Thermal performance analysis of borehole size effect on geothermal heat exchanger

Thermal performance was the most important factor in the development of borehole heat exchanger utilizing geothermal energy. The thermal performance was affected by many different design parameters, such as configuration type and borehole size of geothermal heat exchanger. These eventually determined the operation and cost efficiency of the geothermal heat exchanger system. The main purpose of this work was to assess the thermal performance of geother^nal heat exchanger with variation of borehole sizes and numbers of U-tubes inside a borehole. For this, a thermal response test rig was established with line-source theory. The thermal response test was performed with in-line variable input heat source. Effective thermal conductivity and thermal resistance were obtained from the measured data. From the measurement, the effective thermal conductivity is found to have similar values for two- pair type （4 U-tubes） and three-pair type （6 U-tubes） borehole heat exchanger systems indicating similar heat transfer ability. Meanwhile, the thermal resistance shows lower value for the three-pair type compared to the two-pair type. Measured data based resistance have lower value compared to computed result from design programs. Overall comparison finds better thermal performance for the three-pair type, however, fluctuating temperature variation indicates complex flow behavior inside the borehole and requires further study on flow characteristics.

An Analytical Model for the Thermal Assessment of a Vertical Double U-Tube Ground-Coupled Heat Pump System in Steady-State Conditions

An analytical model was built to predict the thermal resistance of a vertical double U-tube ground-coupled heat pump that operates under steady-state conditions.It included a geometry obstruction factor for heat transfer throughout the backfill medium due to the presence of the second loop.The verification of the model was achieved by the implementation of five different borehole configurations and a comparison with other correlations in the available literature.The model considered a U-tube spacing range between(2)and(4)times the U-tube outside diameter producing a geometry configuration factor range of(0.29-0.6).The results of the model were utilized for the assessment of the DX ground heat exchanger coupled heat pump system.For similar geometrical configurations,the borehole thermal resistance experienced a decrease as the geometry factor increased.The single U-tube borehole thermal resistance was higher than that of the double U-tube heat exchanger by(10-27)%for the examined geometry configurations.The borehole thermal resistance at tube spacing of twice the tube diameter was higher than the predicted value at the triple diameter and fell in the range of(18-34)%.

Performance Characteristics of Geothermal Single Well for Building Heating

The single well geothermal heating(SWGH)technology has attracted extensive attention.To enhance heat extraction from SWGH,a mathematical model describing heat transfer is set up,and the key influence factor and heat transfer enhancement method are discussed by thermal resistance analysis.The numerical results show that the thermal resistance of rock is far greater than that of well wall and fluid.So,reducing rock thermal resistance is the most effective method for enhancing the heat extraction power.For geothermal well planning to drill:rock thermal resistance can be reduced by increasing well diameter and rock thermal conductivity;the temperature difference between liquid and rock can be raised by increasing well depth.For already existing geothermal well:an insulator with thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/(mK)is sufficient to preserve fluid enthalpy;a decrease in injection water temperature causes the increase of heat extraction power from geothermal well and heat output from heat pump simultaneously;increasing injection velocity causes the increase of pump power consumption and heat extraction power from geothermal well as well as net heat output between them.The entrepreneurs may refer to the above data in actual project.Furthermore,filling composite materials with high thermal conductivity into leakage formation is proposed in order to reduce the thermal resistance of rocks.

Prediction and parametric analysis of 3D borehole and total internal thermal resistance of single U-tube borehole heat exchanger for ground source heat pumps

The borehole and total internal thermal resistance are both significant parameters in evaluating the thermal performance of the ground source heat pump.This study aimed to obtain the accurate correlation of the 3D borehole and total internal thermal resistance(R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D))and analyze the impacts of parameters on the R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D).Firstly,eight parameters affecting the R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D),including the borehole diameter,pipe diameter,pipe-pipe distance,borehole depth,soil thermal conductivity,grout thermal conductivity,pipe thermal conductivity,and fluid velocity inside the pipe,were considered and an L-54 design matrix was generated.Then,the 3D numerical model,coupling with the four-resistance model,was proposed to calculate R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D)for each case.After that,the response surface methodology was employed to obtain and verify the correlation of R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D),which were compared with the existing resistance calculation methods.Lastly,analysis of variance was carried out to reveal parameters that have statistically significant impacts on the R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D).Results show that the rationality and accuracy of the correlation of R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D)can be verified by the determination coefficient and P value of regression model,as well as the P value of lack-of-fit.The existing resistance calculation methods are more or less inaccurate and the discrepancies in some cases can be up to 86.74%and 111.35%for the borehole and total internal thermal resistance.The pipe and grout thermal conductivity,pipe and borehole diameter,and the pipe-pipe distance can be seen as the significant contributory factors to the variation of R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D).

