Accuracy estimation of site coordinates derived from GNSS-observations by non-classical error theory of measurements

The velocities of tectonic plates derived from GNSS time series are regularly used as input data for geophysical models. However, as shown by numerous researches, the coordinates time series contain residual errors of a systematic nature, which can significantly affect the reliability of the obtained velocity estimates. This research shows that using non-classical error theory of measurement(NETM)for processing GNSS time series allows detecting the presence of weak, not removed from GNSS processing, sources of systematic errors. Based on the coordinate time series of selected permanent GNSS stations in Europe, we checked the empirical distributions of errors by the NETM on G. Jeffries’ recommendations and on the principles of the theory of hypothesis tests according to Pearson’s criterion. It is established that the obtained coordinates time series of GNSS-stations only partially confirm the hypothesis of their conformity to the normal Gaussian distribution law, and this may be the main reason for their unrepresentative classification. In the future, it is necessary to identify and take into account the causes of residual errors that distort the real distribution of the results of the GNSS time series.

Physical and Mathematical Errors in the Alleged Planck-Ether Theory. A Vindication of Max Planck

A radical attempt to develop the Planck ether theory has been made by Winterberg who, however, assumes positive and negative Planck masses in order to have a zero cosmological constant and to overcome the divergence problems of quantum electrodynamics. Now, it is evident that two opposite Planckions,interact- ing with each other have parallel accelerations, thus going on accelerating each other up to infinite energy. We also show that a negative inertia leads to self-acceleration of a simple particle because of the fields present in any interaction, even those relative to ' contact' actions which are unable to produce Winterberg's vortex rings without the use of long range forces. The appearance of the electric field in the Planckion model is unjustified and in contradiction with MacCullagh's condition used by Winterberg, We suggest a possible solution. Other difficulties regard the nonannihilation of the positive and negative Planckions, although they are antiparticles to each other, and the justification of the elementary particle masses which are small submultiples of the Planck masses. Finally, Winterberg thinks of having derived special relativity from prerelativistic physics by demanding invariance of the Lorentz condition under both Galilei and Lorentz transformations, which is impossible. What is worse is that Wintorberg does not refer to the same space-time events in writing his transforma- tions. Suggestions to improve Winterberg's theory are given.

Cumulative prospect theory-based user equilibrium model with stochastic perception errors

The cumulative prospect theory(CPT) is applied to study travelers' route choice behavior in a degradable transport network. A cumulative prospect theory-based user equilibrium(CPT-UE) model considering stochastic perception error(SPE) within travelers' route choice decision process is developed. The SPE is conditionally dependent on the actual travel time distribution, which is different from the deterministic perception error used in the traditional logit-based stochastic user equilibrium. The CPT-UE model is formulated as a variational inequality problem and solved by a heuristic solution algorithm. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the application of the proposed model and efficiency of the solution algorithm. The effects of SPE on the reference point determination, cumulative prospect value estimation, route choice decision and network performance evaluation are investigated.

Applications of Graph Theory to Gross Error Detection for GPS Geodetic Control Networks

This paper describes a broad perspective of the application of graph theory to establishment of GPS control networks whereby the GPS network is considered as a connected and directed graph with three components.In this algorithm the gross error detection is undertaken through loops of different spanning trees using the "Loop Law" in which the individual components Δ X, Δ Y and Δ Z sum up to zero.If the sum of the respective vector components ∑X,∑Y and ∑Z in a loop is not zero and if the error is beyond the tolerable limit (ε>w),it indicates the existence of gross errors in one of the baselines in the loop and therefore the baseline must be removed or re_observed.After successful screening of errors by graph theory,network adjustment can be carried out.In this paper,the GPS data from the control network established as reference system for the HP Dam at Baishan county in Liaoning province is presented to illustrate the algorithm.

