Ubiquitin-specific protease 1 facilitates tumor immune escape from natural killer cells and predicts the prognosis in small cell lung cancer

Objective:Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)is commonly recognized as the most fatal lung cancer type.Despite substantial advances in immune checkpoint blockade therapies for treating solid cancers,their benefits are limited to a minority of patients with SCLC.In the present study,novel indicators for predicting the outcomes and molecular targets for SCLC treatment were elucidated.Methods:We conducted bioinformatics analysis to identify the key genes associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in SCLC.The functional role of the key gene identified in SCLC was determined both in vitro and in vivo.Results:A significant correlation was observed between patient survival and CD56dim natural killer(NK)cell proportion.Furthermore,we noted that the hub gene ubiquitin-specific protease 1(USP1)is closely correlated with both CD56dim NK cells and overall survival in SCLC.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that USP1 is upregulated in SCLC.In addition,gene set enrichment analysis revealed that USP1 overexpression hinders NK cell-mediated immune responses.By co-cultivating NK-92 cells with SCLC cells,we demonstrated that NK cell cytotoxicity against SCLC could be improved either via USP1 knock-down or pharmacological inhibition.Furthermore,using a nude-mice xenograft tumor model,we noted that USP1 inhibition effectively suppressed tumor proliferation and increased the expression of NK cell-associated markers.Conclusions:Our study findings highlight the importance of NK cells in regulating SCLC.USP1 overexpression can inhibit NK cell-mediated immunity;therefore,USP1 may serve not only as a prognostic biomarker but also as a potential molecular target of SCLC therapy.

早期肺康复联合ESCAPE集束化护理对ICU有创机械通气患者呼吸机相关膈肌功能障碍的影响

目的:探讨早期肺康复联合ESCAPE集束化护理对ICU有创机械通气患者呼吸机相关膈肌功能障碍(VIDD)的影响。方法:将2023年2月1日~12月31日综合ICU收治的41例成人有创机械通气患者随机分为实验组20例和对照组21例,其中实验组3例、对照组4例因转出ICU而脱落,最终纳入实验组和对照组各17例。实验组给予早期肺康复训练联合ESCAPE集束化护理,对照组给予ESCAPE集束化护理。比较两组膈肌移动度及增厚率、临床肺部感染评分(CPIS)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分(APACHEⅡ)。结果:实验组治疗后膈肌移动度高于治疗前(P<0.05),膈肌增厚率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);实验组治疗后CPIS、APACHEⅡ评分均低于治疗前(P<0.05)。结论:早期肺康复联合ESCAPE集束化护理可改善ICU有创机械通气患者的膈肌移动度,降低肺部感染发生风险、改善健康状况,减轻膈肌萎缩,控制ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎。

Escape room游戏宣教对阴道分娩初产妇分娩恐惧及产程进展的影响

目的探究Escape room游戏宣教对阴道分娩初产妇分娩恐惧及产程进展的影响。方法采用便利抽样法,选取本院2021年1月—2022年6月收治的140例阴道分娩初产妇为研究对象,按随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组各70例。对照组采取常规教育模式,观察组在常规护理基础上应用Escape room游戏宣教,比较两组初产妇分娩恐惧水平、产程进展。结果观察组分娩恐惧中高水平初产妇占比为57.14%小于对照组的80.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组初产妇第一产程时间、第二产程时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组第三产程时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论Escape room游戏宣教在阴道分娩初产妇中的应用,能缓解产妇分娩恐惧情绪,可一定程度上加快产程进展。

优化ESCAPE集束化策略对ICU亚临床谵妄患者的效果评价

目的 分析优化ESCAPE集束化策略对ICU亚临床谵妄患者的效果。方法 选取本院入住ICU超过24h的亚临床谵妄患者,对照组予常规护理,观察组在常规护理上给优化ESCAPE集束化策略。比较2组睡眠质量、认知水平、谵妄发生率及48h内亚临床谵妄持续时间。结果 观察组睡眠质量、认知水平、谵妄发生率、亚临床谵妄持续时间低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 优化ESCAPE集束化策略可提高患者睡眠质量,改善亚临床谵妄患者认知水平,缩短亚临床谵妄持续时间,降低谵妄发生率。