特长水下公路盾构隧道结构防火保护策略及关键参数研究

特长水下公路盾构隧道普遍设置独立排烟道进行顶部集中排烟。现有隧道工程防火技术“护顶不护墙”,顶部设有排烟道时,顶部防火保护施加在烟道板上,而烟道层拱顶管片及车道层两侧管片不施加防火保护,存在安全隐患。根据隧道结构实际可能受到的火灾高温作用,结合管片、烟道板结构相对重要性,提出了新的车道层侧墙管片、烟道层拱顶管片、烟道板结构防火保护策略,即车道层所有结构表面采用RABT火灾升温曲线,烟道层所有结构表面采用基于CFD模拟的火灾升温曲线,耐火极限均不小于2.0h,管片耐火极限由管片混凝土表面及距表面25mm处温度判定,烟道板耐火极限由烟道板的极限弯曲变形量和极限弯曲变形速率判定。基于所提出的防火保护策略,开展数值模拟及耐火试验研究,确定了防火保护技术参数。结果表明:车道层侧墙管片防火保护层等效热阻应不小于0.10℃·m~2/W;烟道层拱顶管片防火保护层等效热阻在排烟口处不小于0.10℃·m~2/W,且随距排烟口距离的增大逐渐减小,距离排烟口16m处减小为零;隧道侧墙常用装饰材料搪瓷钢板在火灾过程中易发生变形而脱落;无防火保护烟道板耐火极限大于2.0h,掺加PP纤维、钢纤维可提升烟道板的耐火性能。

套管式地埋管换热器节能特性的研究与应用

大庆油田进入开发后期存在着一定数量的废弃井,采用套管式地埋管换热器可以获取到废弃井的中深层的地热能。首先对废弃井转换为地热井的可行性进行分析,通过确定中深层地埋管换热方式,建立外入内出型传热计算模型并对废弃井结构改造。再具体分析大庆油田的地层土壤温度分布和确定边界条件,得出符合现实的理论计算公式。进一步分析套管式地埋管换热器取热评价指标与传热影响因素研究,得到流体流量和进口温度对传热影响因素,及循环流体进口温度对运行特性的影响对取热效率的影响规律。最后,通过对两种工况的废弃井现场试验,得到套管式地埋管换热器平均换热量为478.5 kWh。为利用大庆油田1700口废弃井的节能改造找到了一条切实可行的出路。

Prediction of Equivalent Thermal Conduction Resistance of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers

Printed circuit heat exchangers(PCHEs) have great potential to be employed in the advanced nuclear reactor systems. In this work, the equivalent thermal conduction resistance of PCHE is studied. The influences of thermal convection resistance are analyzed. The results indicate that the equivalent thermal conduction resistance of PCHEs with unequal numbers of hot plates and cold plates are sensitive to the thermal convection resistance of hot side and cold side. Specifically, for case C which has unequal number of hot and cold channels, the maximum value of equivalent thermal conduction resistance can be 1.7-2.4 times the minimum value. The equivalent thermal conduction resistance is underestimated under the isothermal boundary. In addition, the non-uniformity of the lengths of all the heat flux lines determines the influence degree of thermal convection resistance on the equivalent thermal conduction resistance. For further investigation, Latin hypercube sampling method is adopted to generate a large number of design points for each PCHE configuration. Based on the sample data, mathematical correlations and artificial neural network(ANN) for prediction of equivalent thermal conduction resistance for each case are developed. The proposed correlations of equivalent thermal conduction resistance for each case have acceptable accuracy of prediction with a wide range covering general engineering applications. The ANN model can achieve much better prediction accuracy than the proposed correlations thus it is recommended in the cases that the prediction accuracy is considered as the priority need.

基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型研究

文章综合考虑了土壤分层与地下水渗流等情况,结合实测数据,通过地埋管外壁温度计算得出地埋管内部流体温度与不同分层土壤的热物性参数,根据土壤当量物性进行分层,据此建立地埋管换热模型。经过对比验证实验发现,分层换热模型比常规均质模型更接近实测值,误差更小;基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型模拟出水温度与实测值平均绝对误差为0.21℃,模拟进、出口换热温差与实测值平均绝对误差为0.14℃,具有较高的准确度,可为工程设计提供依据并作为后续地埋管换热优化研究的基础。

