Pathogenic contribution of cholesteryl ester accumulation in the brain to neurodegenerative disorders

Cholesteryl esters(CEs) have been increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease(AD).Alois Alzheimer noted three prominent neuropathologic features in his original analysis of the AD brain:senile plaques,neurofibrillary tangles,and lipid granule accumulation.Senile plaques,which are aggregates of amyloid-beta(Aβ),and neurofibrillary tangles,which are aggregates of phosphorylated tau,have been regarded as more consistent characteristics of the AD brain compared with lipid granule accumulation and thus have been studied more intensively(Foley,2010).

Insight into the effect of geographic location and intercropping on contamination characteristics and exposure risk of phthalate esters(PAEs)in tea plantation soils

Phthalate esters(PAEs)are an emerging pollutant due to widespread distribution in environmental mediums that have attracted widespread attention over recent years.However,there is little information about tea plantation soil PAEs.A total of 270 soil samples collected from 45 tea plantations in the major high-quality tea-producing regions of Jiangsu,Zhejiang,and Anhui provinces in China were analyzed for seven PAEs.The detection frequency of PAEs in tea plantation soil was 100%.DBP,DEHP,and DiBP were the main congeners in tea plantation soil.The PAEs concentrations in the upper soil were significantly higher than those in the lower soil.The concentration of tea plantation soil PAEs in Jiangsu Province was significantly lower than those in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces.Intercropping with chestnuts can effectively reduce the contamination level of PAEs in tea plantation soil.Correlation analysis,redundancy analysis,partial correlation analysis,and structural equation modeling methods further confirmed the strong direct influence of factors such as chestnut–tea intercropping,temperature,and agricultural chemicals on the variation of PAEs in tea plantation soil.The health and ecological risk assessments indicated that non-carcinogenic risk was within a safe range and that there was a high carcinogenic risk via the dietary pathway,with DBP posing the highest ecological risk.

Carboxyl Ester Lipase Protects Against Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis by Binding to Fatty Acid Synthase

Carboxyl ester lipase(CEL),a pivotal enzyme involved in lipid metabolism,is recurrently mutated in obese mice.Here,we aimed to elucidate the functional significance,molecular mechanism,and therapeutic potential of CEL in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis(MASH).Hepatocyte-specific carboxyl ester lipase gene(Cel)knockout(Cel^(DHEP))and wildtype(WT)littermates were fed with cholinedeficient high-fat diet(CD-HFD)for 16 weeks,or methionine-and choline-deficient diet(MCD)for three weeks to induce MASH.Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation were employed to identify the downstream targets of CEL.CD-HFD/MCD-fed WT mice received intravenous injections of CEL-adeno-associated viral,serotype 8(AAV8)to induce specific overexpression of CEL in the liver.We observed a decrease in CEL protein levels in MASH induced by CD-HFD or MCD in mice.Cel^(DHEP) mice fed with CD-HFD or MCD exhibited pronounced hepatic steatosis,inflammation,lipid peroxidation,and liver injury compared to WT littermates,accompanied by increased hepatic nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell(NF-jB)activation.Consistently,Cel knockdown in mouse primary hepatocytes and AML12 cells aggravated lipid accumulation and inflammation,whereas CEL overexpression exerted the opposite effect.Mechanistically,CEL directly bound to fatty acid synthase(FASN),resulting in reduced FASN SUMOylation,which in turn promoted FASN degradation through the proteasome pathway.Furthermore,inhibition of FASN ameliorated hepatocyte lipid accumulation and inflammation induced by Cel knockdown in vivo and in vitro.Hepatocyte-specific CEL overexpression using AAV8-Cel significantly mitigated steatohepatitis in mice fed with CD-HFD or MCD.CEL protects against steatohepatitis development by directly interacting with FASN and suppressing its expression for de novo lipogenesis.CEL overexpression confers a therapeutic benefit in steatohepatitis.

