Grouping response method for equivalent static wind loads based on a modified LRC method

Wind loading is one of the most important loads for controlling the design of large-span roof structures. Equivalent static wind loads, which can generally aim at determining a specific response, are widely used by structural designers. A method for equivalent static wind loads applicable to multi-responses is proposed in this paper. A modified load- response-correlation （LRC） method corresponding to a particular peak response is presented, and the similarity algorithm implemented for the group response is described. The main idea of the algorithm is that two responses can be put into one group if the value of one response is close to that of the other response, when the structure is subjected to equivalent static wind loads aiming at the other response. Based on the modified LRC, the grouping response method is put forward to construct equivalent static wind loading. This technique can simultaneously reproduce peak responses for some grouped responses. To verify its computational accuracy, the method is applied to an actual large-span roof structure. Calculation results show that when the similarity of responses in the same group is high, equivalent static wind loads with high accuracy and reasonable magnitude of equivalent static wind distribution can be achieved.

General Expression of LRC Method in Estimation of Bridge’s Equivalent Static Wind Load

According to the relationship between load and response, the equivalent static wind load(ESWL) of a structure can be estimated by load-response correlation(LRC) method, which can be accurately used to estimate the background ESWL of a structure. The derivation of the classical expression of LRC formula is based on a specific command response at a critical position, and the ESWL distribution has only one form in this case. In this paper, a general expression of LRC formula is derived based on a specific command response at all positions. For the general expression, ESWLs can be expressed by load-response correlation coefficients, response-response correlation coefficients, RMS values of the fluctuating wind loads, and peak factor in the form of matrices. By comparing the expressions of LRC method, it was found that the classical expression was only one form of the general one. The general expression which introduces the response-response correlation coefficients provided more options for structural engineers to estimate ESWLs and offered further insights into the LRC method. Finally, a cable-stayed bridge, a rigid three span continuous girder bridge, and a suspension bridge were used to verify the correctness of the general expression of LRC method.

Generalized response displacement methods for seismic analysis of underground structures with complex cross section

The response displacement method(RDM)is recommended for the seismic analysis of underground structures in the transverse direction for many codes,including bases for design of structures-seismic actions for designing geotechnical works(ISO 23469)and code for seismic design of urban rail transit structures(GB 50909-2014).However,there are some obvious limitations in the application of RDM.Springs and the shear stress of the soil could be approximately evaluated for the structures having a simple cross section,such as rectangular and circular structures.It is necessary to propose simplified seismic analysis methods for structures with complex cross sections.This paper refers to the idea of RDM and proposes three generalized response displacement methods(GRDM).In GRDM1,a part of the soil surrounding a structure is selected to generate a generalized underground structure with a rectangular cross section,and the same analysis model as RDM is applied to analyze the responses of the structure.In GRDM2,a hollow soil model without a generalized structure is used to compute the equivalent load caused by the relative displacement of the soil,and the soil-structure interaction model is applied to calculate the responses of the structure.In GRDM3,a continuous soil model is applied to compute the equivalent load caused by the relative displacement and shear stress of the soil,and the soil-structure interaction model is applied to analyze the responses of the structure,which is the same as the model used in GRDM2.The time-history analysis method(THAM)is used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed simplified methods.Results show that the error of GRDM1 is about 20%,while the error is only 5%for GRDM2 and GRDM3.Among the three proposed methods,GRDM3 has obvious advantages regarding calculation efficiency and accuracy.Therefore,it is recommended to use GRDM3 for the seismic response analysis of underground structures that have conventional simple or complex cross sections.

考虑二维等效静力风荷载的导线风偏刚性直棒法

刚性直棒法作为一种简单高效的输电导线风偏响应估算方法,在输电工程领域得到了广泛的应用,然而其适用对象仅限于水平风作用下的未覆冰导线,对于线路常遇的覆冰以及二维风荷载情况未能涉及。该文采用阵风荷载包络线法(GLE法)推导了二维等效静力风荷载的表达式,获得了考虑二维风荷载作用的导线风荷载调整系数,通过引入二维等效静力风荷载改进了现有刚性直棒法,改进后的刚性直棒法综合考虑了线路是否覆冰、二维风荷载、上升气流以及风的脉动效应。建立了某真型输电线路的精细化有限元仿真模型,采用覆冰导线气动力风洞试验结果和非线性数值仿真验证了改进后刚性直棒法的准确性。基于改进后的方法分析了竖向平均风速和导线覆冰厚度对风偏响应的影响。研究表明:考虑二维等效静力风荷载的导线风偏刚性直棒法是一种准确度明显提高的通用方法,能适用于常规的、覆冰的、有上升气流的多种工况下的导线风偏位移计算。

