Summary of Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Essential Oil of Sweet Orange from Southern Jiangxi Province

Gannan sweet orange essential oil has garnered significant attention due to its diverse chemical composition and pharmacological activities.The main active ingredients include sabinene,limonene,and linalool,which exhibit antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,antibacterial,and analgesic properties.This essential oil has potential applications in the development of medicinal products.This paper reviews the primary chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Jiangxi orange flower essential oil,highlighting the need for future research to focus on its biological activity and clinical application potential.Additionally,it emphasizes the importance of optimizing extraction and detection technologies to enhance its application value in medicine and other industries,thereby promoting the development of Gannan’s sweet orange industry.

Composition and antimicrobial activity of Cistus munbyi essential oil: an endemic plant from Algeria

The chemical composition and antimicrobial potential of Cistus munbyi essential oil were studied for the first time. GC and GC–MS analysis revealed 48 compounds representing 96.98% of the oil. Terpinen-4-ol(23.75%), meta-Cymene(17.30%), and Sabinene(12.38%)were the major constituents. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against nine pathogens using the disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution methods. Results show that C.munbyi essential oil possesses strong antimicrobial activity against all strains, regardless if Gram-positive or Gramnegative bacteria, or yeast, with MICs values not exceeding10(mg/ml). In addition to its efficacy, C. munbyi essential oil has an unusual antimicrobial potency which is attributed to its specific chemical composition. Thus, findings presented here suggest that endemic C. munbyi contains a very interesting essential oil that may be valuable in several areas.

Antimycobacterial natural products from Moroccan medicinal plants: Chemical composition, bacteriostatic and bactericidal profile of Thymus satureioides and Mentha pulegium essential oils

Objective: To evaluate the susceptibility of Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium smegmatis in vitro to the essential oils obtained from two medicinal plants: Thymus satureioides(T. satureioides) and Mentha pulegium(M. pulegium), and to study their chemical composition.Methods: The aerial parts of T. satureioides and M. pulegium(leaves and stems) were hydro-distillated using a Clevenger-type apparatus and essential oils were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimycobacterial screening of essential oils was performed on the basis of the inhibition zone diameter by disc diffusion method against two mycobacterial strains whereas the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration were determined by using the micro-dilution method.Results: Chemical analysis of their aerial part's essential oils gave as major compounds,borneol(34.26%), carvacrol(31.21%) and thymol(3.71%) for T. satureioides and R(+)-pulegone(75.48%), carvone(6.66%) and dihydrocarvone(4.64%) for M. pulegium.Thereafter their antimycobacterial effect evaluation, using the micro-dilution method,indicated that minimal inhibitory concentration values of T. satureioides essential oil ranged from 0.062% to 0.015%(v/v) and from 0.125% to 0.031%(v/v) for M. pulegium respectively against Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium smegmatis.Conclusions: It is clearly evident from the results obtained that the Moroccan medicinal plants have great potential to be used as anti-tuberculosis agents. These findings may help scientists to undertake several research projects to discover useful natural product as new anti-tuberculosis drug.

Chemical composition and larvicidal effects of essential oil of Blumea martiniana against Anopheles anthropophagus

Objective:To determine chemical composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil of Blumea martiniana,and to evaluate its larvicidal activity against Anopheles anthropophagus,the natural vector of malaria.Methods:Chemical composition of essential oils extracted by steam distillation was investigated by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy（GC-MS）.Larvicidal activity of essential oil and its four main compounds was carried out by WHO method.Twenty larvae of early fourth-instar stage were used in the larvicidal assay and five replicates were maintained for each concentration.The 24 h LC50 and LC90 values were determined following probit analysis.Results:Totally 68 compounds corresponding to 98.55%of the total oil were identified and the major constituents of essential oil were:linalool（10.36%）,germacrene D（9.09%）, borneol（6.24%）,γ-terpinene（5.38%）.The oil and linalool,germacrene D,bomeol,γ-terpinene exerted significant larvicidal activity with LC50 values of 46.86,35.87,44.61,35.89,and 29.21 mg/L, respectively.It also showed a dose dependent effect on mortality.Conclusions:The essential oil of Blumea martiniana and its four major compounds may have potential for use in control of Anopheles anthropophagus larvae and could be useful in search of newer,safer and more effective natural compounds as larvicides.

