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Macro and meso analysis of jointed rock mass triaxial compression test by using equivalent rock mass(ERM) technique 被引量:16
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作者 周喻 吴顺川 +1 位作者 高永涛 A.Misra 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS 2014年第3期1125-1135,共11页
Methods that can efficiently model the effects of rock joints on rock mass behavior can be beneficial in rock engineering. The suitability of equivalent rock mass(ERM) technique based upon particle methods is investig... Methods that can efficiently model the effects of rock joints on rock mass behavior can be beneficial in rock engineering. The suitability of equivalent rock mass(ERM) technique based upon particle methods is investigated. The ERM methodology is first validated by comparing calculated and experimental data of lab triaxial compression test on a set of cylindrical rock mass samples, each containing a single joint oriented in various dip angles. The simulated results are then used to study the stress-strain nonlinearity and failure mechanism as a function of the joint dip angle and confining stress. The anisotropy and size effects are also investigated by using multi-scale cubic ERM models subjected to triaxial compression test. The deformation and failure behavior are found to be influenced by joint degradation, the micro-crack formation in the intact rock, the interaction between two joints, and the interactions of micro-cracks and joints. 展开更多
关键词 jointed rock mass discrete element method equivalent rock mass technique MACRO MESO
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Impact of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface on the isolation performance of friction pendulum bearings 被引量:5
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作者 Xia Junyong Ning Xiangliang +2 位作者 Tan Ping Hao Hongxiao Chen Guoping 《Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration》 SCIE EI CSCD 2015年第4期695-702,共8页
A new equivalent center of mass model of FPBs (friction pendulum bearings) is introduced, and based on this model, coefficient j of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface is defined. It is t... A new equivalent center of mass model of FPBs (friction pendulum bearings) is introduced, and based on this model, coefficient j of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface is defined. It is thought in theory that j has a significant impact on the isolation parameter of FPBs, since the equivalent post-yielding stiffness and friction coefficients are not simply determined by sliding radius and sliding friction pairs. The results of numerical simulation analysis using ABAQUS conducted on two groups of FPBs support this viewpoint. For FPBs with the same sliding radius and sliding friction pairs, the FPB modules of structural analysis software such as ETABS could only distinguish the equivalent transformation using j one by one. The seismic response data obtained in a base isolation calculation example of FPBs are very different, which reveals that j’s impact on the isolation effectiveness of FPBs cannot be ignored. The introduction of j will help improve the classical structural theory of FPBs and the weak points of structural analysis software based on this theory, which is important in achieving more accurate analyses in structural design. 展开更多
关键词 FPB equivalent center of mass deviation coefficient theory of computation isolation performance
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An analytical solution of equivalent elastic modulus considering confining stress and its variables sensitivity analysis for fractured rock masses 被引量:3
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作者 Donghui Chen Huie Chen +2 位作者 Wen Zhang Junqing Lou Bo Shan 《Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering》 SCIE CSCD 2022年第3期825-836,共12页
The equivalent elastic modulus is a parameter for controlling the deformation behavior of fractured rock masses in the equivalent continuum approach.The confining stress,whose effect on the equivalent elastic modulus ... The equivalent elastic modulus is a parameter for controlling the deformation behavior of fractured rock masses in the equivalent continuum approach.The confining stress,whose effect on the equivalent elastic modulus is of great importance,is the fundamental stress environment of natural rock masses.This paper employs an analytical approach to obtain the equivalent elastic modulus of fractured rock masses containing random discrete fractures(RDFs)or regular fracture sets(RFSs)while considering the confining stress.The proposed analytical solution considers not only the elastic properties of the intact rocks and fractures,but also the geometrical structure of the fractures and the confining stress.The performance of the analytical solution is verified by comparing it with the results of numerical tests obtained using the three-dimensional distinct element code(3DEC),leading to a reasonably good agreement.The analytical solution quantitatively demonstrates that the equivalent elastic modulus increases substantially with an increase in confining stress,i.e.it is characterized by stress-dependency.Further,a sensitivity analysis of the variables in the analytical solution is conducted using a global sensitivity analysis approach,i.e.the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test(EFAST).The variations in the sensitivity indices for different ranges and distribution types of the variables are investigated.The results provide an in-depth understanding of the influence of the variables on the equivalent elastic modulus from different perspectives. 展开更多