电动挖掘机落物保护装置拓扑优化设计

针对某型电动挖掘机的乘员防护,提出使用基于等效静态载荷法的拓扑优化方法设计落物保护装置(Falling Object Protective Structures,FOPS)。首先,使用基于位移等效原则的等效静态载荷法,将动态非线性碰撞过程简化为多工况条件下的静态非线性变形过程。随后,提出使用加权系数法,将动态非线性拓扑优化简化为多工况条件下的静态非线性拓扑优化,可显著提高拓扑优化的计算速率和收敛性。最后,基于拓扑优化结果设计FOPS,并按照GB/T 17771—2010进行仿真试验分析。结果表明,新设计的FOPS无须额外加强即可满足乘员落物保护要求,且FOPS的总质量减轻了49.8 kg,这对降低工程机械的采购和使用成本,以及满足节能减排具有积极意义。

并联导弹挂架结构减重优化设计

为实现某新型并联导弹挂架的减重需求,以并联挂架的转接梁为典型对象,利用有限元进行了转接梁的强度分析,确定了最大应力位置和应力分布。通过等效静态载荷法和子模型技术相结合的方式,进行了转接梁子模型的多工况拓扑优化,获取了材料最佳分布。对几何重建模型进行了尺寸优化,在同时考虑质量、变形和应力的基础上,实现了转接梁结构的详细设计。结果表明,优化后的结构在满足强度条件下,重量减少了43.1%,最大应力下降了13.1%,可为同类产品的减重设计提供参考。

基于均匀化拓扑优化的轻质多孔结构等效方法

通过拓扑优化设计得到的孔洞结构,往往不规则,甚至过于复杂、难于加工、多数需要进行二次设计,为了避免二次拓扑优化求解过程复杂、效率低、耗时长,甚至出现不收敛、棋盘格、灰色单元等情况,提出一种基于均匀化拓扑优化的轻质多孔结构等效方法。该方法首先需对研究结构进行初次拓扑优化,提取拓扑优化后的关键性能参数如应变能、最大应力、最大位移等。然后依据上述提取的参数作为后续寻求结构等效的条件。基于能量均匀化方法求解出与拓扑优化后等效的微结构。将等效微结构阵列得到的周期排列结构即为轻质多孔等效结构。最后对拓扑优化结构和轻质多孔等效结构进行有限元分析对比,验证此方法的可行性。结果表明:轻质多孔等效结构与初始拓扑结构相比,其综合性能基本不变,但因轻质多孔结构的规则性使得加工难度大大降低。

耦合排障−吸能的高速列车排障器结构双尺度拓扑优化设计

排障器置于列车前端,先于车体冲击排开轨道上的障碍物。在列车速度或障碍物尺寸发生改变时,排障器结构在刚度和吸能特性上具有不同的设计要求。为了设计一种耦合排障−吸能的结构形式,提出一种整体大刚度(排障)、局部结构降低冲击力(削峰吸能)的双尺度优化设计方法。该方法在以刚度为目标的整体结构初设计中确定变形区间,并在串行路线下完成以引导结构变形为目标的局部结构优化,最终形成新型排障器。研究结果表明:在基于标准EN 15227的静载荷工况下,新型排障器结构的质量降低了7%,同时,结构安全性提升;在冲击刚性墙仿真中,相较于原有排障器,新型排障器的峰值力降低了17.5%,且优化后的缓冲梁结构使排障器中部产生的弯折变形变为压缩变形,有效缓解了排障器后侧对车体结构的挤压现象。

基于等效静态载荷法的多相材料结构动态拓扑优化设计

为了满足多相材料结构动态性能要求,提出一种基于等效静态载荷法的多相材料结构动态拓扑优化设计方法。采用序列固体各向同性料插值模型惩罚刚度矩阵和质量矩阵,以多个动载荷作用的多相材料结构总动态柔顺度最小化为优化目标,以结构质量和成本为约束条件,构建多相材料结构动态拓扑优化模型,利用等效静态载荷法将多相材料结构动态拓扑优化问题转化为多工况下的多相材料结构静态拓扑优化问题,以降低灵敏度分析的复杂程度;采用移动渐近线算法求解多相材料结构动态拓扑优化问题。数值算例结果表明所提方法是有效性的,与传统的拓扑优化方法相比,基于等效静态载荷法的多相材料结构动态拓扑优化求解时间节省了75%,大大提高了计算效率;与单相材料拓扑优化结果相比,多相材料结构动态拓扑优化设计获得的结构具有更好的动态性能。

