As the first line of immune defense for Mycobacterium tuberculosis （Mtb）, macrophages also provide a major habitat for Mtb to reside in the host for years. The battles between Mtb and macrophages have been constant ...As the first line of immune defense for Mycobacterium tuberculosis （Mtb）, macrophages also provide a major habitat for Mtb to reside in the host for years. The battles between Mtb and macrophages have been constant since ancient times. Triggered upon Mtb infection, multiple cellular pathways in macrophages are activated to initiate a tailored immune response toward the invading pathogen and regulate the cellular fates of the host as well. Toll-like receptors （TLRs） expressed on macrophages can recognize pathopatterns （PAMPs） on Mtb and mediate the production of immune-regulatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor （TNF） and type I Interferons （IFNs）. In addition, Vitamin D receptor （VDR） and Vitamin D-1- hydroxylase are up-regulated in Mtb-infected macrophages, by which Vitamin D participates in innate immune respon- ses. The signaling pathways that involve TNF, type I IFNs and Vitamin D are inter-connected, which play critical roles in the regulation of necroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy of the infected macrophages. This review article summarizes cur- rent knowledge about the interactions between Mtb and macrophages, focusing on cellular fates of the Mtb-infected macrophages and the regulatory molecules and cellular pathways involved in those processes.展开更多
文摘As the first line of immune defense for Mycobacterium tuberculosis （Mtb）, macrophages also provide a major habitat for Mtb to reside in the host for years. The battles between Mtb and macrophages have been constant since ancient times. Triggered upon Mtb infection, multiple cellular pathways in macrophages are activated to initiate a tailored immune response toward the invading pathogen and regulate the cellular fates of the host as well. Toll-like receptors （TLRs） expressed on macrophages can recognize pathopatterns （PAMPs） on Mtb and mediate the production of immune-regulatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor （TNF） and type I Interferons （IFNs）. In addition, Vitamin D receptor （VDR） and Vitamin D-1- hydroxylase are up-regulated in Mtb-infected macrophages, by which Vitamin D participates in innate immune respon- ses. The signaling pathways that involve TNF, type I IFNs and Vitamin D are inter-connected, which play critical roles in the regulation of necroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy of the infected macrophages. This review article summarizes cur- rent knowledge about the interactions between Mtb and macrophages, focusing on cellular fates of the Mtb-infected macrophages and the regulatory molecules and cellular pathways involved in those processes.