关键词 equivalent elastic modulus Confining stress Rock masses Sensitivity
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RESEARCH ON EQUIVALENT PROCESSES OF ROCK MASS PARAMETERS WITH ANCHOR PILES 被引量:1
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作者 陈洪凯 唐红梅 +3 位作者 王蓉 唐芬 王凯 袁建议 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 2001年第8期965-971,共7页
Using normal and shear rigid coefficients of intact rock and fracture plane, rigidly normal, shear equivalent rigid coefficients of fissure rock mass are conducted. On the basis of hypotheses of small displacement of ... Using normal and shear rigid coefficients of intact rock and fracture plane, rigidly normal, shear equivalent rigid coefficients of fissure rock mass are conducted. On the basis of hypotheses of small displacement of rock mass, principle of superposition, irrelevance of strength parameters C and T and Coulomb theory, formulas to calculate equivalent strength parameters C and phi of equivalent continuous mass from fissured rock mass with anchor piles are given. The achievement is extremely valuable in integral stability analysis of the rock mass slope and important in promoting the research of the rock mass's constitutive relation. 展开更多
关键词 rock mass ANCHOR equivalent continuous mass rigid coefficient strength parameter
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Effects of fracture distribution and length scale on the equivalent continuum elastic compliance of fractured rock masses 被引量:1
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作者 Marte Gutierrez Dong-Joon Youn 《Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering》 SCIE CSCD 2015年第6期626-637,共12页
Fracture systems have strong influence on the overall mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses dueto their relatively lower stiffness and shear strength than those of the rock matrix. Understanding theeffects of f... Fracture systems have strong influence on the overall mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses dueto their relatively lower stiffness and shear strength than those of the rock matrix. Understanding theeffects of fracture geometrical distribution, such as length, spacing, persistence and orientation, isimportant for quantifying the mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses. The relation betweenfracture geometry and the mechanical characteristics of the fractured rock mass is complicated due tothe fact that the fracture geometry and mechanical behaviors of fractured rock mass are stronglydependent on the length scale. In this paper, a comprehensive study was conducted to determine theeffects of fracture distribution on the equivalent continuum elastic compliance of fractured rock massesover a wide range of fracture lengths. To account for the stochastic nature of fracture distributions, threedifferent simulation techniques involving Oda's elastic compliance tensor, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS),and suitable probability density functions (PDFs) were employed to represent the elastic compliance offractured rock masses. To yield geologically realistic results, parameters for defining fracture distributionswere obtained from different geological fields. The influence of the key fracture parameters andtheir relations to the overall elastic behavior of the fractured rock mass were studied and discussed. Adetailed study was also carried out to investigate the validity of the use of a representative elementvolume (REV) in the equivalent continuum representation of fractured rock masses. A criterion was alsoproposed to determine the appropriate REV given the fracture distribution of the rock mass. 展开更多
关键词 Fractured rock mass equivalent continuum elastic compliance Monte Carlo simulation(MCS) Representative element volume(REV) Scale effects
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Equivalent elastic compliance tensor for rock mass with multiple persistent joint sets:Exact derivation via modified crack tensor 被引量:1
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作者 崔洁 江权 +3 位作者 冯夏庭 李邵军 高红 李帅军 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2016年第6期1486-1507,共22页
Discontinuities constitute an integral part of rock mass and inherently affect its anisotropic deformation behavior.This work focuses on the equivalent elastic deformation of rock mass with multiple persistent joint s... Discontinuities constitute an integral part of rock mass and inherently affect its anisotropic deformation behavior.This work focuses on the equivalent elastic deformation of rock mass with multiple persistent joint sets.A new method based on the space geometric and mechanical properties of the modified crack tensor is proposed,providing an analytical solution for the equivalent elastic compliance tensor of rock mass.A series of experiments validate the capability of the compliance tensor to accurately represent the deformation of rock mass with multiple persistent joint sets,based on conditions set by the basic hypothesis.The spatially varying rules of the equivalent elastic parameters of rock mass with a single joint set are analyzed to reveal the universal law of the stratified rock mass. 展开更多
关键词 equivalent elastic compliance tensor crack tensor multiple joint sets rock mass
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Multi-domain equivalent method for prediction of elastic modulus of complex fractured rock mass
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作者 JIAO Feng-yu WANG Hui-dong +2 位作者 LI Tuo CHEN Yun MA Guo-wei 《Journal of Mountain Science》 SCIE CSCD 2023年第3期859-872,共14页