基于预测负荷的暖通空调系统优化调度

随着我国“双碳”目标的提出,公共建筑能耗低碳化成为重点研究领域,其中基于冷热负荷预测结果优化供能系统调度策略是实现“按需供能”的有效技术手段。针对公共建筑,基于热阻法构建了冷热负荷预测模型,根据负荷预测结果,采用改进粒子群优化(PSO)算法对复合冷热源供能系统的负载、水网供回水温度和流量、阀门开度以及泵组启用台数进行迭代寻优,以供能系统运行成本、机组寿命和环保性为优化目标提出全工况最佳运行策略。基于研究成果对某公共建筑冬季供热系统进行节能改造,可在满足建筑热负荷、平衡水力工况和延长机组运行寿命的同时,分别实现降低泵组功耗10.66%、系统运行成本21.52%。结果符合理论实际,证明了所提方法的可行性与有效性,为公共建筑的按需供热、节能运行提供了有效参考。

建筑保温隔热涂料技术分析与工程应用研究

本文以北京石化新材料科技产业基地标准化厂房及配套用房建设项目为例,分析建筑保温隔热涂料与常规保温材料相结合的应用效果。结果表明,建筑保温隔热涂料等效热阻较高,在北方寒冷地区具有较好的适用性,可以作为建筑节能设计和施工的重要措施。

基于高密度潜油电机温升优化及试验分析

针对高密度潜油电机的冷却方式、运行环境及散热原理,热量等效热路法分析了电机不同部位损耗分布情况,通过给出电机各主要部件换热系数、导热系数的计算方法,理论分析了电机不同部位的温度变化规律。基于有限元仿真,深入的分析了电机固定损耗-铁耗,并由影响铁耗大小的各部磁密,提出了试验样机可以进一步优化磁路设计的依据及方案。分析了国标GB/T16750—2015中温升试验电阻法试验过程及原理,并依照此方法试验了一台高密度YQY114-80HP潜油电机。并提出了在断电后温升增加现象时,国标中外推法的不足之处,并提出了改进方法。

基于最小热阻力法则的油浸式变压器绕组等效导热系数计算方法及应用

准确计算变压器绕组温升及热点需要考虑绕组匝间绝缘的影响,而考虑匝间绝缘的精细建模的建模工作量和剖分网格量都非常大。针对此问题,提出了一种基于最小热阻力法则的等效导热系数计算方法,分别计算油浸式电力变压器绕组的轴向等效导热系数和径向等效导热系数,从而可以获得等效导热系数下的饼式绕组来模拟考虑匝间绝缘的实际绕组结构。为了验证所提方法的有效性,建立了油浸式变压器绕组温升仿真模型,将等效模型的仿真结果与考虑匝间绝缘的仿真结果进行温升和热点的对比分析。结果表明二者的温升和热点位置基本一致,且等效模型减少了72%的网格剖分量,验证了所提方法的有效性。将所提方法应用于换流变压器网侧和阀侧绕组的温升和热点分析,得到了换流变压器的绕组温升和热点分布。

地热浅埋孔回填材料中砂粒结构对导热系数的影响

地热浅埋孔回填材料的导热系数是影响地埋管换热器取热性能的关键因素之一。目前以一定配比的砂粒骨料与水泥、黏土、石英等的混合材料最常见,而材料中颗粒的结构形态是影响回填材料导热系数的关键因素之一。以回填材料中砂粒骨料为研究对象,从结构特征出发,探究内部颗粒级配及磨圆度对回填材料导热系数的影响。利用所开发的基于孔隙率的二维导热系数计算模型及三维热阻模型,定量研究不同固相导热系数、不同颗粒物粒级配及不同棱角磨圆度下,材料导热系数的变化规律。结果表明,在颗粒级配和磨圆度不变的情况下,材料整体的导热系数随固相导热系数的增加而增加。同一材料不同尺寸粒径间的差别较大时更易获得更高的整体有效导热系数,且粒径不同所造成的回填材料有效导热系数差别会随着固体导热系数的增大而变得更为显著。而磨圆度不同所造成的有效导热系数差异会随固体导热系数的增大而变得更为显著。颗粒磨圆度很高(球体)或很低(锥体)时,同样固相导热系数下材料的有效导热系数较小。本研究所得理论结果可以为回填材料的优选配置提供依据,有助于提高地埋管换热器的取热效率及地热能利用效率。

基于热路解析模型的海底电缆动态温度场计算与短时允许载流量评估

准确计算海底电缆动态温度场和短时允许载流量对保障海缆安全运行具有重要意义。针对现有的解析方法无法精确求解海底电缆动态温度场和短时允许载流量的问题,提出一种最优热路解析模型,将海底电缆的本体和埋设环境进行分层建模,推导出可以计算海底电缆外部环境等效热阻、热容的公式;然后采用热电类比法构建海底电缆本体和埋设环境的热路解析模型,并应用控制变量法确定热路解析模型的最优分层数和最优传热半径。最后,以某500 kV型号的交流海底电缆为例,对所提最优热路解析模型进行分析验证。计算结果表明:该最优热路解析模型具有较好的准确性和高效性;基于该模型对海底电缆的短时允许载流量进行评估,计算发现海底电缆短时允许最大载流量与海底电缆的初始稳态电流和过载时间有关。

