Cone-shaped source characteristics and inductance effect of transient electromagnetic method

Small multi-turn coil devices are used with the transient electromagnetic method （TEM） in areas with limited space, particularly in underground environments such as coal mines roadways and engineering tunnels, and for detecting shallow geological targets in environmental and engineering fields. However, the equipment involved has strong mutual inductance coupling, which causes a lengthy turn-off time and a deep “blind zone”. This study proposes a new transmitter device with a conical-shape source and derives the radius formula of each coil and the mutual inductance coefficient of the cone. According to primary field characteristics, results of the two fields created, calculation of the conical-shaped source in a uniform medium using theoretical analysis, and a comparison of the inductance of the new device with that of the multi-turn coil, show that inductance of the multi-turn coil is nine times greater than that of the conical source with the same equivalent magnetic moment of 926.1 A·m2. This indicates that the new source leads to a much shallower “blind zone.” Furthermore, increasing the bottom radius and turn of the cone creates a larger mutual inductance but increasing the cone height results in a lower mutual inductance. Using the superposition principle, the primary and secondary magnetic fields for a conical source in a homogeneous medium are calculated; results indicate that the magnetic behavior of the cone is the same as that of the multi-turn coils, but the transient responses of the secondary field and the total field are more stronger than those of the multi-turn coils. To study the transient response characteristics using a cone-shaped source in a layered earth, a numerical filtering algorithm is then developed using the fast Hankel transform and the improved cosine transform, again using the superposition principle. During development, an average apparent resistivity inverted from the induced electromotive force using each coil is defined to represent the comprehensive resistivity of the conical source. To verify the forward calculation method, the transient responses of H type models and KH type models are calculated, and data are inverted using a “smoke ring” inversion. The results of inversion have good agreement with original models and show that the forward calculation method is effective. The results of this study provide an option for solving the problem of a deep “blind zone” and also provide a theoretical indicator for further research.

A three-dimensional transient electromagnetic data inversion method based on a time–frequency transformation

Herein,a three-dimensional(3D)inversion method in the frequency domain based on a time–frequency transformation was developed to improve the efficiency of the 3D inversion of transient electromagnetic(TEM)data.The Fourier transform related to the electromagnetic response in the frequency and time domains becomes a sine or cosine transform under the excitation of downward-step current.We established a transformation matrix based on the digital fi ltering calculation for the sine transform,and then the frequency domain projection of the TEM data was determined from the linear transformation system using the smoothing constrained least squares inversion method,in which only the imaginary part was used to maintain the TEM data transformation equivalence in the bidirectional projection.Thus,the time-domain TEM inversion problem was indirectly and effectively solved in the frequency domain.In the 3D inversion of the transformed frequency-domain data,the limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shannoquasi–Newton(L-BFGS)method was used and modifi ed with a restart strategy to adjust the regularization parameter when the algorithm tended to a local minimum.Synthetic data tests showed that our domain transformation method can stably project the TEM data into the frequency domain with very high accuracy;furthe rmore,the 3D inversion of the transformed frequency-domain data is stable,can be used to recover the real resistivity model with an acceptable effi ciency.

Simulation research and application on response characteristics of detecting water-filled goaf by transient electromagnetic method

Water inrush disasters poses a great threat to the safe exploitation of coal resources.To solve this problem,the transient electromagnetic method(TEM)was proposed to accurately detect the water accumulation in the goaf.The electromagnetic response characteristics of diferent water-flled goaves were studied by electromagnetic feld theory,numerical simulation and feld verifcation.Through the models of 100%water accumulation,50%water accumulation,0%water accumulation,100%water accumulation with collapsed rock,50%water accumulation with collapsed rock and 0%water accumulation with collapsed rock goaf,the characteristics of induced voltage attenuation curves were studied.Meanwhile,the relationship between the attenuation voltage value and area of the transmitting coil,the depth of the goaf,the background resistivity,and the delay time were also simulated.The results illustrate that the attenuation curve of induced voltage presented a regular exponential decay form in the 0%water accumulation model but existed abnormal exaltation for voltage in water-flled model.Through the linear ftting curve,it can be seen that the abnormal intensity of the induced voltage becomes stronger as the distance between the measuring point and the center of the target decrement.Moreover,the abnormal amplitude of the induced voltage increases with the rise of the water accumulation and collapsed rock will weakly reduce the low-resistivity anomalous efect on the water-accumulated goaf.In addition,the response value of the attenuation voltage increased as the area of the transmitting coil increases,but decreased with increasing delay time and increasing background resistivity and depth of the target body.The feld detection results of the Majiliang coal mine also confrmed the theoretical analysis and the numerical simulation.