Chemical Composition of Bergamot （Citrus Bergamia Risso） Essential Oil Obtained by Hydrodistillation

Peel essential oil of bergamot （Citrus bergamia Risso） growing in Tunisia was separated by hydrodistillation and obtained in a yield of 9.7%. The oil composition was investigated using GC and GC-MS with two columns HP-I and HP-Innowax. Fifteen compounds accounting for 98.52% of the oil were identified. The oil was characterized by bigb content oflimonene （59.21%）, linalool （9.51%） and linalyl acetate （16.83%）.

Chemical composition of the essential oil from Rabdosia lophanthoides

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC MS) of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Rabdosia lophanthoides resulted in the identification of 108 compounds representing 78.120% of the oil. Hydro distillation of Rabdosia lophanthoides yielded a pale yellow oil. The compounds identified and their relative proportions are listed in Table 1 according to their order of elution on an HP 5MS capillary column. .

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Ocimum basilicum var. album （L.） Benth, Lavandula angustifolia subsp. Angustifolia,Melissa officinalis Belonging to Lamiaceae Family

The present study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils ofOcimum basilicum var. album （L.） Benth, Lavandula angustifolia subsp, angustifolia, Melissa officinalis. The chemical compositionof a hydrodistilled essential oils of Ocimum basilicum var. album （L.） Benth., Lavandula angustifolia subsp, angustifolia, Melissaofficinalis was analyzed by a GC/MS system. Ocimum basilicum var. album （L.） Benth essential oil contains1,6-octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl （53.79%）, Lavandula angustifolia subsp, angustifolia essential oil 1,6-octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl（42.07%）, Melissa officinalis essential oil d-limonene （26%）. Antimicrobial screening of the essential oils was made by disc diffusion.The antimicrobial test results showed that the Ocimum basilicum var. album （L.） Benth, Melissa officinalis, Lavandula angustifoliasubsp, angustifolia essential oils have great potential of antimicrobial activity against all three （Staphylococcus aureus （ATCC 6338）Gram positive, Escherichia coli （ATCC 10536）, Pseudomonas aeruginosa （ATCC 15442） Gram negative bacteria）, one fungi（Aspergillus niger）, one yeast （Candida albicans） species tested.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant DPPH Activity of the Floral and Leaves Essential Oils of cMontanoa speciosa</i>DC

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves and flowers of Montanoa speciosa collected in southeastern Mexico (Yucatan) were analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 71 and 79 components, representing 98.44% and 97.69% of the leaf and flower oils, respectively, were characterized. The main constituents found were β-caryophyllene (20.73%, 17.95%), δ-cadinene (9.88%, 9.28%), caryophyllene oxide (9.48%, 8.68%), and germacrene D (6.94%, 5.85%). The essential oils were screened for their antioxidant potentials by DPPH assay. The leaves oil exhibited higher DPPH scavenging capability (72.85 ± 0.28 mmol TE/g essential oil and 147.83 ± 0.41 mg/mL Vit C/g essential oil) than the floral oil (68.43 ± 0.10 mmol TE/g essential oil and 131.59 ± 0.87 mg/mL Vit C/g essential oil).