Ion-dipole regulation based on bidentate solvent for stabilizing high-voltage lithium metal batteries

The poor compatibility of ester electrolytes with lithium metal anode severely limits its use in high voltage lithium metal batteries(LMBs).In this work,a bidentate solvent 1,2-diethoxyethane(DEE) is introduced into ester electrolyte to regulate the ion-dipole interactions to enhance the solubility of LiNO_(3),which enables compatibility with Li anode and maintains the high voltage cathode stability.In the designed electrolyte,the steric effect of DEE facilitates the participation of NO_(3)^(-)and PF_6^(-)anions in the Li^(+) solvation structure,thus promoting the generation of inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase(SEI).And the low viscosity of DEE also ensures that the ester electrolyte poses good interracial wettability.As a result,our designed electrolyte enables the high-loading Li‖NCM622 and Li‖NCM811(^(3) mA h cm^(-2)) full cells to achieve stable cycling over 200 cycles,8 times longer than that of a conventional ester electrolyte.This work suggests that regulation of intermolecular interactions in conventional ester electrolytes is a scalable and effective approach to achieve excellent electrochemical performance of LMBs.

Structural characteristics of phenylboronic acid-modified astaxanthin ester and its effect on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by blocking reactive oxygen species and maintaining intestinal homeostasis

A novel and reactive oxygen species(ROS)responsive astaxanthin phenylboronic acid derivative(AstaDPBA)was constructed by grafting phenylboronic acid(PBA)onto astaxanthin succinate diester(AstaD),and its chemical structure and physicochemical property were identified.AstaD-PBA could effectively improve the ROS quenching ability in the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell inflammation model.Then,the bioactivity of AstaD-PBA was studied by 4 zebrafish ROS-responsive infl ammatory models induced by LPS,copper(Cu^(2+)),high-fat diet,and dextran sodium sulfate(DSS).The results suggest that AstaD-PBA might have high biosafety and the best effect on ulcerative colitis(UC)induced by DSS.Furtherly,AstaDPBA significantly alleviated and treated weight loss and colonic shrinkage,inhibited infl ammatory cytokines,and maintained microbiota homeostasis to improve UC in C57BL/6J mice.Alistipes and Oscillibacter were expected to be considered UC marker fl ora according to the Metastats analysis and Pearson correlation Mantel test(P<0.01)of 16S rRNA gene sequencing data.In conclusion,AstaD-PBA has been promised to be a functional compound to improve UC and maintain intestinal microbiota homeostasis.

Non-flammable long chain phosphate ester based electrolyte via competitive solventized structures for high-performance lithium metal batteries

Safety remains a persistent challenge for high-energy-density lithium metal batteries(LMBs).The development of safe and non-flammable electrolytes is especially important in harsh conditions such as high temperatures.Herein,a flame-retardant,low-cost and thermally stable long chain phosphate ester based(tributyl phosphate,TBP)electrolyte is reported,which can effectively enhance the cycling stability of highly loaded high-nickel LMBs with high safety through co-solvation strategy.The interfacial compatibility between TBP and electrode is effectively improved using a short-chain ether(glycol dimethyl ether,DME),and a specially competitive solvation structure is further constructed using lithium borate difluorooxalate(LiDFOB)to form the stable and inorganic-rich electrode interphases.Benefiting from the presence of the cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)and solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)enriched with LiF and Li_(x)PO_(y)F_(z),the electrolyte demonstrates excellent cycling stability assembled using a 50μm lithium foil anode in combination with a high loading NMC811(15.4 mg cm^(-2))cathode,with 88%capacity retention after 120 cycles.Furthermore,the electrolyte exhibits excellent high-temperature characteristics when used in a 1-Ah pouch cell(N/P=0.26),and higher thermal runaway temperature(238℃)in the ARC(accelerating rate calorimeter)demonstrating high safety.This novel electrolyte adopts long-chain phosphate as the main solvent for the first time,and would provide a new idea for the development of extremely high safety and high-temperature electrolytes.