Quantitative feedback theory and zero phase error tracking control combined robust control for radar truck leveling simulator

Radar leveling system is the key equipment for improving the radar mobility and survival capability. A combined quantitative feedback theory (QFT) controller is designed for the radar truck leveling simulator in this paper, which suffers from strong nonlinearities and system parameter uncertainties. QFT can reduce the plant uncertainties and stabilize the system, but it fails to obtain high-precision tracking. This drawback can be solved by a robust QFT control scheme based on zero phase error tracking control (ZPETC) compensation. The combined controller not only possesses high robustness, but greatly improves the system performance. To verify the effiectiveness and the potential of the proposed controller, a series of experiments have been carried out. Experimental results have demonstrated its robustness against a large range of parameters variation and high tracking precision performance, as well as its capability of restraining the load coupling among channels. The combined QFT controller can drive the radar truck leveling platform accurately, quickly and stably.

Error Analysis of Robotic Assembly System Based on Screw Theory

Assembly errors have great influence on assembly quality in robotic assembly systems. Error analysis is directed to the propagations and accumula-tions of various errors and their effect on assembly success.Using the screw coordinates, assembly errors are represented as 'error twist', the extremely compact expression. According to the law of screw composition, relative position and orientation errors of mating parts are computed and the necessary condition of assembly success is concluded. A new simple method for measuring assembly errors is also proposed based on the transformation law of a screw.Because of the compact representation of error, the model presented for error analysis can be applied to various part- mating types and especially useful for error analysis of complexity assembly.

An Analysis of Errors in Second Language Acquisition

It is natural for language learner to make errors in the process of second language acquisition.But different linguists hold different views on the nature of errors and the methods of dealing with learner' s errors.Three main Western theories on errors are Contrastive Analysis,Error Analysis and the Interlanguage Theory.This paper first examines three most influential error theories,and then probes into their enlightenment on second language teaching.

Load-induced error identification of hydrostatic turntable and its influence on machining accuracy

In heavy duty machine tools, hydrostatic turntable is often used as a means for providing rotational motion and supporting workpiece, so the accuracy of turntable is crucial for part machining. In order to analyze the influence of load-indcued errors on machining accuracy, an identification model of load-induced errors based on the deformation caused by applied load of hydrostatic turntable of computerized numerical control(CNC) gantry milling heavy machine is proposed. Based on multi-body system theory and screw theory, the space machining accuracy model of heavy duty machine tool is established with consideration of identified load-induced errors. And then, the influence of load-induced errors on space machining accuracy and the roundness error of a milled hole is analyzed. The analysis results show that load-induced errors have a big influence on the roundness error of machined hole, especially when the center of the milled hole is far from that of hydrostatic turntable.

QFT control based on zero phase error compensation for flight simulator

To improve the robustness of high-precision servo systems, quantitative feedback theory （QFT） which aims to achieve a desired robust design over a specified region of plant uncertainty is proposed. The robust design problem can be solved using QFT but it fails to guarantee a high precision tracking. This problem is solved by a robust digital QFT control scheme based on zero phase error （ZPE） feed forward compensation. This scheme consists of two parts： a QFT controller in the closed-loop system and a ZPE feed-forward compensator. Digital QFT controller is designed to overcome the uncertainties in the system. Digital ZPE feed forward controller is used to improve the tracking precision. Simulation and real-time examples for flight simulator servo system indicate that this control scheme can guarantee both high robust performance and high position tracking precision.

Improved Mixed Integer Optimization Approach for Data Rectification with Gross Error Candidates

Mixed integer linear programming （MILP） approach for simultaneous gross error detection and data reconciliation has been proved as an efficient way to adjust process data with material, energy, and other balance constrains. But the efficiency will decrease significantly when this method is applled in a large-scale problem because there are too many binary variables involved. In this article, an improved method is proposed in order to gen- erate gross error candidates with reliability factors before data rectification. Candidates are used in the MILP objec- tive function to improve the efficiency and accuracy by reducing the number of binary variables and giving accurate weights for suspected gross errors candidates. Performance of this improved method is compared and discussed by applying the algorithm in a widely used industrial example.

