Remote Sensing, Model-Derived and Ground Measurements of Snow Water Equivalent and Snow Density in Alaska

Snow water equivalent (SWE) is important for investigations of annual to decadal-scale changes in Arctic environment and energy-water cycles. Passive microwave satellite-based retrieval algorithm estimates of SWE now span more than three decades. SWE retrievals by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observation System (AMSR-E) onboard the NASA-Aqua satellite ended at October 2011. A critical parameter in the AMSR-E retrieval algorithm is snow density assumed from surveys in Canada and Russia from 1940s-1990s. We compare ground SWE measurements in Alaska to those of AMSR-E, European Space Agency GlobSnow, and GIPL model. AMSR-E SWE underperforms (is less than on average) ground SWE measurements in Alaska through 2011. Snow density measurements along the Alaska permafrost transect in April 2009 and 2010 show a significant latitude-gradient in snow density increasing to the Arctic coast at Prudhoe Bay. Large differences are apparent in comparisons of our measured mean snow densities on a same snow cover class basis March-April 2009-2011 Alaska to those measured in Alaska winter 1989-1992 and Canadian March-April 1961-1990. Snow density like other properties of snow is an indicator of climate and a non-stationary variable of SWE.

Density isomer of nuclear matter in an equivalent mass approach

The equation of state of symmetric nuclear matter is studied with an equivalent mass model.The equivalent mass of a nucleon has been expanded to order 4 in density.We first determine the first-order expansion coefficient in the quantum hadron dynamics,then calculate the coefficients of the second to fourth order for the given binding energy and incompressibility at the normal nuclear saturation density.It is found that there appears a density isomeric state if the incompressibility is smaller than a critical value.The model dependence of the conclusion has also been checked by varying the first-order coefficient.

Prediction of Reinforcement Corrosion based on Electrochemical Equivalent under Loading

Experiment was carried out to simulate different loading level elements under coupling of stray current and 5% chlorine salt solution. When calculating corrosion of reinforcement, the influence of loading should be considered based on the first law of Faraday electrolysis. The current density of the corrosion was measured by the linear polarization resistance method. The function of corrosion current density was obtained by nonlinear fitting method, and the influence coefficient of loading level to electrochemical equivalent was obtained base on the function of corrosion current density. The experimental results show that the corrosion current density increases with stress ratio of concrete structures. The reinforcement corrosion weight can be calculated through the influence coefficients of electrochemical equivalent and the result is in line with the actual situation.

Equivalent magnetic dipole method used to design gradient coil for unilateral magnetic resonance imaging

The conventional magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） equipment cannot measure large volume samples nondestructively in the engineering site for its heavy weight and closed structure. In order to realize the mobile MRI, this study focuses on the design of gradient coil of unilateral magnet. The unilateral MRI system is used to image the local area above the magnet. The current density distribution of the gradient coil cannot be used as a series of superconducting nuclear magnetic resonance gradient coils, because the region of interest（ROI） and the wiring area of the unilateral magnet are both cylindrical side arc surfaces. Therefore, the equivalent magnetic dipole method is used to design the gradient coil, and the algorithm is improved for the special case of the wiring area and the ROI, so the X and Y gradient coils are designed.Finally, a flexible printed circuit board（PCB） is used to fabricate the gradient coil, and the magnetic field distribution of the ROI is measured by a Gauss meter, and the measured results match with the simulation results. The gradient linearities of x and y coils are 2.82% and 3.56%, respectively, less than 5% of the commercial gradient coil requirement.

Snow Water Equivalent Estimation for a Snow-Covered Prairie Grass Field by GPS Interferometric Reflectometry

The amount of water stored in snowpack is the single most important measurement for the management of water supply and flood control systems. The available water content in snow is called the snow water equivalent (SWE). The product of snow density and depth provides an estimate of SWE. In this paper, snow depth and density are estimated by a nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm. The inputs to this algorithm are global positioning system (GPS) signals and a simple GPS interferometric reflectometry (GPS-IR) model. The elevation angles of interest at the GPS receiving antenna are between 50 and 300. A snow-covered prairie grass field experiment shows potential for inferring snow water equivalent using GPS-IR. For this case study, the average inferred snow depth (17.9 cm) is within the in situ measurement range (17.6 cm ± 1.5 cm). However, the average inferred snow density (0.13 g.cm-3) overestimates the in situ measurements (0.08 g.cm-3 ± 0.02 g.cm-3). Consequently, the average inferred SWE (2.33 g.cm-2) also overestimates the in situ calculations (1.38 g.cm-2 ± 0.36 g.cm-2).