运载火箭静力试验加载装置结构拓扑优化设计

针对运载火箭结构静力试验中工装部件多、重量大的情况,开展轻量化设计,提出一种加载装置精细拓扑优化方法。基于变密度法,构造了以柔顺度最小为目标函数、以体积比为约束条件的拓扑优化模型,通过分段选取材料密度值,实现了结构精细拓朴。根据优化结果确定主承力结构及可减重部分,采用最小二乘法对结构不规则边界进行曲面拟合以提高其工艺性。最终承载1 500 t轴压的加载装置单个减重19.7%,结构应力和变形减小且分布更为均匀。本研究对于飞行器结构力学试验高承载部件的设计具有参考意义和实用价值。

考虑温度影响的非对称蓄能弹簧密封圈密封性能研究

针对一类非对称蓄能弹簧密封圈,利用有限元方法分析不同温度下密封圈圈长、内外唇长差值和竖向间隙对密封性能的影响,并结合正交试验法对密封圈结构进行优化设计。研究结果表明:随着温度的升高,线接触压力和有效密封长度逐渐增加,峰值接触压力逐渐降低;随着圈长的增加,线接触压力单调增加,有效密封长度单调减小,而峰值接触压力表现出先增加后减小的非线性变化趋势;随着内外唇长差值的增加,线接触压力、有效密封长度和峰值接触压力均存在极值点;在给定温度下,主要设计参数对线接触压力和有效密封长度的影响程度依次为密封圈圈长、内外唇长差值和竖向间隙,对峰值接触压力的影响最为显著的设计参数是内外唇长差值,其次是竖向间隙。

基于等效静载荷法的挤压铝门槛梁非线性结构优化

针对侧面柱碰撞工况下的挤压铝门槛梁截面正向设计问题,分析了基于等效静载荷(ESL)原理的非线性优化技术和传统优化技术的优缺点。研究显示:概念设计阶段基于等效静载荷法的非线性拓扑优化技术相比传统的线性拓扑优化技术,能得到更加贴近碰撞安全结构变形策略要求的拓扑路径;详细设计阶段,基于等效静载荷法的非线性料厚优化技术,在优化效率和优化方案性能方面都优于传统的近似模型数值优化技术。

基于双向渐进结构优化算法的预制拼装箱梁剪力键设计研究

为研究单项和多项荷载组合作用下节段预制拼装箱梁接缝处剪力键受力状况,以郑州南四环全预制装配高架桥为背景,采用Abaqus软件和双向渐进结构优化(BESO)算法,建立典型箱梁节段分析模型,研究剪力键在单位轴力、剪力、扭矩、弯矩和不同荷载组合作用下的布置规律。结果表明:轴力作用时剪力键应布置于顶板;剪力作用时剪力键应布置于腹板和底板;扭矩作用时剪力键应布置在顶板、腹板交接处和腹板外侧;横桥向弯矩作用时剪力键应布置于顶板、腹板下侧和底板;竖向弯矩作用时,剪力键应布置于顶板翼缘。轴剪组合作用下,当剪力占比小于50%时,轴力对剪力键布置起控制作用;当剪力占比达95.24%时,剪力对剪力键布置起控制作用。弯剪组合作用下,当剪力占比超过4.76%时,剪力对剪力键布置起控制作用;当剪力占比小于0.50%时,横桥向弯矩对剪力键布置起控制作用。扭剪组合作用下,当剪力占比超过0.10%时,剪力对剪力键布置起控制作用。预制拼装箱梁剪力键布置受荷载类型及荷载组合影响显著,应考虑不同位置剪力键的实际受力状况进行设计。

基于AP法的整体幕墙钢龙骨转接件敏感性分析

既有幕墙结构检测对于钢龙骨转接件节点位置的选择各个规范并未作出明确的要求,考虑到钢龙骨整体结构冗余度较高,各个转接件节点的重要性也不尽相同。为了对幕墙钢龙骨转接件进行高效、快速检测需要合理选择转接件节点的检测位置,采用变换荷载路径法(AP法)计算四个典型钢龙骨转接件的重要性系数、区域重要性系数及区域范围转接件失效后的频率。结果表明:整体幕墙转接件重要性系数平均值比值随着转接件高度的增加而增大;最外侧转接件重要性系数随着转接件高度位置与幕墙整体宽度比值的增大逐渐增大;随着幕墙整体高度增大外侧转接件重要性系数逐渐减小;幕墙外侧区域重要性系数大于内侧区域重要性系数,通过等效应力与改进的模态灵敏度两种响应获得的区域重要性具有较好的一致性。

A Precision-Positioning Method for a High-Acceleration Low-Load Mechanism Based on Optimal Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Inertial Energy