Effects of salt and rice flour concentration on microbial diversity and the quality of sour meat,a Chinese traditional meat

This study investigated the effects of salt(3%and 6%,m/m)and rice flour(10%and 20%,m/m)addition in sour meat,a traditional Chinese fermented meat.It was found that salt has greater effect than rice flour addition in spontaneous fermentation.Low-salt groups had lower pH and higher titratable total acid.In the low-salt groups,the dominant genera were Lactobacillus and Lactococcus,whereas Staphylococcus,Weissella,and Tetragenococcus were dominant in the high-salt groups.Higher total free amino acids and essential amino acids,organic acids,hexanoic acid ethyl ester and octanoic acid ethyl ester were found in the low-salt groups.The RDA analysis revealed that Lactococcus was closely related to product quality,with the S3F10(3%salt and 10%rice f lour)group outperforming the others in the sensory evaluation.Therefore,3%salt and 10%rice flour were considered more appropriate for the production of healthy and tasty fermented sour meats.

Doping PCBM with fullerene phosphinate derivatives enhances the interface energy alignment and synergistic passivation capability

Phenyl-C_(61)-butyric acid methyl ester(PCBM) serves as a common electron transport layer(ETL) in inverted p-i-n structure perovskite solar cells(IPSCs),yet energy barriers and insufficient passivation at the PCBM-perovskite interface hinder device effectiveness and durability.In this study,we present a series of novel Fullerene Phenylacid Ester Derivatives(FPEDs:FPP,FTPP,FDPP) incorporated into PCBM.Our investigations illustrate that FPEDs effectively act to passivate the perovskite surface by forming robust interactions with uncoordinated Pb^(2+) ions via the phosphine oxide groups present in their molecular structures,thereby enhancing the stability of the devices.Moreover,these additives elevate the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) of ETL,diminish the electron injection barrier,and enhance the efficiency of interlayer electron transport.Incorporating FPEDs enhances ETL coverage on the perovskite layer,reducing leakage current significantly.Notably,Devices with PCBM/FTPP achieved a peak PCE of 23.62% and showed superior stability,maintaining 96,8% of the initial PCE after 500 h,while control devices retained merely 80.7% over the same period.

Research progress on classification,source,application of phytosterol esters,and their thermal oxidation stability

Phytosterol esters can effectively decrease serum cholesterol concentration in the human body and prevent cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.It was found that phytosterol esters exhibited better solubility and bioavailability than free phytosterols.In recent years,phytosterol esters have attracted increasing attention.However,during food processing,phytosterol esters are susceptible to degradation at high temperatures,resulting in certain losses and formation of potentially harmful substances for humans.This paper reviews the relevant literatures and updates on the thermal oxidation stability of phytosterol esters in recent years from the following aspects:(i)Sources,physiological activities,and applications of phytosterol esters;(ii)Oxidation mechanism of phytosterol esters;(iii)Effects of phytosterols species,the volume of addition,food matrix,heating temperature and time,and antioxidants on the thermal loss and oxidation stability of phytosterol esters.The research progress on the safety of phytosterol esters is also discussed in detail.Additionally,the prospects for future research are highlighted.

The Future of Plasticizers: Biobased and Oligomeric

The deficiencies of popular phthalate plasticizers(ready migration from a polymer matrix into which they have been incorporated,flammability,environmental pollution,human health risks)have stimulated efforts to develop new effective,nonmigrating,low-cost,nontoxic replacements.In the main,these have been based on readilyavailable,nontoxic biobased precursors.Some,including those prepared from plant oils,have been generated from biomaterials themselves.However,the more numerous and generally more effective have been generated from discrete compounds produced from various biomaterials.Several structural features of effective plasticizers have been recognized.Polar functionality is required to assure compatibility with a wide range of polymeric materials,including poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC),the most heavily plasticized polymer.A branched structure greatly enhances the effectiveness of compounds used as plasticizers.An oligomeric structure may strongly limit or prevent migration from a polymer matrix.Hyperbranched oligomers of defined structure derived from the readilyavailable,inexpensive,nontoxic biomonomers,glycerol and adipic acid contain all these features and are excellent plasticizers.They contain ester functionality,are highly branched,and display a large number of end groups,all of which contribute to their effectiveness as plasticizers.