One-dimensional constrained inversion of electrical source transient electromagnetic method

The damped least squares inversion principle is applied to the transient electromagnetic one-dimensional inversion of electrical sources,and a new model is obtained by continuously iterating the initial model,thereby fitting the observed transient electromagnetic response,and performing one-dimensional inversion through induced electromotive force play.In this paper,in the damped least squares inversion,constraints are added to the Jacobian matrix,and simultaneous constraint equations and conventional inversion equations are solved.By weighting the constraint parameters,the difference between adjacent resistivities and layer thicknesses is minimized.Finally,K-type and H-type theoretical models were used to verify the reliability of the algorithm,and compared with the conventional transient electromagnetic damping least squares inversion.

An inversion of transient electromagnetic data from a conical source

Multiturn coils is an effective transmitter for transient electromagnetic method(TEM) used in narrow space and complex terrain at presently. However, its high mutual inductance coupling and long turn-off time affect the quality of later data processing and interpretation. Compared with multiturn coils, the new conical source has low mutual inductance and short turn-off time. Based on the superposition principle, we use Hankel transform and numerical filtering method for forward modelling of the conical source field in the layered-media and explore TEM characteristics excited by this source. We apply improved damped least square inversion to integrated transient electromagnetic(TEM) data. We first invert the induced voltage into similar resistivity and apparent depth, and then use the inverted results as input parameters in the initial model and transform the apparent resistivity data into the frequency domain. Then, damped least square inversion is performed in the frequency domain using the initial model. Subsequently, we use automated model building to search for the extremes and inflection points in the resistivity–depth data that are treated as critical layer parameters. The inversion of theoretical and observed data suggests that the method modifies the resistivity and depth and yields a model of the underground layers.

Some issues on 2.5-D transient electromagnetic forward

Numerical calculation for two integral transforms in 2.5-D transient electromagnetic forward is a difficult and key task, namely, the inverse Fourier transform and the inverse Laplace transform. Some effective algorithms for them were described. Based on the known algorithms in DC resistivity on wave-number distribution and selection, we proposed a principle on how to choose the least wave-number concerning the central-loop transient electromagnetic method. First, observe the behavior of transformation function curve with regard to wave-number in Fourier domain. In the light of its asymptote, ascertain the coverage scope of wave-number. Compared with analytic solution, the least wave-number in Fourier domain can be derived. Furthermore, the Laplace numerical inversion algorithm which needs only a few Laplace variables in pure real domain was also introduced here. The procedure was applied to forward modeling on transient electromagnetic field of a vertical magnetic dipole over uniform half-space to demonstrate them effectiveness and general applicability.

钻孔瞬变电磁法扫描探测RCQPSO-LMO组合算法2.5D反演

利用钻孔进行超前探测地质构造及含水体是地下开挖工程中的常规手段,如何利用这些钻孔进行钻孔瞬变电磁法扫描探测,从而实现钻孔孔壁外围地质异常体的精细探测,对实现地下工程地质透明化具有重要的指导意义.本文提出钻孔瞬变电磁法扫描探测2.5D反演的数据解译方法,首先针对随机性反演算法时效性低,易陷入局部最优解,而确定性反演算法依赖初始模型的问题,提出了组合策略的量子粒子群优化算法用来随机搜索最优初始模型.在此基础上,利用Levenberg-Marquarat方法求解Occam反演的目标函数,形成了RCQPSO-LMO组合算法进行2.5D反演,通过对比组合算法和单一算法,验证了组合算法具有更精确的反演结果.其次结合屏蔽条件下扫描探测,对比分析了有无屏蔽的2.5D反演结果,通过设定屏蔽系数对非探测方向信号进行部分压制,可以较好地解决钻孔径向扫描探测中对非探测方向信号部分屏蔽下的反演及成像.最后建立三组理论模型进行组合算法2.5D反演,结果表明:组合算法反演结果与理论模型的一致性较好,对低阻异常体的反演精度较高,验证了组合算法对钻孔孔壁外围低阻异常体具有较高的反演精度和分辨能力.