High-speed and precision positioning are fundamental requirements for high-acceleration low-load mechanisms in integrated circuit （IC） packaging equipment. In this paper, we derive the transient nonlinear dynamicresponse equations of high-acceleration mechanisms, which reveal that stiffness, frequency, damping, and driving frequency are the primary factors. Therefore, we propose a new structural optimization and velocity-planning method for the precision positioning of a high-acceleration mechanism based on optimal spatial and temporal distribution of inertial energy. For structural optimization, we first reviewed the commonly flexible multibody dynamic optimization using equivalent static loads method （ESLM）, and then we selected the modified ESLM for optimal spatial distribution of inertial energy; hence, not only the stiffness but also the inertia and frequency of the real modal shapes are considered. For velocity planning, we developed a new velocity-planning method based on nonlinear dynamic-response optimization with varying motion conditions. Our method was verified on a high-acceleration die bonder. The amplitude of residual vibration could be decreased by more than 20% via structural optimization and the positioning time could be reduced by more than 40% via asymmetric variable velocity planning. This method provides an effective theoretical support for the precision positioning of high-acceleration low-load mechanisms.

Seismic wave input method for three-dimensional soil-structure dynamic interaction analysis based on the substructure of artificial boundaries

The method of inputting the seismic wave determines the accuracy of the simulation of soil-structure dynamic interaction. The wave method is a commonly used approach for seismic wave input, which converts the incident wave into equivalent loads on the cutoff boundaries. The wave method has high precision, but the implementation is complicated, especially for three-dimensional models. By deducing another form of equivalent input seismic loads in the fi nite element model, a new seismic wave input method is proposed. In the new method, by imposing the displacements of the free wave fi eld on the nodes of the substructure composed of elements that contain artifi cial boundaries, the equivalent input seismic loads are obtained through dynamic analysis of the substructure. Subsequently, the equivalent input seismic loads are imposed on the artifi cial boundary nodes to complete the seismic wave input and perform seismic analysis of the soil-structure dynamic interaction model. Compared with the wave method, the new method is simplifi ed by avoiding the complex processes of calculating the equivalent input seismic loads. The validity of the new method is verifi ed by the dynamic analysis numerical examples of the homogeneous and layered half space under vertical and oblique incident seismic waves.

兼顾静动荷载的结构拓扑优化方法

为避免考虑瞬态动力性能时拓扑优化的高计算成本,满足工程快速设计的需求,获得主要静动荷载作用下的合理结构形态,本文提出了一种低计算成本的兼顾静动荷载的结构拓扑优化方法。施加的动荷载是地震等效荷载,用振型分解法和抗震规范中的反应谱曲线确定;通过结构形态、动力特性和地震等效静载的相互反馈和作用实现了考虑结构动力特性的拓扑优化;此外,还提出方法的自动进化策略。算例表明,方法可有效实现兼顾静动性能的拓扑优化。

地下结构整体式反应位移法的改进

整体式反应位移法是目前常用的地下结构抗震实用分析方法,但在求解等效输入地震荷载的过程中,需对自由场土层模型中土-结构交界面所包围的所有土体单元施加自由场惯性力,处理过程相对复杂。该文基于有限元离散模型,从理论上证明了整体式反应位移法中由结构周边应力引起的等效地震荷载可通过仅由一层土体单元构成的子结构模型的一次静力分析获得,由此提出了一种基于土体内部子结构的地下结构整体式反应位移法,即改进方法一;进一步论证了改进方法一中内部土体子结构的惯性力对等效地震荷载的影响可以忽略,在此基础上提出地下结构整体式反应位移法的改进方法二,该方法避免了土层介质自由场惯性力的计算与施加,从而有效简化了整体式反应位移法的实施流程。通过与传统整体式反应位移法的对比分析,验证了该文改进方法具有良好的计算精度,可用于地铁车站、地下隧道等地下结构的地震反应分析与抗震性能研究。

飞机冲击载荷等效静载的确定方法研究

如何确定冲击载荷的等效静载对飞机结构的强度设计和验证具有重要意义。基于经典冲击载荷时域曲线后峰锯齿波、单自由度冲击动响应理论和位移等效原则,建立冲击载荷动态缩放系数求解公式;基于三角函数不等式关系,推导出动态缩放系数与冲击载荷作用时间、结构固有频率乘积的函数关系。建立求解冲击载荷等效静载方法的实施流程;以简化拦阻钩系统的冲击和缩比模型的水上迫降为例,对所提方法的有效性进行验证。结果表明:拦阻冲击载荷动态缩放系数的理论估计值与仿真计算值的相对误差小于4%,水上迫降等效静压与选用的设计压力相对误差为0.9%,所建立的动态缩放系数的理论计算公式精度较高,所提方法可供工程相关应用参考。