Modeling and verification of comprehensive errors of real-time wear-depth detecting for spherical plain bearing tester

Because of various error factors,the detecting errors in the real-time experimental data of the wear depth affect the accuracy of the detecting data.The self-made spherical plain bearing tester was studied,and its testing principle of the wear depth of the spherical plain bearing was introduced.Meanwhile,the error factors affecting the wear-depth detecting precision were analyzed.Then,the comprehensive error model of the wear-depth detecting system of the spherical plain bearing was built by the multi-body system theory(MBS).In addition,the thermal deformation of the wear-depth detecting system caused by varying the environmental temperature was detected.Finally,according to the above experimental parameters,the thermal errors of the related parts of the comprehensive error model were calculated by FEM.The results show that the difference between the simulation value and the experimental value is less than 0.005 mm,and the two values are close.The correctness of the comprehensive error model is verified under the thermal error experimental conditions.

Regular Quasi Cyclic Low Density Parity Check Codes with Girth 8 from Elementary Number Theory

This paper is concerned with (3,n) and (4,n) regular quasi-cyclic Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code constructions from elementary number theory.Given the column weight,we determine the shift values of the circulant permutation matrices via arithmetic analysis.The proposed constructions of quasi-cyclic LDPC codes achieve the following main advantages simultaneously:1) our methods are constructive in the sense that we avoid any searching process;2) our methods ensure no four or six cycles in the bipartite graphs corresponding to the LDPC codes;3) our methods are direct constructions of quasi-cyclic LDPC codes which do not use any other quasi-cyclic LDPC codes of small length like component codes or any other algorithms/cyclic codes like building block;4)the computations of the parameters involved are based on elementary number theory,thus very simple and fast.Simulation results show that the constructed regular codes of high rates perform almost 1.25 dB above Shannon limit and have no error floor down to the bit-error rate of 10-6.

The simulation and error analysis of raindrop size distribution obtained by micro rain radar

Observation of raindrop size distribution( DSD) with a vertically pointing micro rain radar( MRR) has important significance in the precipitation measurement field. The Mie scattering of large particle,vertical wind and air turbulence have great influences on the retrieval of DSD measured by MRR. This paper simulates the process of how three factors affect the inversion of DSD and the calculation of other precipitation parameters,then makes the errors analysis. Because the wavelength of MRR is 12.5mm,M ie theory is more suitable for the precipitation particle than Rayleigh approximation,w hich may cause the underestimation of number density of small droplets and the overestimation of that in middle field. The vertical wind results in inaccurate estimation of particle terminal velocity,so the diameter is measured with some errors by empirical relationship,w hich affects the calculating accuracy of radar reflectivity and rain rate. Air turbulence can broaden the pow er spectral density,of which the impact on the inversion of DSD are concentrated in small droplets field. Then the measured data from MRR is analyzed and the results prove the impacts of those factors. Finally,according to the analysis and application limits,the prospect of the future research trend of particle size distribution is conducted.

Perturbation Theory Combined with Boundary Element Method for Analysis of Gear Contact Problems

This paper combines the perturbation theory with the boundary element methodfor contact problems of three-dimensional elasticity mechanism to analyse the effect oferrors on the shape of the contact area and pressure distribution in gear drive through theperturbation of a cubic order geometry,there by greatly bringing down both computationwork volume and cost and providing a powerful tool for engineering study on the effectof errors on structural strength.

ERROR-DETECTING CODES AND UNDETECTED ERROR PROBABILITIES

The definition of good codes for error-detection is given. It is proved that a (n, k) linear block code in GF(q) are the good code for error-detection, if and only if its dual code is also. A series of new results about the good codes for error-detection are derived. New lower bounds for undetected error probabilities are obtained, which are relative to n and k only, and not the weight structure of the codes.