When Fleeing Matters:Differences in Escape Behaviours of Three Northeast Asian Anurans

Prey species may have their own optimal escape strategy to balance predation risks and the energetic cost of fleeing.Some species have an advantage when maintaining a short fleeing distance,while others may favour an earlier escape based on microhabitat,size,or body condition.Here,we examined the escape behaviour of the three syntopic Northeast Asian anuran species:Mongolian toads(Strauchbufo raddei),Amur brown frogs(Rana amurensis),and Japanese treefrogs(Dryophytes japonicus)in Mongolia,Russia,China and DPR Korea.We examined flight initiation distance(FID;the distance from a potential predator to the point when the individual starts to flee)and distance fled(DF;distance between flight initiation and flight termination points)of each species and the effects of microhabitat,sex,and body size.Strauchbufo raddei and R.amurensis had a longer FID than D.japonicus,and S.raddei also had a longer DF than D.japonicus.These trends remained similar when dividing FID and DF by a size proxy(snout-vent length)for all individuals.This suggests that the treefrog D.japonicus used a strategy to stay immobile even when they were detected,and the toad S.raddei reacted quicker and more sensitively to predators despite the presence of toxin.Female S.raddei had a significantly longer FID than males suggesting that females are more sensitive to predation risk in this species,but body size was not significant for any of the three species.Our results indicate that the three sympatric species have different escaping strategies,likely related to differences in physiology and crypticity.

Correction:The escape mechanisms of the proto-atmosphere on terrestrial planets:“boil-off”escape,hydrodynamic escape and impact erosion

In the original publication of the article,the affiliation“College of Earth and Planetary Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,People’s Republic of China”for author Ziqi Wang was missing and included in this correction article.

Chase,Pounce,and Escape Optimization Algorithm

While many metaheuristic optimization algorithms strive to address optimization challenges,they often grapple with the delicate balance between exploration and exploitation,leading to issues such as premature convergence,sensitivity to parameter settings,and difficulty in maintaining population diversity.In response to these challenges,this study introduces the Chase,Pounce,and Escape(CPE)algorithm,drawing inspiration from predator-prey dynamics.Unlike traditional optimization approaches,the CPE algorithm divides the population into two groups,each independently exploring the search space to efficiently navigate complex problem domains and avoid local optima.By incorporating a unique search mechanism that integrates both the average of the best solution and the current solution,the CPE algorithm demonstrates superior convergence properties.Additionally,the inclusion of a pouncing process facilitates rapid movement towards optimal solutions.Through comprehensive evaluations across various optimization scenarios,including standard test functions,Congress on Evolutionary Computation(CEC)-2017 benchmarks,and real-world engineering challenges,the effectiveness of the CPE algorithm is demonstrated.Results consistently highlight the algorithm’s performance,surpassing that of other well-known optimization techniques,and achieving remarkable outcomes in terms of mean,best,and standard deviation values across different problem domains,underscoring its robustness and versatility.

ESCAPE策略在机械通气患者谵妄管理的应用

目的评价ESCAPE策略用于机械通气患者谵妄管理的效果。方法将165例机械通气患者采用随机数字软件分为干预组(n=86)、对照组(n=79)。对照组采用ICU常规护理,包括观察患者生命体征、呼吸机及循环监测、常规镇痛镇静护理、药物不良反应及脏器功能监测。干预组采用ICU常规护理的同时应用ESCAPE策略,包括早期活动、睡眠管理、每日唤醒及自主呼吸试验、精神状态评估、情感支持、镇痛镇静管理。比较两组患者谵妄发生率、谵妄持续时间、镇痛镇静药物使用量、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间。结果干预组患者谵妄发生率、谵妄持续时间、镇痛镇静药物使用量、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间显著低于/短于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论实施ESCAPE策略可有效降低ICU机械通气患者谵妄发生率,缩短谵妄持续时间,提高临床护理质量。

Initial Study on Immune Escape Mechanism of Mouse Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemic Cell Line WEHI-3