Reliable estimation of deformation and failure behaviors of fractured rock mass is important for practical engineering design.This study proposes a multi-domain equivalent method for fracture network to estimate the d... Reliable estimation of deformation and failure behaviors of fractured rock mass is important for practical engineering design.This study proposes a multi-domain equivalent method for fracture network to estimate the deformation properties of complex fractured rock mass.It comprehends both the advantages of the discrete fracture network model and the equivalent continuum model to capture the features of discontinuities explicitly while reducing computational intensity.The complex fracture network is stochastically split into a number of subfracture networks according to the domain,length or angle.An analytical solution is derived to infer theoretically the relationship between the elastic moduli of the original complex fractured rock mass and the split subfractured rock masses by introducing a correction term based on the deformation superposition principle.Numerical simulations are conducted to determine the elastic moduli of split subfractured rock masses using universal distinct element code(UDEC),while the elastic modulus of the original model is estimated based on the currently proposed analytical relationship.The results show that the estimation accuracy with the current domainbased splitting model is far superior compared to those with the other two splitting models.Thus,the estimation method of elastic modulus of complex fractured rock mass based on domain splitting mode of fracture network is identified as the multi-domain equivalent method proposed in this paper.The reliability of this method is evaluated,and its high computational efficiency is demonstrated through exemplification with regard to different geometric configurations for stochastically artificial discrete fracture network.The proposed multi-domain equivalent method constructs the theoretical framework except for the regression analysis hypothesis compared to the density-reduced model equivalent method. 展开更多
关键词 Fractured rock masses Discrete fracture network Rock mass deformability Multi-domain equivalent method
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Density isomer of nuclear matter in an equivalent mass approach
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作者 GAO Li 2LU Zhenyan PENG Guangxiong 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2013年第5期24-30,共7页
The equation of state of symmetric nuclear matter is studied with an equivalent mass model.The equivalent mass of a nucleon has been expanded to order 4 in density.We first determine the first-order expansion coeffici... The equation of state of symmetric nuclear matter is studied with an equivalent mass model.The equivalent mass of a nucleon has been expanded to order 4 in density.We first determine the first-order expansion coefficient in the quantum hadron dynamics,then calculate the coefficients of the second to fourth order for the given binding energy and incompressibility at the normal nuclear saturation density.It is found that there appears a density isomeric state if the incompressibility is smaller than a critical value.The model dependence of the conclusion has also been checked by varying the first-order coefficient. 展开更多
关键词 核物质状态方程 饱和密度 质量方针 异构体 等效 量子强子动力学 质量模型 膨胀系数
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Seepage simulation of high concrete-faced rockfill dams based on generalized equivalent continuum model 被引量:6
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作者 Shou-kai Chen Qi-dong He Ji-gang Cao 《Water Science and Engineering》 EI CAS CSCD 2018年第3期250-257,共8页
This research focused on the three-dimensional(3 D) seepage field simulation of a high concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) under complex hydraulic conditions. A generalized equivalent continuum model of fractured rock m... This research focused on the three-dimensional(3 D) seepage field simulation of a high concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) under complex hydraulic conditions. A generalized equivalent continuum model of fractured rock mass was used for equivalent continuous seepage field analysis based on the improved node virtual flow method. Using a high CFRD as an example, the generalized equivalent continuum range was determined, and a finite element model was established based on the terrain and geological conditions, as well as structural face characteristics of the dam area. The equivalent seepage coefficients of different material zones or positions in the dam foundation were calculated with the Snow model or inverse analysis. Then, the 3 D seepage field in the dam area was calculated under the normal water storage conditions, and the corresponding water head distribution, seepage flow, seepage gradient, and seepage characteristics in the dam area were analyzed. The results show that the generalized equivalent continuum model can effectively simulate overall seepage patterns of the CFRD under complex hydraulic conditions and provide a reference for seepage analysis of similar CFRDs. 展开更多
关键词 Concrete-faced ROCKFILL dam(CFRD) GENERALIZED equivalent CONTINUUM model Node virtual flow method Fractured rock mass SEEPAGE field SEEPAGE coefficient
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Gravitational radiation fields in teleparallel equivalent of general relativity and their energies