Removal of Dye Using Lignin-Based Biochar/Poly(ester amide urethane)Nanocomposites from Contaminated Wastewater

The pursuit of incorporating eco-friendly reinforcing agents in polymer composites has accentuated the exploration of various natural biomass-derived materials.The burgeoning environmental crisis spurred by the discharge of synthetic dyes into wastewater has catalyzed the search for effective and sustainable treatment technologies.Among the various sorbent materials explored,biochar,being renewable,has gained prominence due to its excellent adsorption properties and environmental sustainability.It has also emerged as a focal point for its potential to replace other conventional reinforcing agents,viz.,fumed silica,aluminum oxide,treated clays,etc.This study introduces a novel class of polymer nanocomposites comprising of lignin-based biochar particles and poly(ester amide urethane)matrix via a feasible method.The structural evaluation of these nanocomposites was accomplished using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and powder X-ray diffraction.The polymer nanocomposites exhibited superior mechanical properties with an increment in tensile strength factor by 45%in comparison to its pristine matrix,along with an excellent toughness value of 90.22 MJm^(−3)at a low loading amount of only 1 wt%.The composites showed excellent improvement in thermal properties with a sharp rise in the glass transition temperature(Tg)value from−28.15℃to 84℃,while also championing sustainability through inherent biodegradability attributes.Beyond their structural prowess,these polymer nanocomposites demonstrated excellent potential as adsorbents,displaying efficient removal of malachite green and tartrazine dyes from aqueous systems with a removal efficiency of 87.25%and 73.98%,respectively.The kinetics study revealed the pseudo second order model to be the precision tool to assess the dye removal study.Complementing this,the Langmuir adsorption isotherm provided a framework to assess the sorption features of the polymer nanocomposites.Overall,these renewable biochar integrated polymer matrices boast remarkable recovery capabilities up to seven cycles of usage with an excellent dye recovery percentage of 95.21%for the last cycle,thereby defining sustainability as well as economic feasibility.

Screening of Degrading Bacteria for Phthalic Acid Esters Under Cadmium Stress and Its Application

In order to enrich the degrading microbial resources for phthalic acid esters(PAEs)under cadmium stress,a degrading bacterium B-7 for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)was screened from the strains stored in the laboratory by means of inorganic salt liquid medium containing DEHP and cadmium,and the characteristics of the strain were studied.Strain B-7 was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,which had high biosafety and excellent degradability to DEHP.The optimum temperature for degradation was 25–40℃,and the optimum pH value was 6–8.Strain B-7 was cultured in inorganic salt medium(MSM)with an initial DEHP concentration of 400 mg/L and cadmium content of 10 mmol/L for 4 d,and its degradation rate of DEHP was up to 93.1%.In addition,the strain had a strong degradation ability to dimethyl phthalate(DMP),diethyl phthalate(DEP),and dibutyl phthalate(DBP).In soil contaminated by cadmium and DEHP,the synergic degradation of B-7 and indigenous microorganisms in soil significantly increased the degradation rate of DEHP,indicating that this strain had potential application value in the field of microbial remediation of soil contaminated by cadmium and PAEs.

Exploring Ester Prodrugs: A Comprehensive Review of Approaches, Applications, and Methods

The review provides an overview of the approaches, applications, and methods for ester prodrugs. Ester prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive compounds in their original form but become active drugs on biotransformation within the body, which offers advantages concerning the solubility, stability, and targeted delivery of the active drug. Several approaches of ester prodrugs have been reviewed in this review, including simple ester prodrugs, amino acid ester prodrugs, sugar ester prodrugs, lipid ester prodrugs, and polymeric ester prodrugs. This review incorporates in vitro and in vivo methods as well as the characterization of physical and chemical properties for ester prodrugs, cell culture systems, enzymatic assays, and animal models—all of these having a very important bearing on the evaluation of stability, bioavailability, and efficacy for ester prodrugs. While the benefits of using ester prodrugs are significant, there are also disadvantages like instability, poor or variable enzymatic hydrolysis, and toxicity from released promoieties or by-products. This review discusses solutions to the various limitations that include enhancing stability with ionizable promoieties and using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. The review also highlights the application of ester prodrugs in neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, and the ongoing efforts to address the critical limitations in treatment efficacy. Future prodrug strategies are poised to advance significantly by harnessing diverse transport mechanisms across the blood-brain barrier and integrating nanotechnology.