Chemical Compositions of the Leaf Essential Oils of <i>Aralia spinosa</i>from Three Habitats in Northern Alabama

Aralia spinosa leaves were collected from three different habitats in north Alabama. The leaf essential oils were collected by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most abundant components of A. spinosa essential oils were the sesquiterpenes germacrene D (28.0% - 37.3%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.2% - 15.7%), and α-humulene (1.9% - 4.9%);the monoterpene myrcene (up to 15.1%), and the fatty-acid-derivative (2E)-hexenal (trace to 28.9%). Fatty-acid derivatives and monoterpene hydrocarbons were more abundant in samples from suburban Huntsville than those from “natural” habitats (Monte Sano Mountain, Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge), while sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were more abundant in the natural/wild samples.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils from Different Parts of <i>Eugenia caryophylata</i>, Thunb Grown in Amboina Island

This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activities of essential oils isolated from various parts (buds, leaves and stems) of Eugenia caryophylata. The essentials oils were distillated by steam distillation, and the isolated was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Five components of each sample of oils (buds, leaves and stems) were identified. Main component in the bud are eugenol (75.30%), eugenyl acetate (20.93%) and β-caryophyllene (3.00%) and eugenol (82.97%), β-caryophyllene (12.84%) in leaf oil, while in stem oil eugenol (97.75%). The oils were tested for in vitro antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium). The essential oils of bud, leaf and stem oil show that antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antibacterial Activity of the Leaf Essential Oil of Mentha officinalis from Rwanda

The search for new prototype drugs to combat infection is an absolute necessity and in this regard plant essential oils may offer great potential and hope. In this investigation, the essential oil of the leaves ofMentha officinalis grown in Rwanda was extracted by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography （GC） and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate in vitro the zone of bacterial growth inhibition at various concentrations of the oil for five bacterial strains： Escherichia coli, Bacillus aureus, Streptococcus lactis, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. The results of this study revealed many components among which the major components were menthol （80.79%）, menthone （4.906%）, isomenthone （3.5%）, piperitone （2.56%）, and methyl acetate （2.2%）. After 7 days of incubation on PCA medium, the growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus aureus, Streptococcus lactis and Staphylococcus aureus was totally inhibited at an average diameter of 19 mm, 32 mm, 50 mm and 30 mm respectively by a medium concentration of 30 μm/disc ofM. officinalis oil. Quite the reverse, this investigation by a bioassay showed that the essential oil ofM. officinalis has no effect on Salmonella typhimurium. The obtained results in the present study indicate the possibility of exploiting the essential oil ofM. officinalis to combat so many infectious human diseases in Rwanda. However, further investigations are required to make the medical exploitation of this plant successful.

Evaluation of the Chemical Profiling,Total Phenolic Composition,the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Essential Oils of Mentha piperita L.,Salvia officinalis L.,and Thymus vulgaris L.

The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition,total phenolic composition,the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils(EOs)of Mentha piperita L.,Salvia officinalis L.,and Thymus vulgaris L.The essential oils of M.piperita L.,S.officinalis L.,and T.vulgaris L.were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)to demonstrate their chemical composition.The antioxidant properties of the EOs were evaluated with the 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl(DDPH)free radical scavenging assay,their total phenolic compound contents were determined by the Folin Ciocalteau method,and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated by the disc diffusion assay.The major compounds in the contents of the essential oils of M.piperita L.,S.officinalis L.,and T.vulgaris L.were found to be eucalyptol,1R-α-pinene,and o-cymene,respectively.In the 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl(DDPH)assay,the EO of M.piperita L.(8,930.01μMTE/g)demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity,followed by the activities of the EOs of T.vulgaris L.(157.76μMTE/g)and S.officinalis L.(115.54μMTE/g).The total phenolic compound contents of M.piperita L.,T.vulgaris L.,and S.officinalis L.were measured as 135.074,0.242,and 0.221 mMGAE/g.All essential oils showed antioxidant activities and antimicrobial activities.The highest antimicrobial activity against S.aureus,A.nigeris,and C.albicans was determined in the EO of M.piperita L.within diameters of 42,32,and 28 mm,respectively.These properties of essential oils are used in the pharmaceutical and food industries.The essential oils are approved as official medications in many countries and take place in their pharmacopoeias。

Diurnal Effects on Chinese Wild <i>Ledum palustre</i>L. Essential Oil Yields and Composition