等值反磁通瞬变电磁法在浅部岩溶探测中的应用研究——以惠州市龙门县某地区为例

传统瞬变电磁法受关断时间和互感的过渡过程影响,存在较大浅部盲区;新近发展迅速的等值反磁通瞬变电磁法从理论和仪器上实现了纯二次场的观测,大大提高了浅部区域的探测精度。为研究等值反磁通瞬变电磁法在100 m以浅岩溶探测的应用效果,以惠州市龙门县某岩溶发育区为靶区,开展了方法有效性研究,取得主要成果与结论:(1)界定的土石界面和圈定的岩溶发育区与已知钻孔揭露情况吻合较好,验证了基于等磁反磁通瞬变电磁法在100 m以浅岩溶探测的有效性;(2)反映区内岩溶具有一定连通性,岩溶大小约1~20 m,岩溶主要发育于20~40 m及60 m以下埋深。研究结果一方面有效圈定了研究区100 m以浅岩溶发育区,对后续桥梁工程的安全建设具有重要意义;另一方面等值反磁通瞬变电磁法具有施工便捷、采集高效、抗干扰强等优势,未来有望在城市浅部空间探测领域实现更大作为。

地面瞬变电磁法对低阻薄层的分辨能力

瞬变电磁法现阶段的资料处理解释仍以一维反演为主,因此分析瞬变电磁法对薄层的分辨能力对于更好地发挥瞬变电磁法优势仍具有重要意义。采用基于Occam算法的一维反演,以100 m深度内10 m层厚的低阻薄层为例,开展了地面回线源瞬变电磁法对低阻薄层分辨能力的定性和定量研究。数值结果表明:低阻薄层电阻率与背景电阻率差异越大,薄层反演电阻率和层厚越接近于真实值;反演电阻率极小值位置始终对应于薄层位置。低阻薄层电阻率与背景电阻率比值为1∶5,1∶10,1∶20,背景电阻率小于100Ω·m时,瞬变电磁法能够良好探测10 m薄层的最大埋深依次为40,50,80 m;背景电阻率为200Ω·m时,上述3个最大埋深依次为30,30,60 m。上述研究成果有助于优化瞬变电磁法野外工作参数设计和提高资料处理解释精度。

基于监督下降法的短偏移距瞬变电磁快速反演研究

短偏移距瞬变电磁法(简称SOTEM)通常采用传统式基于物理建模的反演方法,反演效率较低,不易灵活融入先验信息,而基于数据驱动的反演方法能够提高反演精度与效率,泛化能力却难以保证。为了提高SOTEM数据反演的精度和效率,并兼顾可靠的泛化能力,本文探索了一种融合物理建模与数据驱动的反演方法,将机器学习中监督下降法应用于SOTEM数据反演中。基于监督下降法的SOTEM数据反演分为线下训练和线上预测,线下训练时通过合理的训练集灵活融入先验信息,获得隐含模型特征的平均下降方向,线上预测时借助物理建模函数和训练所得下降方向,在传统反演框架下完成模型参数重建。文中利用层状大地模型构建训练集和测试集,实现了基于监督下降法的SOTEM数据一维反演,并与传统Occam算法进行了对比。结果表明:基于监督下降法的SOTEM反演效率大幅提升,反演精度较高,具有良好的泛化能力。

钻孔瞬变电磁法拟地震全波形反演

钻孔瞬变电磁法是将发射与接收装置布置于钻孔中,因距离目标体近,探测精度得到提升,有利于煤矿钻孔周围含水体精细探测.常规的钻孔瞬变电磁法通过多分量响应近似判断异常体方向,难以对异常体的边界位置进行刻画,而且因瞬变电磁场的扩散特征,常规的反演方法对地质异常体的边界位置分辨率偏低.针对以上问题,结合钻孔瞬变电磁法扫描探测定位方法,通过波场转换将钻孔瞬变电磁法数据转换成虚拟波场数据,然后进行全波形反演与成像.针对虚拟波场直达波能量较强且属于干扰波,采用剪切波变换去除虚拟波场直达波,避免了虚假界面;其次由于波场转换过程中核函数病态性强的特点,引入虚拟电导率,降低了虚拟波场速度,从而降低了波场转换核函数病态性;为了对虚拟波场进行高精度反演与成像,分别采用阻尼最小二乘法和伴随状态法实现虚拟波场全波形反演.结合钻孔瞬变电磁法探测的数值实验得出阻尼最小二乘全波形反演方法的反演结果更加准确,可以实现对钻孔孔壁外围地层信息的精细刻画,提高了钻孔瞬变电磁法扫描探测的效果.