Research Progress on Distribution,Sources and Ecological Effects of Phthalate in Soil

Phthalate esters(PAEs)are widely used as main plasticizers in plastic products,agricultural regulators,toys,and other fields.This paper reviewed the research progress on the distribution,sources,and ecological effects of PAEs.The effects of PAEs on soil microorganisms,animals,plants and soil properties were explored in sequence,providing effective theoretical basis for future research on PAEs.

Chemical profiling of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of wild leaf and callus of Vitex negundo using gas chromatographymass spectrometry

BACKGROUND The investigation of plant-based therapeutic agents in medicinal plants has revealed their presence in the extracts and provides the vision to formulate novel techniques for drug therapy.Vitex negundo(V.negundo),a perennial herb belonging to the Varbanaceae family,is extensively used in conventional medication.AIM To determine the existence of therapeutic components in leaf and callus extracts from wild V.negundo plants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GCMS).METHODS In this study,we conducted GC-MS on wild plant leaf extracts and correlated the presence of constituents with those in callus extracts.Various growth regulators such as 6-benzylaminopurine(BAP),2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D),α-naphthylacetic acid(NAA),and di-phenylurea(DPU)were added to plant leaves and in-vitro callus and grown on MS medium.RESULTS The results clearly indicated that the addition of BAP(2.0 mg/L),2,4-D(0.2 mg/mL),DPU(2.0 mg/L)and 2,4-D(0.2 mg/mL)in MS medium resulted in rapid callus development.The plant profile of Vitex extracts by GC-MS analysis showed that 24,10,and 14 bioactive constituents were detected in the methanolic extract of leaf,green callus and the methanolic extract of white loose callus,respectively.CONCLUSION Octadecadienoic acid,hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester were the major constituents in the leaf and callus methanolic extract.Octadecadienoic acid was the most common constituent in all samples.The maximum concentration of octadecadienoic acid in leaves,green callus and white loose callus was 21.93%,47.79%and 40.38%,respectively.These findings demonstrate that the concentration of octadecadienoic acid doubles in-vitro compared to in-vivo.In addition to octadecadienoic acid;butyric acid,benzene,1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl),dospan,tridecanedialdehyde,methylcyclohexenylbutanol,chlorpyrifos,n-secondary terpene diester,anflunine and other important active compounds were also detected.All these components were only available in callus formed in-vitro.This study showed that the callus contained additional botanical characteristics compared with wild plants.Due to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds,the medical use of Vitex for various diseases has been accepted and the plant is considered an important source of therapeutics for research and development.

Study on the regulatory effect of liver X receptor in HEK293 cells by six main diterpene esters in Semen Euphorbiae

Background:To study the effects of the main diterpene esters in Euphorbia factor L_(1),L_(2),L_(3),L_(7a),L_(7b)and L_(8)on the transcriptional activity and protein expression of liver X receptor(LXR).Methods:The effect of the main diterpene ester components in Semen Euphorbiae on the viability of HEK293 cells were studied by MTT assay.The LXR-Luc plasmid vector was transfected into HEK293 cells and treated with Euphorbia factor L_(1),L_(2),L_(3),L_(7a),L_(7b)and L_(8)for 24 h.The effect of the main diterpene ester components of Semen Euphorbiae on LXR-Luc luciferase activity was investigated by dual luciferase reporter gene system,and the expression of LXRαprotein was detected by Western Blot.Results:Euphorbia factor L_(1),L_(2),L_(3),L_(7a),L_(7b)and L_(8)could significantly reduce the relative luciferase activity(RLU)of LXRα,and the expression level of LXRαprotein was significantly down-regulated.Conclusion:Euphorbia factor L_(1),L_(2),L_(3),L_(7a),L_(7b)and L_(8)can inhibit the expression of LXR protein level,which may be achieved by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of LXR.