On C-E Translation of the Web Profilesof Universities from the Perspective of Skopos Theory

The web profile of a university is a fast way for the outside to know about the university,and a gooduniversity web profile and its translation can not only establish a good image for the university,but also atractoutstanding students,knowledgeable scholars and successful entrepreneurs to visit and promote humanities andacademic exchanges.At present,the existing researches mostly focus on the national“985 Project”or"21l Project"universities.But it is believed that it does not represent the overall level of construction of English web profiles inChinese universities.Translation problems are even more common in some ordinary science and technologyuniversities as well as normal universities compared with these well-known universities in China.From theperspective of Skopos theory,this paper takes Chinese and English versions of the web profiles of Chineseuniversities as empirical materials and studies the translation of English websites of universities from the aspects oflinguistics,pragmatics and culture.It is expected that the preliminary exploration will be helpful to solve theproblems in CE translation(Chinese-English translation)of the web profiles of universities and to achieve thepurpose of extermal publicity,communication and cooperation.

Correct a Wide Spread Conclusion of Cantor Set Theory

The Cantor’s conclusion that “there is a one-one correspondence between the points on n-dimensional space and the points on the line” appears in the numerous current documents. By introducing a monotonic and continuous function, a one-one correspondence between two intervals is built;and by using parametric equations of the curve, a one-one correspondence from the points on the curve to the points on the line is established. Specially, the meanings of multivariate functions are given. By using a n-variable equation with a parameter, a correspondence from n-dimensional space area to a interval is built, so the wrong conclusion is completely denied. The paper enriches calculus and can reduce the teaching difficulty of real function in some degree. The expression of moving curve (surface) limit is given in the paper. More importantly, after the conclusion is corrected, it will be necessary and possible to re-establish the theory and the approach about multivariable differential calculus.

The Role of the Fundamental Attribution Error in the Context of Human Resource Management

Attribution theories are well established in the field of social psychology.However,the transfer to the context of human resource management is still developing.Only recently,the understanding of the importance of psychological insights in this field has begun to grow.The research takes a closer look on the way individuals locate the causes of their actions.It can potentially influence important decisions in the context of human resource management.This article sheds light on the theoretical foundations,causes,and effects.

The Pursuit of Fallacy in Density Functional Theory: The Quest for Exchange and Correlation, the Rigorous Treatment of Exchange in the Kohn-Sham Formalism and the Continuing Search for Correlation

As pointed out in the paper preceding this one, in the case of functionals whose independent variable must obey conditions of integral normalization, conventional functional differentiation, defined in terms of an arbitrary test function, is generally inapplicable and functional derivatives with respect to the density must be evaluated through the alternative and widely used limiting procedure based on the Dirac delta function. This leads to the determination of the rate of change of the dependent variable with respect to its independent variable at each isolated pair, , that may not be part of a functional (a set of ordered pairs). This extends the concept of functional derivative to expectation values of operators with respect to wave functions leading to a density even if the wave functions (and expectation values) do not form functionals. This new formulation of functional differentiation forms the basis for the study of the mathematical integrity of a number of concepts in density functional theory (DFT) such as the existence of a universal functional of the density, of orbital-free density functional theory, the derivative discontinuity of the exchange and correlation functional and the extension of DFT to open systems characterized by densities with fractional normalization. It is shown that no universal functional exists but, rather, a universal process based only on the density and independent of the possible existence of a potential, leads to unique functionals of the density determined through the minimization procedure of the constrained search. The mathematical integrity of two methodologies proposed for the treatment of the Coulomb interaction, the self-interaction free method and the optimized effective potential method is examined and the methodologies are compared in terms of numerical calculations. As emerges from this analysis, the optimized effective potential method is found to be numerically approximate but formally invalid, contrary to the rigorously exact results of the self-interaction-free method.

The application of frame theory to translation teaching

Through the analysis of the status quo of translation teaching in China, the author holds that it is necessary to explore new approaches in this regard. Because college students tend to be affected by the conceptual meaning of the original text, mistranslation may occur frequently in their translation. In translating, one must be armed with linguistic knowledge as well as cognitive knowledge. Accordingly, by applying frame theory to translation teaching, teachers can guide students to construe the original meaning on the lexical, syntactic and textual level, so that they may effectively avoid semantic errors in translation. In view of students＇ inadequate background knowledge, teachers should guide them to enlarge their knowledge scope and enrich their encyclopedic knowledge.