基于小波包分解与GA优化BP神经网络的瞬变电磁反演

瞬变电磁反演是高维非凸的复杂非线性反演问题。利用传统的BP(back propagation)神经网络可以有效缓解瞬变电磁反演的过拟合现象,但是BP算法收敛速度慢、易陷入局部最优。为了解决这些问题,提出了一种基于小波包分解(wavelet packet denoising,WPD)和遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)优化BP神经网络的方法(WPD-GA-BP),并应用于瞬变电磁反演中。首先,采用基于硬阈值和Daubechies系列中Db13的WPD方法降低观测磁场数据中的噪声成分,同时提出一种剔除冗余特征的样本采集策略。然后,引入具有全局性的GA优化BP神经网络初始权重,提升BP算法的学习能力和求解精度。最后,基于中心回线源一维瞬变电磁正演理论,构建层状地电模型,经WPD预处理后进行反演,并比较GA-BP与传统Occam、单一BP、PSO-BP(particle swarm optimization-BP)、DE-BP(differential evolution-BP)等算法的反演结果。理论模型与实测数据反演结果表明:在瞬变电磁层状地电模型反演中,WPD-GA-BP比其他算法具有更高的精度以及更强的稳定性和正演数据拟合能力,可有效应用于电磁探测反演解释中。

基于模块化多电平换流器的超级电容储能系统高效仿真方法

基于模块化多电平换流器的超级电容储能系统(MMC-SCES)半导体开关器件数量众多,仿真规模庞大,给电磁暂态仿真效率带来了巨大的挑战。针对此问题,基于桥臂戴维南等效电路提出了一种高效的MMC-SCES电磁暂态仿真方法。该仿真运用嵌套快速求解方法对MMC-SCES进行建模,不仅可以大幅降低仿真耗时和保持仿真精度,还可以保留换流器的所有动态变量。搭建了双端MMC-SCES仿真系统,对所提出的高效仿真方法进行了验证。结果表明:相比于基于平均值模型的仿真方法,所提出的高效仿真方法具有更高的精度,能够拟合子模块内部动态变量;相比基于详细开关模型的仿真方法,所提出的高效仿真方法的仿真速度最高可提升约518倍,而仿真的绝对误差标幺化积分则控制在1%以内。

基于最优阈值参考的瞬变电磁法小波降噪效果研究

瞬变电磁法野外数据采集容易受各种随机干扰影响而出现跳变现象,小波去噪通过对信号的多尺度分解、阈值设置和重构,实现对数据的降噪。为进一步提高小波去噪后的瞬变电磁法数据质量,对该过程中的阈值选择方法进行改进,提出了基于最优阈值参考的小波去噪方法;结合瞬变电磁法探测岩层富水性工程应用,对比分析不同阈值条件下的数据降噪结果,提出的算法的瞬变电磁数据实际应用效果。结果显示:提出的方法能够进一步降低感应电动势曲线在1~4 ms范围内的数值跳变现象,使数据全期衰减特性更明显。对降噪后数据的烟圈反演结果进行分析,重点解释了3处电性差异相对较大的位置,结合已知资料验证了基于最优阈值参考的小波去噪数据反演结果相对更准确。

等值反磁通瞬变电磁在既有铁路路基岩溶探查中的应用

灰岩地区由于其地下空洞、溶洞和裂隙等地质特征,对既有铁路路基的稳定性构成严重威胁。本文采用等值反磁通瞬变电磁法进行探测,结合区域地质资料,圈定了既有铁路路基下方病害的分布位置、大小及形态,通过钻探资料验证了物探结果的可靠性,表明使用等值反磁通瞬变电磁法探测铁路路基岩溶分布是可行且高效的。

Inverse Spline Interpolation for All-time Resistivity of Central-Loop TEM

A convenient numerical calculation method (inverse spline interpolation) for all-time apparent resistivity intransient electromagnetic method (TEM) is proposed in this paper. Characteristic of early and late normalized inductiveelectromotive force was investigated. According to the turning point, the transient process is divided into the earlyphase, the turning point, and the late phase. Afterwards, apparent resistivity is obtained through inverse spline interpo-lation in the early and the late phases, respectively. Finally, the resistivities of the early-time and the late-time wereconnected together by the turning point. The result shows that the inverse spline method is feasible and the method alsolays a foundation for initial model construction in the TEM automatic inversion.