Analysis of Permanent Magnet-assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor Based on Equivalent Reluctance Network Model

In this paper,the equivalent reluctance network model(ERNM)is used to calculate the magnetic circuit of a permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor(PMASynRM)and calculate no-load air-gap magnetic field and electromagnetic torque.Iteration method is used to solve the relative permeability of iron core.A novel reluctance network model based on actual distribution of the magnetic flux inside the motor is established.The magnetomotive force(MMF)generated by armature winding affects the relative permeability of iron core,which is considered in the calculation of ERNM to improve the accuracy when the motor is under load.ERNM can be used to measure air-gap flux density,no-load back electromotive force(EMF),the average value of motor torque,the armature winding voltage under load,and power factor.The method of calculating the motor performance is proposed.The results of calculation are consistent with finite element method(FEM)and the computational complexity is much less than that of the FEM.The results of ERNM has been verified,which will provide a simple method for motor design and analysis.

基于气隙磁密差信号峭度因子的永磁同步电机局部退磁故障诊断

该文提出一种新型基于气隙磁密信号差峭度因子的永磁同步电机局部退磁故障诊断方法。首先,建立永磁同步电机等效磁路模型,根据简化模型分析局部退磁故障后各极主磁路下径向气隙磁密的变化规律。然后,将预存健康电机空载状态下气隙磁密信号与测量的在线状态下气隙磁密信号作差并计算其峭度值,作为故障特征值。取健康电机空载状态下气隙磁密信号与不同工况下气隙磁密信号差峭度值的最大值作为参考值,根据故障特征值与参考值的大小诊断出局部退磁。最后,仿真和实验结果均验证提出的局部退磁故障诊断方法的有效性。

基于径向气隙磁密和定子电流的永磁同步电机均匀退磁故障诊断研究

该文提出一种基于径向气隙磁密和定子电流的永磁同步电机均匀退磁故障诊断方法。首先,建立电机的d轴等效磁路模型,分析均匀退磁故障后径向气隙磁密的变化规律;然后,获取电机的径向气隙磁密和定子电流信号,对各极下径向气隙磁密幅值进行归一化处理,并绘制雷达图,根据雷达图和比较相同定子电流幅值下健康电机和故障电机的各极下径向气隙磁密幅值的平均值,来诊断均匀退磁故障;利用空载各极下径向气隙磁密幅值的平均值计算故障程度。最后,仿真和实验结果均验证所提均匀退磁故障诊断方法的有效性。

应用P波振幅的傅里叶系数反演裂缝密度

裂缝预测是非常规储层预测的重要内容。裂缝密度不仅反映了裂缝的发育程度,也是影响裂缝孔隙度和渗透率的重要参数。文中提出了一种应用纵波反射振幅分方位傅里叶系数正、余弦分量加权的裂缝密度反演方法。基于线性滑动裂缝等效介质理论,分别推导了含油和含气条件下HTI介质纵波反射振幅傅里叶系数与裂缝密度的关系,并利用二阶傅里叶系数预测裂缝对称轴方位角;研究了地震数据含噪声时二阶傅里叶系数正、余弦分量信噪比之比随裂缝对称轴方位角的变化规律,并提出应用二阶傅里叶系数正、余弦分量加权的裂缝密度反演方法。模型试算结果表明,所提的裂缝密度反演方法具有较强的抗噪性和稳定性;将其应用于实际地震数据,裂缝密度预测结果与测井信息吻合,验证了方法的有效性。

基于小冲杆试验评价钛合金的高温拉伸性能

基于能量密度等效理论,提出依据塑性弯曲阶段载荷-位移曲线,获取均匀连续、各向同性的钛合金圆片试样应力-应变曲线的小冲杆试验新方法;采用该方法预测得到不同名义屈服强度和硬化指数组合工况下假想材料的应力-应变数据,并与有限元预设曲线进行对比;基于小冲杆试验获得的TC4合金在室温、高温(400℃)下的载荷-位移曲线,采用上述方法获得该合金的真应力-真应变曲线,并与单轴拉伸真应力-应变曲线进行对比。结果表明:预测得到的假想材料应力-应变数据与有限元预设曲线之间的符合优度均高于0.96;预测获得的室温和400℃下TC4合金的真应力-真应变曲线与单轴拉伸曲线之间的符合优度均高于0.97,屈服强度和抗拉强度的最大相对误差分别为4.86%和4.63%,验证了该新方法的有效性。