Objective： To investigate the expression of Fas, Fas ligand （FasL） and CD80 on the cell surface of mouse acute myelomonocytic leukemia cell line WEHI-3 and the function of FasL. Methods： The expression of Fas, FasL and CD80 was detected on WEHI-3 cell surface by flow cytometry. Simultaneously the function of FasL was determined by Thymidine （^3H-TdR） Incorporation. Results： The expression of CD80 and Fas on WEHI-3 cell surface was 5.06%±0.41% and 6.75%±2.31% （n=5） respectively, and the expression of FasL was up to 63.73%±5.23% （n=5）. The apoptotic rate of YAC-1 cells was 26%±4.5%, 35%±3.2% and 43%±2.7% （n=5） respectively when WEHI-3 （effector cell, E） and Fas^＋ YAC-1 cells （target cell, T） were cultured in the ratio of 3：1, 10：1 and 30：1. Conclusion： WEHI-3 cells express high FasL, low Fas and CD80, and can induce apoptosis of Fas^＋ YAC-1 cells.

改良ESCAPE集束化策略在急性呼吸衰竭有创机械通气脱机患者中的应用价值

目的:探讨改良ESCAPE集束化策略在急性呼吸衰竭有创机械通气脱机患者中的应用价值。方法:接受有创机械通气治疗的急性呼吸衰竭患者116例,随机分为观察组60例和对照组56例。对照组由主管医师制定整体治疗方案,采用常规治疗护理。观察组在常规治疗护理基础上,实施改良ESCAPE集束化策略。结果:观察组脱机后1 h、12 h、24 h时SaO_(2)分别为(96.7±3.7)%、(97.3±3.8)%和(97.4±3.3)%,高于对照组的(92.1±4.3)%、(92.5±2.1)%和(93.3±3.9)%,观察组脱机后1 h、12 h、24 h时PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)分别为255.5±33.5 mmHg、257.5±28.7 mmHg和271.3±32.6 mmHg,高于对照组的213.4±30.7 mmHg、218.1±30.4 mmHg和225.5±30.3 mmHg,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者脱机后1 h RR 20.5±3.7次/min,低于对照组的25.6±4.1次/min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组机械通时间5.9±2.7 d,短于对照组的8.6±3.1 d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组48 h内再插管5例(8.3%),对照组48 h内再插管6例(10.7%),两组再插管率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组谵妄发生率18.3%,低于对照组的35.7%,观察组ICU-AW发生率16.7%,低于对照组的25.0%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组ICU住院时间8.3±3.7 d,短于对照组的11.2±4.1 d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:改良ESCAPE策略可改善急性呼吸衰竭患者呼吸机撤机后的氧合指标,降低谵妄及ICU获得性衰弱的发生率,缩短机械通气时间和ICU住院时间。

A new escape time algorithm of constructing Julia set

Escape time algorithm is an effective theoretical algorithm of constructing fractal graphics. The key of this algorithm lies in the construction of escape time function. A new escape time function is presented based on the research of escape time algorithm. An accelerated escape time algorithm is carried out in this paper. The experiments have demonstrated that the new algorithm is not only as precise as the old, but also faster when it is used to construct Julia set.

A Case of Hepatitis B Reactivation due to the Hepatitis B Virus Escape Mutant in a Patient undergoing Chemotherapy

A 62-year-old man had chronic hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection and was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. At the time of diagnosis the patient＇s virologic markers were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg）, antibody to hepatitis B e antigen （anti-HBe） and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen （anti-HBc）, while antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen （anti-HBs） and HBV DNA were negative. Later the patient received chemotherapy for malignancy. However, this was interrupted due to elevated liver enzymes. At the same time HBV DNA became positive. Lamivudine （LMV） therapy was administered immediately. However, the levels of serum aminotransferase and total bilirubin （TB） were still rising. Finally the patient died of fulminant hepatic failure. A sequence revealed HBV genotype C （HBsAg subtype adw） with immune escape mutations, F8L, $34L, F41S, G44V, F93C, V96G, Lll0I, C149Y and F161Y. The high morbidity and mortality of this complication is one of the major obstacles to completing the standard treatment for malignancy in HBV carriers. Therefore, the relative risk of antiviral prophylactic failure should be further assessed and the optimal strategy for antiviral prophylaxis in HBsAg-positive patients with oncologic and hematologic malignancies undergoing chemotherapy should be revised.