Biodiesel from Palm Vegetable Oil

Energy obtained from a variety of non-renewable sources is considered unsustainable. Various fossil fuels, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, are among these sources. The combustion of fossil fuels resulted in the generation of greenhouse gases, which increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Global warming and ozone layer degradation are the negative consequences. In a country like India, where consumable oils are still imported, it is sense to look at the possibility of using such unpalatable oils in CI engines that aren’t often utilized as cooking oil. Palm oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the monocarp of the oil palm’s crop. The main goal is to provide a low-cost, high-performance alternative to diesel. The possibility of palm oil as a realistic, modest, and effective hotspot for the generation of biodiesel is investigated in this research. The article is focused on the comparison of palm oil and diesel in terms of characteristics.

Exploring Effective Ways of Green Printing to Reduce Harmful Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions

This paper delves into the transformative shift in the printing industry from traditional petroleum-based inks to sustainable alternatives,focusing on soy ink.Initially,it examines the environmental and health hazards associated with conventional printing,highlighting the detrimental impact of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)and toxic substances in inks.The emergence of soy ink as an eco-friendly solution is then explored.Derived from soybeans,soy ink significantly reduces the release of harmful VOCs and enhances the recyclability of printed materials.The paper discusses not only the environmental benefits of soy ink but also its operational and economic advantages,such as improved deinking capabilities and waste reduction.A notable development in soy ink technology is the use of soy methyl ester,which addresses the challenges of slow drying and penetration associated with traditional inks.The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for continued innovation in sustainable practices within the printing industry,positioning soy ink as a key player in aligning economic goals with environmental responsibility.The shift to soy-based inks exemplifies a broader trend towards sustainability,pivotal for the future health of the planet.

Recent Advances of Sensitive Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Rapid Detection of Phthalate Acid Esters

As a kind of plasticizer,phthalic acid esters(PAEs)are often added to plastics to enhance elasticity,transparency,durability and prolong service life.However,it does not chemically bind to plastics and is easy to migrate to the environment.It is difficult to degrade in the environment,and it is also enriched in the human body through the food chain and respiration,which will lead to obvious adverse reactions such as decreased learning and memory function and neurobehavioral disorders.Due to the toxicity,universality and low concentration limitations of PAEs in the environment and food,it is essential to achieve rapid and sensitive detection of PAEs in soil,atmosphere,water and food.Electrochemical(EC)sensors have the advantages of simplicity,fast,low cost,portability,easy operation,high specificity and high sensitivity,so they are applied for the detection of PAEs.Although there are a large number of studies on the detection of PAEs by EC sensors,there is no review on this aspect.In this review,we introduce the detection of PAEs from classical EC sensors,electrochemiluminescence(ECL)sensors and photo-electrochemical(PEC)sensors in the past five years.This review is beneficial to understanding the construction of EC sensors and the detection mechanism of PAEs.We also propose that the development of rapid,accurate and real-time detection methods of PAEs is key to assessing risk and preventing related diseases.

魔鬼爪化学成分的研究

目的 研究魔鬼爪中的化学成分。方法 运用各种色谱方法进行化学成分的分离纯化，用理化方法解析其化学结构。结果 从该植物块茎中分得9个化舍物，其中1—5为苯乙醇苷类化合物，6为三萜皂苷，结构分别被鉴定为martynoside（1），6．acetylacteoside（2），β-（3′，4′-dihydroxyphenyl）ethyl-O-α—L—rhanmopyranosyl（1→3）-′-D-glucopyranoside（3），acteoside（4）＋isocteoside（5），7α，23-dihydroxytormentic acid ester glucoside（6），阿魏酸乙酯（7），二十五酸（8）及β-胡萝卜苷（9）。结论化舍物1，6，7，8均为从该植物中首次分离得到。