钢结构膨胀型防火涂料的现状及发展趋势

介绍了建筑钢结构的耐火特性与测试方法,概述了防火涂料的作用机理及其等效热阻,结合基础理论与工程实践,分析总结了市场上各类膨胀型钢结构防火涂料的优点与局限性,结合涂装施工的便利性、成本与周期等因素,对双组分膨胀型防火涂料在建筑钢结构行业的发展趋势进行探讨。

Thermal performance analysis of non-uniform height rectangular fin based on constructal theory and entransy theory

A model of non-uniform height rectangular fin, in which the variation of base's thickness and width are taken into account, is established in this paper. The dimensionless maximum thermal resistance(DMTR) and the dimensionless equivalent thermal resistance(DETR) defined based on the entransy dissipation rate(EDR) are taken as performance evaluation indexes. According to constructal theory, the variations of the two indexes with the geometric parameters of the fin are analyzed by using a finite-volume computational fluid dynamics code, the effects of the fin-material fraction on the two indexes are analyzed. It is found that the two indexes decrease monotonically as the ratio between the front height and the back height of the fin increases subjected to the non-uniform height rectangular fin. When the model is reduced to the uniform height fin, the two indexes increase first and then decrease with increase in the ratio between the height of the fin and the fin space. The fin-material fraction has no effect on the change rule of the two indexes with the ratio between the height of the fin and the fin space. The sensitivity of the DETR to the geometric parameters of the fin is higher than that of the DMTR to the geometric parameters. The results obtained herein can provide some theoretical support for the thermal design of rectangular fins.

附加式屋顶通风结构二维简化传热分析

降低建筑能耗对于发展低碳建筑至关重要,屋顶的热量得失对建筑能耗的影响不容忽视。基于屋顶通风隔热结构,本文提出并介绍附加式屋顶通风隔热结构的隔热原理,分析其传热过程,采用数值模拟的方式,以当量热阻的概念来研究该通风结构的热工特性变化规律。结果表明,在稳态条件下,对于确定的附加式屋顶通风结构,通风腔当量热阻与太阳辐射强度、室外空气温度存在指数关系;在同一室外空气温度下,通风腔当量热阻存在最大值;其当量热阻最大值与隔热材料表面发射率倒数、室外空气温度及材料热阻比值呈线性关系;运用得到的计算关系对附加式屋顶通风结构在不同地区的热工特性进行了分析。

架空导线动态增容的热路法稳态模型

应用动态增容技术提高现有架空导线的输送能力,需要准确计算架空导线的隐含容量。为此,首先分析了架空导线动态增容的基本原理并比较了各种传统动态增容模型的优缺点。然后,根据传热学理论建立了架空导线动态增容的热路法稳态模型,该模型仅需监测导线温度以及环境温度,并根据该模型推导了架空导线允许载流量的计算方法。最后,设计了室内、室外架空导线加载不同阶跃电流的温升实验。实验结果表明:在室内较稳定条件下,随着导线温度升高等效热阻RX逐渐减小,当温升达44°C时RX减小了7.7%;室外实验中根据模型计算的允许电流与实际值相对误差为-1.7%。可见,根据架空导线热路法稳态模型可实现对架空导线隐含稳态载流量的准确评估。

屋顶绿化节能热工评价

研究了屋顶绿化的节能热工评价方法,通过室内环境为空调控制和自然室温2种状态下的屋顶绿化节能热工对比测试,得到主要结果:在夏季空调期间,绿化屋顶热流减少70%左右,附加当量热阻为1.0 m2.k/w;自然室温环境下绿化屋顶热流方向与对比屋顶相反,绿化屋顶的冷却效率为111%。

大功率LED多芯片集成封装的热分析

随着高亮度白光LED在室内、室外照明领域的应用,多芯片LED的集成封装方式是其发展的主要趋势之一,而热问题却是多芯片LED集成封装的瓶颈问题之一。建立了多芯片LED集成封装的等效热路模型,并采用有限元分析(FEA)的方法对多芯片LED集成封装的稳态热场分布进行了分析,同时通过制作实际样品研究大功率LED多芯片集成封装的热阻、发光效率与芯片工作数量的关系。结果表明集成封装的多芯片白光LED结温随着集成芯片数量的增加成线性增长,芯片到基板底面的热阻随着芯片工作数量的增加而增大,而其发光效率随着集成芯片数量的增加成线性减小。