Single-cell RNA-seq reveals the immune escape and drug resistance mechanisms of mantle cell lymphoma

Objective:Mantle cell lymphoma(MCL)is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL)with high heterogeneity and a high recurrence rate.How heterogenous cell populations contribute to relapse remains to be elucidated.Methods:We performed single cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)on approximately 4,000 bone marrow cells sampled from one patient with multidrug resistant MCL.We identified 10 subpopulations comprising 4 malignant B cell subtypes,3 T cell subtypes,2 dendritic cell subtypes and 1 natural killer(NK)cell subtype.Subsequently,we identified cell markers,including a series of genes associated with immune escape and drug resistance.In addition,we explored the roles of these genes in the mechanism of immune escape and drug resistance,and we verified the expression imbalance and clinical prognostic potential by using GEO datasets including 211 MCL samples.Results:The major immune escape mechanisms of MCL included anti-perforin activity,decreased immunogenicity and direct inhibition of apoptosis and cell killing,as mediated by type I and II B cells.The drug resistance mechanisms of different cell clusters included drug metabolism,DNA damage repair,apoptosis and survival promotion.Type III B cells closely communicate with other cells.The key genes involved in the resistance mechanisms showed dysregulated expression and may have significant clinical prognostic value.Conclusion:This study investigated potential immune escape and drug resistance mechanisms in MCL.The results may guide individualized treatment and promote the development of therapeutic drugs.

Escape from the Besieged Fortress——An Analysis of Alice Munro's "Runaway"

Alice Munro is one of the famous Canadian writers and is renowned above all for the astonishing subtlety of her short stories.Her theme has often been the dilemmas of the female coming to terms with family, friends in a small town. This paper attempts to make a brief introduction about the stories of Alice Munro's Runaway and explores the protagonist's choices in the dilemma situation, and then exposes the cruelty of reality is that they cannot get rid of the ineluctable reality of life. Escape is only a temporary action which cannot save them from endless triviality of life. What they should do is not to escape from life, but to adapt to the reality of life.

Action and mechanism of Fas and Fas ligand in immune escape of gallbladder carcinoma

AIM: To study the role of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) in biological behaviors of gallbladder carcinoma, and their correlated action and mechanism in tumor escape.METHODS: Streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry technique was used to study the expression of Fas and FasL protein in 26 gallbladder carcinoma tissues,18 gallbladder adenoma tissues, 3 gallbladder dysplasia tissues and 20 chronic cholecystitis tissues. Apoptosis of the infiltrating lymphocytes in these tissues was studied by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method. Expression of both proteins and apoptosis of the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in cancer tissues of primary foci was compared with clinicopathological features of gallbladder carcinoma.RESULTS: The positive rates of Fas were not significantly different among carcinoma, adenoma, dysplasia and chronic cholecystitis. The positive rate of FasL in carcinoma was significantly higher than that in chronic cholecystitis (x2 = 4.89, P＜0.05). The apoptotic index (AI) in carcinoma was significantly higher than that in adenoma (t'= 4.19, P＜0.01) and chronic cholecystitis (t'= 8.06, P＜0.01). The AI was significantly lower in well-differentiated carcinoma and Nevin Ⅰ-Ⅲ carcinoma than that in poorly-differentiated carcinoma (t'= 2.63, P＜0.05) and Nevin Ⅳ-Ⅴ carcinoma(t'= 3.33, P＜0.01). The confidence interval (CI) ofinfiltrating lymphocytes in adenoma, chronic cholecystitis, well-differentiated carcinoma and Nevin Ⅰ-Ⅲ carcinoma wasvery significantly lower than that in carcinoma (t' = 6.99,P＜0.01), adenoma (t' = 3.66, P＜0.01), poorly-differentiated carcinoma (t' = 5.31, P＜0.01) and Nevin Ⅳ-Ⅴ carcinoma(t' = 3.76, P＜0.01), respectively. The CI of apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes in well-differentiated carcinoma was significantly lower than that in poorly-differentiated carcinoma (t = 2.52, P＜0.05), and was not significantly lower in Nevin Ⅰ-Ⅲ carcinoma than in Nevin Ⅳ-Ⅴ carcinoma (t = 1.42, P＞0.05). Apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes was not discovered in adenoma and chronic cholecystitis. CONCLUSION: FasL expressed in gallbladder carcinoma cells permits tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance of organism by inducing apoptosis in infiltrating lymphocytes of carcinoma tissues. Up-regulation of FasL expression plays an important role in invasive depth, histological classification and metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma.