This study was conducted to evaluate the diurnal effect on essential oil yield and composition of Ledum palustre L. grown in northern Inner Mongolia, China. Essential oil content and composition were determined and compared as a function of different harvesting times viz. 7:00 AM, 11:00 AM, 3:00 PM, 7:00 PM, and 11:00 PM within a day. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The yield of essential oil was varied from 1.21% to 1.62%;the maximum oil yield was obtained at 3:00 PM and the minimum at 7:00 PM. Similar to oil yield, qualitative difference in essential oil composition of L. palustre was observed. For the best essential oil yields, L. palustre should be harvested during 11:00 AM to 3:00 PM.

Phytochemical Profile and <i>In Vitro</i>Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oils from Powder Fractions of <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i>Leaves

Dried leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were finely grinded and fractionated by sieving into four granulometric classes (<100 μm, 100 - 200 μm, 200 - 355 μm and >355 μm). The obtained powder fractions were used for essential oil (EO) extraction by hydrodistillation and their phytochemical profile and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated. The mother powder (unsieved powder) was used for comparison. Particle size exerted a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant properties of the EOs. Comparatively, the mother powder had the highest contents of α-pinene (55.6%), camphene (3.4%) and limonene (3.7%), while 1,8-cineole (26.6% and 22.4%), exo-fenchol (5.6% and 3.5%), α-campholenol (4.2% and 3.4%), L-trans-pinocarveol (5.5% and 2.7%), L-borneol (12.6% and 6.8%) and α-terpineol (16.4% and 7.6%) are the main compounds of EOs from the <100 μm and 100 - 200 μm fractions, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the EOs revealed higher radical-scavenging activities DPPH (90.62% and 70.46%) and ABTS (89.59% and 73.31%) for finer fractions (<100 μm and 100 - 200 μm, respectively). The best reducing power (36.15% and 34.27%) were also found in these finer powder fractions which improved by more than 2 times the value of mother powder (reducing power of 17.01%). These results suggest that grinding followed by sieve fractionation concentrates the majority of antioxidant phytochemicals in the EOs of the finer powder fractions of E. camaldulensis leaves. Finer powders could be used as functional ingredients in food formulations for the management of chronic diseases.

Chemical characterization of essential oil from the leaves of Callistemon viminalis(D.R.) and Melaleuca leucadendron(Linn.)

Objective: To isolate and identify the compounds in the essential oils from the leaves of Callistemon viminalis(D.R.) and Melaleuca leucadendron(Linn.) collected in Dakar,Senegal.Methods: The essential oils from the leaves of these two myrtaceaes were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatograph and gas chromatography–mass spectrometer.Results: A total of 34 constituents were identified in the oil of Callistemon viminalis and the major compounds were 1.8-cineole(58.12%), limonene(9.72%), a-terpineol(9.56%),geranial(6.02%), d-elemene(3.53%), myrcene(2.96%) and a-pinene(2.49%).For the essential oil of Melaleuca leucadendron, 43 constituents were identified, and 1.8-cineole(28.87%), epiglobulol(23.06%), a-pinene(12.22%), limonene(11.65%) and a-terpineol(7.06%) were major compounds.Conclusions: Considering properties of the identified major compounds, essential oils of both studied myrtaceae could be used in the medicine field including the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.

Essential Oil of Phyllanthus reticulatus Poiret from Nigeria

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Phyllanthus reticulatus Poiret (Euphorbiaceae) growing in Nigeria has been studied. The constituents of the oil were analyzed by means of gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Monoterpenes (64.9%) were the dominant class of compounds, followed by sesquiterpenes (23.0%). The major constituents were α-pinene (6.0%), sabinene (7.6%), β-pinene (18.1%), linalool (6.9%) and camphor (7.7%), among the monoterpenes, and β-caryophyllene (11.9%) and germacrene D (8.6%) among the sesquiterpenes. This is the first report on the volatile constituents of Phyllanthus reticulatus.

Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of <i>Senna podocarpa</i>(Guill. et Perr.) Lock

The chemistry of essential obtained from the leaves of Senna podocarpa (Guill. Et Perr.) Lock from Nigeria is being reported. The hydrodistilled oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The main constituents of the oil were 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester phthalate (26.6%) and β-elemene (27.9%). There were significant amounts of caryophyllene oxide (7.3%) and urs-12-en-24-oic acid, 3-oxo-methyl ester (5.5%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against a panel of seven bacteria and two fungal strain using agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Results had shown that the oil exhibited moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. The activity zones of inhibition (ZI) ranged between 10.0 ± 0.2 mm and 28.3 ± 2.9 mm while the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranged between 0.3 mg/mL 5.0 mg/mL, respectively. The chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Senna podocarpa were being reported for the first time.

Rosa x alba:source of essential minerals and volatile oils

Rosa x alba is cultivated almost exclusively for the production of aromatic water and fruits widely used as ingredients in some traditional food preparations sold commercially.Results of the proximate and elemental analyses revealed that flowers exhibited higher moisture content while the dry matter content was higher in leaves.Total fat and ash was higher in fruits when compared with leaves and flowers.All studied organs were found to be rich in essential mineral such as K,Ca,P and Mg.Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the volatile oils revealed different composition patterns between organs.Linalool and geraniol were found as major constituents of the leaf oil whereas 2-phenethyl alcohol and eugenol were the major constituents of the floral oil.In contrast,fruits showed very distinct composition and alkanes/alkenes were found to have the major contribution.The present composition could justify the traditional use of Rosa x alba which could be considered as a potential source of essential minerals and volatile constituents.

Two agronomical aspects of Tagetes terniflora HBK for essential oil production

The genus Tagetes is a possible source of essential oils for the biorational control of pests and diseases in Mexico. The aim of the present study was to assess the distance between plants (PD;15 × 80, 30 × 80 and 60 × 80 cm) and urea fertilization (0, 60 and 120 kg·he-1 N) for biomass production and essential oil in Tagetes terniflora HBK. Oil was obtained by the aerial part hydro-distillation and its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Factors N, PD and their interaction did not change plant height or the number of branches per plant;however, PD factor modified fresh tissue (FW) and dry tissue (DW) weights and the amount of oil per plant (p ≤ 0.05) which represent a good biomass production (30 to 72.5 ton·he-1 FW, 11 to 27 ton·he-1 DW) and oil producing (168 to 383 L·he-1 ) potential in the field. Urea did not have effect on both biomass and oil response per plant but interaction of 15 x 80 DP and 120 N could favor higher biomass and oil production potential (78 ton FW, 28 ton·he-1 DW and 608 L·he-1 , respectively). Essential oil yield varied from 0.3 to 2.1% according to the management conditions. A total of 11 major compounds were identified in essential oil, the relative quantity was constant in different agronomic management factors: E- tagetone (22%), cistagetenone (20.4%), transtagetenone (20.4%), dihydrotagetone (13.4%) and cis-β-ocimene (10.3%), trans-β-ocimene (5.0%), propenyl anisole (4.3%), sphatulenole (1.1%), allyl anisole (0.7%), Z-tagetone (0.5%) and limonene (0.5%).

GC-MS analysis of essential oil of <i>Paeonia suffruticosa</i>Andrews from ZhaoFen and RouFurong flowers in China

The flowers of ZhaoFen and RouFurong may contain essential oils with natural aromatic ingredients. In the present work, the chemical compositions of essential oil of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews from the flowers of ZhaoFen and RouFurong grown only in China were investigated by GC-MS analysis. The results indicate that there are 27 constituents in ZhaoFen and 29 constituents in RouFurong, which account for 96.04% and 95.90% of the oils of ZhaoFen and RouFurong, respectively. The major components of the essential oils are character-rized by oxygenated terpenols, and their content is, respectively, 85.06% and 83.47%. The essential oil of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews was reported for the first time on the aerial parts.