速度—密度双参数重震联合反演方法

速度和密度参数在地震资料处理和储层预测中发挥着重要作用,然而多参数间的相互耦合使密度在全波形反演中难以重构。为获得更准确的密度信息,将重力梯度数据纳入全波形反演过程,优化密度更新算法,并制定了一种重震联合反演策略。首先,通过重力梯度数据反演,获得反映地下介质整体密度信息的初始模型,再进行速度—密度参数同步联合反演目标函数的构建及求解。本文方法避免了先验速度—密度关系的限制,降低了对初始模型的依赖程度,模型试算结果表明,重力梯度数据的加入改善了波形反演密度结果的质量,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性,具有较大的应用潜力。

基于切削能密度的岩体强度-裂隙随钻识别方法

岩体强度与裂隙参数是反映工程岩体质量的基本参数,其准确获取是进行地下工程围岩分级与支护合理设计优化的前提。传统的岩体强度测试方法需要对现场围岩取芯并运至实验室测试,测试结果难以反映工程现场环境下的岩体力学性质,而对于岩体强度与裂隙参数的原位测试方法研究较少。本文基于能量守恒定律,建立了岩石切削能密度与随钻参数的关系式,构建了岩体等效强度随钻反演模型(ES-DP模型),系统开展了岩体数字钻进试验。结果表明,相对于传统测试方法,岩体等效强度随钻测试结果平均差异率为2.4%,验证了ES-DP模型对岩体等效强度测试的有效性。在此基础上,建立了岩体裂隙参数随钻识别模型,与实际测量结果相比,该模型测得的岩体裂隙位置与宽度平均精度分别为1.8和1.6 mm,测试精度较高。基于上述研究,本文提出了一种岩体强度-裂隙随钻识别方法,为实现地下工程围岩强度参数与结构特征的原位实时测试提供了新方法。

海上油田大位移井不间断循环系统实践及应用

世界范围内,一般把水垂比≥2且测深大于3000m的井或水平位移超过3000m的井称为大位移井;大位移钻完井技术,是当今国际钻井工程领域的高新技术,也是挑战旋转钻井极限的高难度前沿技术。随着水平位移和水垂比的不断增加,大位移钻完井面临着许多严重挑战,井眼清洁程度直接关系大斜度长裸眼的不稳定性与可安全延伸极限、水力循环的压耗控制、井下摩阻扭矩的严重性与控制能力、长套管串下入难度与磨损严重性及钻井设备能力的局限性与综合运用能力等,通过不间断连续循环系统现场应用与实践,大位移井钻井过程中全井段当量循环密度数值平稳,对海上大位移井保持稳定的当量循环密度(ECD)控制及安全作业有着很好的借鉴意义。

计及等效负荷密度的变电站设备故障缺陷识别仿真

针对变电站设备故障缺陷复杂,识别精度较低的问题,研究了计及等效负荷密度的变电站设备故障缺陷识别方法。依照有所差异的边界条件智能选取接线方式,并将结果反馈至基础参数设置部分,匹配基础参数,构建等效负荷密度模型,分析不同负荷条件下配电站设备运行的馈线功率损失与电压降落情况,将所得馈线功率损失与电压降落情况作为变电站设备故障特征信息输入深度学习网络,通过二次学习与训练完成变电站设备故障缺陷识别。仿真结果显示该方法能够准确计算负荷的有功线损与电压降落情况,有效识别并定位变电站设备故障缺陷。