Costimulatory Molecule B7-H1 on the Immune Escape of Bladder Cancer and Its Clinical Significance

B7-H1, a recently described member of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules, is thought to be involved in tumor immune escape by inducing T-cell apoptosis. In order to investigate the relationship between B7-H1 and immune escape of bladder cancer, B7-H1 expression in 50 cases of bladder cancer was detected by using immunohistochemical method. Survival curves were con- structed using the Kaplan-Meier method and independent prognostic factors were evaluated using the Cox regression model. Our results showed that the positive rate of B7-H1 immunostaining in normal bladder tissue and bladder cancer was 0 and 72% respectively. The expression of B7-H1 was strongly associated with the pathological grade, clinical stage and recurrence （P〈0.05）. The survival rate was significantly lower in patients with B7-H1 positive group than in those with B7-H1 negative group and multi-variable analysis revealed that B7-H1 could be regarded as an independent factor in evaluating the prognosis of bladder cancer. It is concluded that the expression of B7-H1 is strongly associated with neoplastic progression and prognosis of bladder cancer. The manipulation of B7-H1 may become a beneficial target for immunotherapy in human bladder cancer.

Overwhelming low ammonia escape and low temperature denitration efficiency via MnOx-decorated two-dimensional MgAl layered double oxides

Low temperature catalysts are attracting increasing attention in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO with NH3.Mn Ox-decorated Mg Al layered double oxide(Mn/Mg Al-LDO)was synthesized via a facile fast pour assisted co-precipitation(FP-CP)process.Compared to the Mn/Mg Al-LDO obtained via slow drop assisted coprecipitation(SD-CP)method,the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)has excellent activity.The Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst was shown to possess a high NO conversion rate of 76%-100%from 25 to 150℃,which is much better than the control Mn/Mg Al-LDO(SD-CP)(29.4%-75.8%).In addition,the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)offered an enhanced NO conversion rate of 97%and a N2selectivity of 97.3%at 100℃;the NO conversion rate was 100%and the N2selectivity was 90%at 150℃with a GHSV of 60,000 h^-1.The Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst exhibited a smaller fragment nano-sheet structure(sheet thickness of 7.23 nm).An apparent lattice disorder was observed in the HRTEM image confirming the presence of many defects.The H2-TPR curves show that the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst has abundant reducing substances.Furthermore,the enhanced surface acidity makes the NH3concentration of the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst lower than 100 ml·m^-3after the reaction from 25 to 400℃.This can effectively reduce the ammonia escape rate in the SCR reaction.Thus,the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst has potential applications in stationary industrial installations for environmentally friendly ultra-low temperature SCR.

