比油耗为207.2 g/(kW·h),总燃油消耗量为204.1 kg。本文方法不仅对船舶减小燃油消耗具有积极的作用,同时对提高船舶运行经济性具有重要意义。

燃料电池混合动力汽车深度强化学习能量管理优化

针对配备有锂电池与超级电容的燃料电池混合动力汽车,为降低车辆总体运行成本,延长能量源寿命,本文提出一种基于深度强化学习的能量管理策略.首先,依据超级电容高功率密度特性,建立基于模糊自适应滤波的功率分层结构,并依据燃料电池与锂电池的经验退化模型,建立能量源退化的成本函数,采用等效消耗最小策略平衡氢耗成本与能量源退化成本,以最小化总体运行成本为目标来优化能量源功率分配;然后,引入优先经验回放与软更新以提高深度强化学习的离线训练效率;最后,在多种工况下进行仿真,结果表明,与未考虑退化的策略相比,本文所提出策略在全球统一轻型车辆测试循环下可使氢耗量降低11.8%,并可有效减缓燃料电池与锂电池的退化速率,降低燃料电池混合动力汽车的总体运行成本.

混合动力汽车深度强化学习分层能量管理策略

为了提高混合动力汽车的燃油经济性和控制策略的稳定性,以第三代普锐斯混联式混合动力汽车作为研究对象,提出了一种等效燃油消耗最小策略(equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy,ECMS)与深度强化学习方法(deep feinforcement learning,DRL)结合的分层能量管理策略。仿真结果证明,该分层控制策略不仅可以让强化学习中的智能体在无模型的情况下实现自适应节能控制,而且能保证混合动力汽车在所有工况下的SOC都满足约束限制。与基于规则的能量管理策略相比,此分层控制策略可以将燃油经济性提高20.83%~32.66%;增加智能体对车速的预测信息,可进一步降低5.12%的燃油消耗;与没有分层的深度强化学习策略相比,此策略可将燃油经济性提高8.04%;与使用SOC偏移惩罚的自适应等效燃油消耗最小策略(A-ECMS)相比,此策略下的燃油经济性将提高5.81%~16.18%。

主动进气格栅在混动车型应用的关键技术研究

【目的】主动进气格栅(active grille shutter,AGS)技术是优化整车热管理性能、风阻和油耗的重要手段之一,但AGS在混动车型的应用价值尚未得到明确的多方位评估,这导致主机厂对该技术的应用仍有疑虑。【方法】该文首次进行AGS在混动车型应用的多方位研究,提出一种混动车AGS开度控制策略。基于某混动车型,采用UltraFluidX、Amesim和Star CCM+等科学工具进行仿真,并开展整车油耗试验,多方位地评估AGS对整车风阻、热管理性能和油耗的影响。【结果】该混动车型在高速行驶时关闭AGS可有效降低整车风阻7.85%,主要原因是气流无法进入机舱,从而降低了机舱阻力;在该混动车型上应用AGS可满足热管理系统的性能需求,优化空调箱内循环比例,进一步提升热管理系统性能;安装AGS密封导流装置是改善机舱内热回流和防止冷空气逃逸的关键措施,可提高格栅进气效率和热管理系统性能;配备AGS并采用该文提出的AGS开度控制策略的该混动车型油耗比未配备AGS的对应车型的降低5.20%,效果显著。【结论】AGS对混动车型的整车风阻、热管理性能和油耗等均有较大提升,良好的AGS匹配设计和关联控制策略实施是促使未来混动车型能耗下降的关键之一。

基于工况识别的PHEV能量管理策略

为提升并联式混合动力汽车(parallel hybrid electric vehicle,PHEV)的燃油经济性,针对等效燃油消耗最小控制策略(equivalent fuel consumption minimum strategy,ECMS)在不同工况下适应性差的问题,以优化整车等效燃油消耗量为目标,设计基于工况识别算法的变等效因子ECMS能量管理策略。选取3类典型工况建立支持向量机分类模型,通过递归特征消除法对样本特征进行选择,采用鲸鱼算法对支持向量机进行参数优化,使用模拟退火算法分别对3类工况的ECMS等效因子进行离线全局最优求解,并分别存储于等效因子库中,通过训练好的支持向量机分类器对目标优化工况进行工况识别,不同类型的工况片段采用不同的等效因子进行转矩分配。仿真结果显示:相比于逻辑门限能量管理策略,基于工况识别算法的变等效因子ECMS能量管理策略的电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)变化量减少8.67%,节油率为13.11%;相比于优化前的ECMS策略电池SOC变化量减少3.47%,节油率约为6.63%。本文提出的基于工况识别算法的变等效因子ECMS能量管理策略可以有效地减少燃油消耗量,提升PHEV的整车经济性。