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作者 Gamal G.L.Nashed 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2010年第11期132-139,共8页
We derive two new retarded solutions in the teleparallel theory equivalent to general relativity (TEGR). One of these solutions gives a divergent energy. Therefore, we use the regularized expression of the gravitati... We derive two new retarded solutions in the teleparallel theory equivalent to general relativity (TEGR). One of these solutions gives a divergent energy. Therefore, we use the regularized expression of the gravitational energymomentum tensor, which is a coordinate dependent. A detailed analysis of the loss of the mass of Bondi space-time is carried out using the flux of the gravitational energy-momentum. 展开更多
关键词 teleparallel equivalent of general relativity energy-momentum tensor Bondi mass gravitational radiation
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Design and Evaluation of a Differential Accelerometer for Drop-Tower Equivalence Principle Test with Rotating Masses
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作者 Feng-Tian Han Tian-Yi Liu +1 位作者 Xiao-Xia He Qiu-Ping Wu 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2017年第10期13-17,共5页
A differential accelerometer comprising of two rotating masses made of the same material is proposed for drop tower-based free-fall testing of the spin-spin force between the rotating mass and the Earth. The measureme... A differential accelerometer comprising of two rotating masses made of the same material is proposed for drop tower-based free-fall testing of the spin-spin force between the rotating mass and the Earth. The measurement is performed by placing the two concentric masses of very different momenta in a vacuum drop capsule which is falling freely in the Earth's gravitational field. A nonzero output of the differential aeeelerometer is an indication of possible violation of new equivalence principle (NEP). We present the conceptual design of a modified free-fall NEP experiment which can be performed at the Belting drop tower. Design and evaluation of the differential accelerometer with a hybrid electrostatic/magnetic suspension system are presented to accommodate for operation on ground and drop-tower tests. Details specific to the measurement uncertainty are discussed to yield an NEP test accuracy of 7.2×10^-9. 展开更多
关键词 TM Design and Evaluation of a Differential Accelerometer for Drop-Tower equivalence Principle Test with Rotating masses NEP
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The Mass-Energy Equivalence Principle in Fluid Dynamics
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作者 Angel Fierros Palacios 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 2015年第1期48-54,共7页
From Lagrangian formalism as in Classical Field Theory and within the theoretical scheme of the Hamilton-Type Variational Principle, the mass-energy equivalence principle for any fluid is obtained.
关键词 The mass-Energy equivalENCE PRINCIPLE FLUID DYNAMICS
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A Physical Interpretation of Mass-Energy Equivalence Based on the Orthogonal Collision
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作者 Weihong Qian 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2023年第7期1067-1086,共20页
Einstein described the mass-energy equivalence as the most important result of special relativity. But more than a century after Einstein first derived the relationship between mass-energy equivalence (or mass-energy ... Einstein described the mass-energy equivalence as the most important result of special relativity. But more than a century after Einstein first derived the relationship between mass-energy equivalence (or mass-energy equation), questions left for people are how to understand that mass and energy are somehow equivalent, and how to give the dynamical process for the conversion from mass to energy (or vice versa). This paper first interprets the formula of mass-energy equivalence published by Einstein in 1905, and then gives the equivalence relationship of mass-energy transition based on the dynamics of particle orthogonal collision. As a result, the orthogonal collision of two high-energy mass particles can generate a huge mass-energy density, equivalent to the total energy of N new particles, which is a one-way dynamic process that generates new mass-energy density and new matter. This conversion of mass into energy has nothing to do with special relativity. 展开更多
关键词 mass-Energy equivalence Orthogonal Collision Physical Interpretation Dynamical Process Special Relativity
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Zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass surrounding deep tunnels——Elasto-plastic analysis of stress field of enclosing rock mass 被引量:10
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作者 WU Hao FANG Qin ZHANG Ya-dong GONG Zi-ming 《Mining Science and Technology》 EI CAS 2009年第1期84-90,共7页
The zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP) is a typical phenomenon in deep block rock masses. In order to investigate the mechanism of ZDP, an improved non-linear Hock-Brown strength criterion and a bi-linear constit... The zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP) is a typical phenomenon in deep block rock masses. In order to investigate the mechanism of ZDP, an improved non-linear Hock-Brown strength criterion and a bi-linear constitutive model of rock mass were used to analyze the elasto-plastic stress field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep round tunnel. The radius of the plastic region and stress of the enclosing rock mass were obtained by introducing dimensionless parameters of radial distance. The results show that tunneling in deep rock mass causes a maximum stress zone to appear in the vicinity of the boundary of the elastic and the plastic zone in the surrounding rock mass. Under the compression of a large tangential force and a small radial force, the rock mass in the maximum stress zone was in an approximate uniaxial loading state, which could lead to a split failure in the rock mass. 展开更多