Shuyu pills inhibit immune escape and enhance chemosensitization in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is characterized by dysregulation of the immune microenvironment and the development of chemoresistance.Specifically,expression of the programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(PD-L1)axis,an immune checkpoint,may lead to tumour immune escape,resulting in disease progression.The latest research shows that tumour immune escape may be caused by the upregulation of PD-L1 mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha(HIF-1α),and simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1αand PD-L1 has the potential to enhance the host’s antitumour immunity.Moreover,inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis may mitigate tumour chemoresistance.Shuyu pills(SYPs)contain immunity-enhancing and antitumour components,making them a potential HCC treatment.AIM To investigate the efficacy of SYPs for HCC treatment via simultaneous HIF-1α and PD-L1 inhibition and the mechanism involved.METHODS A subcutaneous xenograft tumour model was first established in BALB/c nude mice by the subcutaneous injection of 1×107 SMMC-7721 cells.Male mice(male,5 weeks old;n=24)were then randomly divided into the following four groups(n=6):Control(0.9%normal saline),SYP(200 mg/kg),SYP+cisplatin(DDP)(200 mg/kg+5 mg/kg DDP weekly via intraperitoneal injection),and DDP(5 mg/kg cisplatin weekly via intraperitoneal injection).The dose of saline or SYPs for the indicated mouse groups was 0.2 mL/d via intragastric administration.The tumour volumes and body weights of the mice were measured every 2 d.The mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation after 14 d of continuous treatment,and the xenograft tissues were excised and weighed.Western blot assays were used to measure the protein expression of HIF-1α,PD1,PD-L1,CD4+T cells,and CD8+T cells in HCC tumours from mice.Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used for real-time quantitative detection of PD-1,PD-L1,and HIF-1α mRNA expression.An immunofluorescence assay was conducted to examine the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells.RESULTS Compared to mice in the control group,those in the SYP and SYP+DDP groups exhibited reduced tumour volumes and tumour weights.Moreover,the protein and mRNA expression levels of the oncogene HIF1α and that of the negative immunomodulatory factors PD-1 and PD-L1 were decreased in both the SYP and SYP+DDP groups,with the decrease effects being more prominent in the SYP+DDP group than in the SYP group(HIF-1α protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0129;control vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0004;control vs DDP,P=0.0152,SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0448;HIF-1αmRNA:control vs SYP,P=0.0009;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P=0.0003,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0192.PD-1 protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0099;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0009;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P<0.0001;PD-1 mRNA:control vs SYP,P=0.0002;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P=0.0003,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0003;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0002.PD-L1 protein:control vs SYP,P<0.0001;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0040;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0010;PD-L1 mRNA:Control vs SYP,P<0.0001;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0014).Additionally,the quantitative and protein expression levels of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells were simultaneously upregulated in the SYP+DDP group,whereas only the expression of CD4+T cells was upregulated in the SYP group.(CD4+T cell quantitative:Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0005;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0002.CD4+T cell protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0033;Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;Control vs DDP,P=0.0021,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0004;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0006.Quantitative CD8+T cells:Control vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0013;SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0347;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0043.CD8+T cell protein:Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P<0.0001).Finally,expression of HIF-1αwas positively correlated with that of PD-1/PD-L1 and negatively correlated with the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells.CONCLUSION SYPs inhibit immune escape and enhance chemosensitization in HCC via simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1α and PD-L1,thus inhibiting the growth of subcutaneous xenograft HCC tumours.

Selectivity of escape-hole size in tube traps for white-spotted conger Conger myriaster

Comparative fishing experiments were carried out in 2010 using tube traps with five hole diameters (8, 15, 18, 20 and 22 mm) to establish the size selectivity of escape holes for white-spotted conger. Selectivity and split parameters of the SELECT model were calculated using the estimated-split and equal-spilt model. From likelihood ratio tests and AIC (Akaike's Information Criterion) values, the estimated-split model was selected as the best-fit model. Size selectivity of escape holes in the tube traps was expressed as a logistic curve, similar to mesh selectivity. The 50% selection length of white-spotted conger in the estimated-split model was 28.26, 33.35, 39.31 and 47.30 cm for escape-hole diameters of 15, 18, 20 and 22 mm, respectively. The optimum escape-hole size is discussed with respect to management of the white-spotted conger fishery. The results indicate that tube traps with escape holes of 18 mm in diameter would benefit this fishery.

Asymmetric Effects on Escape Rates of Bistable System

The asymmetric effects on the escape rates from the stable states x±in the bistable system are analyzed. The results indicate that the multiplicative noise and the additive noise always enhance the particle escape from stable states x±of bistable.However,the asymmetric parameter r enhances the particle escape from stable state x_+,and holds back the particle escape from stable state x_-.