自适应瞬变电磁波场反变换方法及其在隧道超前预报中的应用

瞬变电磁法(TEM)是一种感知地下含水体,圈定隧道含水区范围的有效方法。从瞬变电磁信号中准确提取虚拟波场是刻画含水区形态边界的关键。为提取准确可靠的虚拟波场,需要解决核函数动态范围大、波场反变换方程高度病态和实现自适应求解等问题。本研究基于精细积分方法,结合缩短波场反变换数值积分区间的经验公式,提出优化的自适应波场反变换方法。结果表明,在对均匀半空间的数值模型计算中,对正演数据的拟合误差低于0.5%;在对H型地电断面的数值模型计算中,提取的虚拟波场具有合理准确的运动学特征;在对全空间HKH型模型的数值计算中,提取的虚拟波场突出不同深度的含水层边界,在整个观测时间段拟合程度高;对于隧道实测数据,虚拟反射波在富水区边界和电性界面附近响应明显,拟合误差低于5%,虚拟波场记录圈定的含水区与视电阻率分布规律相互印证且与钻井试验吻合,证实了该方法的有效性和可靠性。

瞬变电磁共中心零磁通线圈研制与试验

基于小尺度共中心线圈的瞬变电磁方法因施工便捷、快速且对低阻体敏感等优点,而被广泛应用于矿山、交通、水利等领域的工程地质探测。但理论与实践表明,该方法实测早延时信号明显失真,所计算的视电阻率值严重偏离实际,从而造成该方法对浅层地电信息的探测能力缺失,存在勘探盲区。为克服该技术缺陷,首先重建了共中心观测方式下仪器记录的瞬变场信号,基于理论分析研究了接收系统暂态过程和一次场对瞬变场观测信号的影响特征。结果表明,接收系统暂态过程和一次场是引起早延时数据失真的2个原因;与前者相比,后者对瞬变场有效分辨时间滞后的影响更大,为关键因素。同时指出在调制接收系统阻尼匹配情况下,进一步消除一次场干扰是减小勘探盲区的有效途径。基于此,考虑到发射线圈内、外磁场极性相反的特点,建立了共中心零磁通线圈的绕制方法,明确采用内、外接收线圈串联的方式可实现接收线圈内一次场总磁通量趋向于零(即零磁通);并通过公式推导,给出了内、外接收线圈匝数比的理论计算方法。现场试验结果表明:(1)内、外接收线圈匝数比的理论值较为可靠,但因线圈绕制存在误差,实际中还需结合线圈实测信号特征进行修正;(2)与中心线圈相比,所绕制的零磁通线圈受一次场干扰明显减小,瞬变场有效分辨时间大幅前移,早延时信号得到高度保真;在此基础上,通过增加内、外接收线圈匝数,可有效改善晚延时数据信噪比;(3)与中心线圈相比,零磁通线圈实测数据对试验区浅层地电信息的分辨能力明显增强,较好地解决了瞬变电磁方法存在浅层勘探盲区的技术难题,体现了零磁通线圈的可靠性和优越性,可为实际探测提供装备支撑。

基于显式有限差分正演的三维瞬变电磁反演方法

本文、首先,提出了一种基于显式有限差分正演的三维瞬变电磁反演方法。对于正演,先计算磁偶极子源激发的全空间初始场,然后使用改进的DuFort-Frankel方法和交错网格对麦克斯韦方程组进行时间步进。对于反演,采用基于L2范数的模型正则化方法和最小二乘最优化方法。其次,通过模型算例和现场实例对三维反演方法进行了测试。在模型算例中,低阻三维块体得到了较好的恢复。在现场实例中,三维反演结果与实际地质情况一致。模型算例和现场实例都表明,提出的基于显式有限差分正演的三维瞬变电磁反演方法是可靠的。

瞬变电磁法在石泉煤矿逆断层富水性探测中的应用研究

为了解石泉煤矿断层位置及导水性在瞬变电磁法中的响应特征,对钻孔资料进行数字化处理,获取不同层位的电阻率信息。依据钻孔信息建立模型进行反演,随后在已知钻孔周围探测,利用测点信息进行对比,结合模型和实测信息选择探测参数进行有效探测。研究结果表明,瞬变电磁有效探查出301盘区的DF_6断层位置。DF_6断层错断3号煤、15号煤,并且3号煤层上方砂岩具有含水性;研究显示断层电性响应特征为“两边相同,中间不同于两边”,DF_6逆断层北部不具备导水性,DF_6逆断层南部受DF_4正断层影响存在富水区域;一般情况逆断层不含水,但局部受正断层连接影响时,局部区域也会存在相对含水特征。瞬变电磁适用性研究为保障采煤工作面安全采掘及工作面布置优化设计提供了有利依据,也对周边相同地质情况探查提供了参考意义。