关键词 enclosing rock mass around deep tunnels zonal disintegration equivalent material Hoek-Brown strength criterion
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Entransy dissipation analysis of interfacial convection enhancing gas–liquid mass transfer process based on field synergy principle 被引量:1
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作者 Dong Li Aiwu Zeng 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2019年第8期1777-1788,共12页
An exploration of the gas CO2 absorbed into liquid ethanol accompanied with Rayleigh convection is performed by analyzing the mass entransy dissipation;this new statistical quantity is introduced to describe the irrev... An exploration of the gas CO2 absorbed into liquid ethanol accompanied with Rayleigh convection is performed by analyzing the mass entransy dissipation;this new statistical quantity is introduced to describe the irreversibility of mass transfer potential capacity. Based on the general advection–diffusion differential equation for an unsteady mass transfer process, the variation of the included angle between the velocity vector and concentration gradient fields is investigated to reveal the underlying mechanism of interfacial convection enhancing mass transfer. Results show some identical characteristics with the qualitative analyses of the synergy effects generated by the concentration and velocity fields after interfacial convection occurring for a boundary condition of fixed surface concentration. And the equivalent mass resistance for convective mass transfer process presents the similar variation with the reciprocal of instantaneous mass transfer coefficient. Accordingly, it is reasonable to be seen that mass transfer dissipation rate could be provided to assess the convection strength and explain fundamentally how Rayleigh convection improves mass transfer performance through establishing a close relationship between the mass transfer capacity and field synergy principle from the view of mass transfer theory. 展开更多
关键词 Field SYNERGY mass entransy DISSIPATION equivalent mass resistance INTERFACIAL CONVECTION REINFORCEMENT
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Zonal disintegration phenomenon in rock mass surrounding deep tunnels 被引量:9
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作者 WU Hao FANG Qin GUO Zhi-kun 《Journal of China University of Mining and Technology》 EI 2008年第2期187-193,共7页
Zonal disintegration is a typical static phenomenon of deep rock masses. It has been defined as alternating regions of fractured and relatively intact rock mass that appear around or in front of the working stope duri... Zonal disintegration is a typical static phenomenon of deep rock masses. It has been defined as alternating regions of fractured and relatively intact rock mass that appear around or in front of the working stope during excavation of a deep tunnel. Zonal disintegration phenomenon was successfully demonstrated in the laboratory with 3D tests on analogous gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were observed in the test. The linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was used with a constitutive model that showed linear softening and ideal residual plastic to analyze the elasto-plastic field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep tunnel. The results show that tunneling causes a maximum stress zone to appear between an elastic and plastic zone in the surrounding rock. The zonal disintegration phenomenon is analyzed by considering the stress-strain state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone. Creep instability failure of the rock due to the development of the plastic zone, and transfer of the maximum stress zone into the rock mass, are the cause of zonal disintegration. An analytical criterion for the critical depth at which zonal disintegration can occur is derived. This depth depends mainly on the character and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass. 展开更多
关键词 block-hierarchical structure zonal disintegration phenomenon enclosing rock mass around deep tunnel equivalent material stress concentration coefficient
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CFD Simulation of Flow and Mass Transfer in Structured Packing Distillation Columns 被引量:3
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作者 陈江波 刘春江 +1 位作者 袁希钢 余国琮 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2009年第3期381-388,共8页
Detailed investigation of flow behavior in structured packing distillation columns is of great importance in accurate prediction of process efficiency and development of more efficient and optimal equipment internals.... Detailed investigation of flow behavior in structured packing distillation columns is of great importance in accurate prediction of process efficiency and development of more efficient and optimal equipment internals. In this study, a three-dimensional two-phase flow model based on VOF method for simulating the hydrodynamics and mass-transfer behavior in a typical representative unit of the structured packing is developed. In the proposed model, the c 2 - ε c model is used for the closure of turbulent mass transfer equation. By solving the proposed model, the velocity distribution, phase fraction profile and concentration field are obtained. Using these data, the total liquid holdup, the wetted area and the separation efficiency [height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP)] are estimated. For testing the model validation, the simulated HETPs are compared with our previous experimental data obtained in a 150 mm-diameter column containing Mellapak 350Y operating at the pressures of 0.6-1.8 MPa. The compari-son shows that they are in satisfactory agreement, with an average absolute deviation (AAD) of 25.4%. 展开更多