A Predictive Energy Management Strategies for Mining Dump Trucks

The plug-in hybrid vehicles(PHEV)technology can effectively address the issues of poor dynamics and higher energy consumption commonly found in traditional mining dump trucks.Meanwhile,plug-in hybrid electric trucks can achieve excellent fuel economy through efficient energy management strategies(EMS).Therefore,a series hybrid system is constructed based on a 100-ton mining dump truck in this paper.And inspired by the dynamic programming(DP)algorithm,a predictive equivalent consumption minimization strategy(P-ECMS)based on the DP optimization result is proposed.Based on the optimal control manifold and the SOC reference trajectory obtained by the DP algorithm,the P-ECMS strategy performs real-time stage parameter optimization to obtain the optimal equivalent factor(EF).Finally,applying the equivalent consumption minimization strategy(ECMS)realizes real-time control.The simulation results show that the equivalent fuel consumption of the P-ECMS strategy under the experimentally collected mining cycle conditions is 150.8 L/100 km,which is 10.9%less than that of the common CDCS strategy(169.3 L/100 km),and achieves 99.47%of the fuel saving effect of the DP strategy(150 L/100 km).

基于运行模式和动态混合度的燃料电池混合动力有轨电车等效氢耗最小化能量管理方法研究

清洁环保的燃料电池混合动力有轨电车近年来受到极大关注,其高效的能量管理方法对混合动力系统性能起到至关重要的作用。传统等效氢耗最小化方法的荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)平衡系数通常采用恒定值,而有轨电车在大功率峰值需求和减速制动过程中,恒定的SOC平衡系数不能满足瞬时等效氢耗最小的指标要求,并且在未知有轨电车工况条件下最优SOC平衡系数无法确定。针对上述问题,建立基于燃料电池/锂电池的混合动力有轨电车动力系统模型,并通过分析SOC平衡系数与氢耗特性,提出一种基于运行模式和动态混合度的等效氢耗最小化能量管理控制方法。该方法通过划分有轨电车运行模式,分析不同运行模式下SOC平衡系数与瞬时氢耗的关系,在此基础上提出基于运行模式和动态混合度的等效氢耗瞬时优化方法。结合有轨电车典型工况,搭建RT-LAB实时仿真平台,开展有轨电车能量管理系统实时仿真,并与传统等效氢耗最小化方法进行对比分析。结果表明,所提出的能量管理方法能够根据有轨电车工况的实时变化而自动分配需求功率,并在不同初始SOC的情况下,满足等效氢耗量最小的性能指标要求,提高整车燃料经济性。

基于驾驶风格识别的混合动力汽车能量管理策略

为了进一步提高混合动力汽车的燃油经济性,针对驾驶员的驾驶风格对混合动力汽车的燃油经济性有较大影响的问题。通过对驾驶操作引起的汽车行驶过程的车体冲击度分析,确定不同类型行驶工况下的驾驶风格区分方法,应用该方法在所采集的大量行驶工况数据上,得到不同驾驶风格的车速信息。将行驶工况识别算法、不同驾驶风格的车速信息、等效燃油最小能量管理策略相结合,获取不同驾驶风格下的最优需求功率分配方式,从而建立基于驾驶风格识别的能量管理策略。对一段随机工况应用所制定的能量管理策略,仿真结果表明,所提出的控制策略比不考虑驾驶风格的等效燃油最小能量管理策略燃油经济性提高了8.47%,发动机工作点更好地运行在其最佳效率曲线附近,电池SOC更稳定且更好地维持在高效区域。

基于等效油耗最小的四驱混合动力汽车能量管理

提出了一种基于遗传算法优化的四驱混合动力汽车等效油耗最小控制策略。针对四驱混合动力的特点,建立了整车动力学模型,设计了基于等效油耗最小的瞬时能量管理优化策略。为进一步提高四驱混合动力汽车的燃油经济性,采用遗传算法优化了等效油耗最小策略的关键参数。硬件在环仿真结果表明,基于遗传算法优化的等效油耗最小策略可以实现整车能量优化管理,与基于规则的能量管理策略相比,其在典型工况下的平均燃油经济性高8.94%,比优化前的等效油耗最小策略的燃油经济性高2.68%。

一种混联式HEV瞬时优化监控策略的研究

以一种新型混联式混合动力电动汽车为具体对象,研究以瞬时等效燃油经济性为优化目标的能量管理监控策略。通过基于混合动力电动汽车整车及动力总成相关数学模型所建立的MATLAB/Simulink仿真优化平台,搜寻出了全部转速-转矩需求条件下动力总成各元件的理想能量分配及相应挡位,以MAP图的形式存储于车载监控器中。监控器根据混合动力电动汽车荷电保持的设计要求,按瞬时工况调用这些MAP图,以简单查表计算方式对理想值实时地作适当修正和调整。监控策略的有效性、实时性通过若干典型行驶工况仿真及实车应用得以证实,展现出良好的实用价值。