水不分散材料对水泥浆抗水侵性能影响

川渝地区页岩气储层嘉陵江组裂缝性地层发育、地层水活跃,在钻井过程中出现较为突出的漏失问题,对钻井周期产生很大影响,制约了页岩气井的安全高效开采。针对页岩气井出现的漏失问题,对水不分散水泥浆体系进行研究,对5种多糖类聚合物和有机聚合物材料进行水不分散性能评价,优选出关键材料种类及配比,形成适用于含水漏失层封堵的低密度水不分散水泥浆体系,结合平衡压力堵漏工艺,保证水泥浆注替至漏失层后不被地层水冲散,实现漏失地层的有效封堵,为后续施工创造了条件。低密度水不分散水泥浆体系在川渝地区Z203H6-X页岩气漏失井中成功应用,地层承压当量密度由0.99 g/cm^(3)提高到1.21 g/cm^(3),后续结合堵漏浆强化堵漏,地层承压当量密度提升至1.81 g/cm^(3),为川渝地区页岩气井含水裂缝型地层漏失问题提供了一种技术手段。

超高层建筑防雷设计若干技术问题分析与讨论

分析了超高层建筑在防雷设计中的关键技术问题。依据现行国家标准的规定要求,从安全可靠、经济合理、切实可行的角度出发,通过总结长期以来从事的建设项目的机电顾问、建筑防雷施工图设计和防雷技术审查工作中的实践经验,提出了超高层建筑防雷设计中关于地闪密度值取值、等效面积计算、防侧击与均压环设计、接地干线与接地端子位置选择等问题处理的技术意见,对超高层建筑的防雷接地设计有一定的指导意义。

基于高密度潜油电机温升优化及试验分析

针对高密度潜油电机的冷却方式、运行环境及散热原理,热量等效热路法分析了电机不同部位损耗分布情况,通过给出电机各主要部件换热系数、导热系数的计算方法,理论分析了电机不同部位的温度变化规律。基于有限元仿真,深入的分析了电机固定损耗-铁耗,并由影响铁耗大小的各部磁密,提出了试验样机可以进一步优化磁路设计的依据及方案。分析了国标GB/T16750—2015中温升试验电阻法试验过程及原理,并依照此方法试验了一台高密度YQY114-80HP潜油电机。并提出了在断电后温升增加现象时,国标中外推法的不足之处,并提出了改进方法。

Deformation Mechanisms and Safe Drilling Fluids Density in Extremely Thick Salt Formations

Hydrocarbons are very often associated with salt structures. The oil and gas industry is often required to drill along and through long salt sections to reach and recover hydrocarbons. The unique physical properties of salt require special techniques to ensure borehole stability and adequate casing design. This paper assumed that the mechanical behavior of salt is regulated by the magnitude of mean stress and octahedral shear stress and under the influence of different stress conditions the deformation of rock salt can be represented by three domains, i.e. compression domain, volume unchanged domain, and dilatancy domain, which are separated by a stress dependent boundary. In the compression domain, the volume of salt decreases until all microcracks are closed, with only elastic deformation and pure creep; in the volume unchanged domain the deformation is considered steady incompressible flow controlled by pure creep; and in the dilatancy domain the volume of salt increases during deformation due to micro-cracking, causing damage and accelerating ＂creep＂ until failure. This paper presents a hypothesis that the borehole is stable only when the magnitude of octahedral shear stress is below the dilatancy boundary. It gives the design method for determining drilling fluids density, and calculates the closure rate ofborehole with the recommended drilling fluids density. If the closure rate of the borehole is less than 0.1%, the drilling fluids density window can be used during drilling through extremely thick salt formations.

Formal Difference Analysis and Unification on p-Norm Distribution Density Functions

The cause of the formal difference of p-norm distribution density functions is analyzed, two problems in the deduction of p-norm formulating are improved, and it is proved that two different forms of p-norm distribution density functions are equivalent. This work is useful for popularization and application of the p-norm theory to surveying and mapping.

轨道交通牵引电机轴承电流密度计算

为评估电机轴承耐电蚀性能,以轨道交通牵引电机轴承为研究对象,将轴电压作为输入参数,考虑载荷、转速、润滑等应用条件以及轴承绝缘性能参数,建立简化等效电路模型,并根据轴承载荷、接触变形、润滑等基本理论,计算轴承受载情况与润滑油膜厚度,进而推导得到轴承油膜电容及电流密度的计算公式,推荐电流密度阈值为0.1 A/mm^(2)。以轨道交通用某型190 kW逆变驱动电机固定端6215深沟球轴承为例进行计算,轴承最大电流密度小于0.1 A/mm^(2),轴承无电蚀风险。