关键词 structured packing two-phase flow model mass transfer height equivalent to a theoretical plate
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Calculation of Mass Stopping Power and Range of Protons as Well as Important Radiation Quantities in Some Biological Human Bodyparts (Water, Muscle, Skeletal and Bone, Cortical)
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作者 Ahlam S. Almutairi Khalda T. Osman 《International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology》 2022年第2期99-112,共14页
In this work, the electronic mass stopping power and the range of protons in some biological human body parts (Water, Muscle, Skeletal and Bone, Cortical) were calculated in the energy range of protons 0.04 to 200 MeV... In this work, the electronic mass stopping power and the range of protons in some biological human body parts (Water, Muscle, Skeletal and Bone, Cortical) were calculated in the energy range of protons 0.04 to 200 MeV using the theory of Bethe-Bloch formula as giving in the references. All these calculations were done using Matlab program. The data related to the densities, average atomic number to mass number and excitation energies for the present tissues and substances were collected from ICRU Report 44 (1989). The present results for electronic mass stopping powers and ranges were compared with the data of PSTAR and good agreements were found between them, especially at energies between 1 - 200 MeV for stopping power and 4 - 200 MeV for the range. Also in this study, several important quantities in the field of radiation, such as thickness, linear energy transfer (LET), absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose of the protons in the given biological human body parts were calculated at protons energy 0.04 - 200 MeV. 展开更多
关键词 Biological Human Bodyparts PROTONS RANGE MatLab PSTAR Electronic mass Stopping Power LET Absorbed Dose Effective and equivalent Dose
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A New Interpretation on the Non-Newtonian Properties of Particle Mass
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作者 Donald C. Chang 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2018年第2期215-240,共26页
It is well known that the mass of a particle has properties different from Newtonian mechanics. First, it is speed-dependent. Second, it is convertible to energy. These properties were generally thought to be derived ... It is well known that the mass of a particle has properties different from Newtonian mechanics. First, it is speed-dependent. Second, it is convertible to energy. These properties were generally thought to be derived from the principle of relativity (PR). We have conducted a careful examination of the historical records and found that the non-Newtonian properties of mass were derived not so much based on PR, but more based on Einstein’s intuitive thinking that radiation and matters behave similarly. This gives us a hint: Since both photon and electron can behave as a particle as well as a wave, can such a wave nature account for the deviations from Newtonian mechanics? Thus, we have developed a wave model to describe the motion of a free particle with or without rest mass. We found that both the speed-dependence of mass and the mass-energy equivalence can indeed be derived based on the wave properties of a particle. This wave hypothesis has several advantages;it can naturally explain why particles can be created in the vacuum and why a particle cannot travel faster than the speed of light. 展开更多
关键词 mass mass-Energy equivalENCE Wave-Particle DUALITY VACUUM RELATIVITY
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Energy Electromagnetic Force Equivalence, <i>E = F<sub>e</sub>x r</i>
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作者 Greg Poole 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 2019年第4期1057-1062,共6页
By combing the mass energy equivalence formula, E=mc2, with the speed of light and gravity formula, , a new equation for energy is derived. The Energy Electromagnetic Force Equivalence is used to explain the rotationa... By combing the mass energy equivalence formula, E=mc2, with the speed of light and gravity formula, , a new equation for energy is derived. The Energy Electromagnetic Force Equivalence is used to explain the rotational torque of the stars, planets, and galaxy. A greater understanding of the universe is achieved with a simple mathematical expression. Nuclear energy from the Sun is converted to an electrical force which pervades the universe and gives the bodies within it, rotational motion. It is a macro equation for action at a distance. The equation suggests that nuclear energy and electromagnetic force is one of the most basic equations of the universe. It is proposed that there is only one all-encompassing force of the universe, the electromagnetic force. 展开更多
关键词 c2 CENTRIPETAL Acceleration ENERGY Force mass ENERGY equivalENCE Light
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