An Optimal Algorithm for the Retrieval of Chlorophyll,Suspended Sediments and Gelbstoff of Case Ⅱ Waters in the Pearl River Estuary

An optimal algorithm for the retrieval of chlorophyll, suspended sediments and gelbstoff of case Ⅱ waters in the Pearl River estuary was established with the optical parameters derived from the in-situ data obtained in Jan. 2003 in the same area. And then, the chlorophyll, suspended sediments and gelbstoff of the SeaWiFS pixels on Jan. 29, 2003 corresponding to the in-situ sites of Jan. 25 and 26, 2003 were synchronously retrieved, with average relative errors of 14.9%, 12.1% and 13.6% for chlorophyll, suspended sediments and gelbstoff, respectively. The research results indicated that the optimal retrieval algorithm established here was relatively fit for the retrieval of the chlorophyll, suspended sediments and gelbstoff of case Ⅱ waters in the Pearl River estuary, and had quite good retrieval accuracy.

Estimation of Peak Water Level in Pearl River Estuary under the Background of Sea Level Rise

[Objective] The study aimed to predict the peak water level in Pearl River Estuary under the background of sea level rise. [Method] The changing trends of peak water level at Denglongshan station and Hengmen station were analyzed firstly on the basis of regression models, and then sea level rise in Pearl River Estuary in 2050 was predicted to estimate the 1-in-50-year peak water level in the same year. [Result] Regression analyses showed that the increasing rate of peak water level over past years was 6.3 mm/a at Denglongshan station and 5.8 mm/a at Hengmen station. In addition, if sea level will rise by 20, 30 and 60 cm respectively in 2050, it was predicted that the 1-in-50-year peak water level will reach 3.04, 3.14 and 3.44 m at Denglongshan station, and 3.19, 3.29 and 3.59 m at Hengmen station separately. [Conclusion] The estimation of peak water level in Pearl River Estuary could provide theoretical references for water resources planning.

Characteristics of Salt Water Movement in Iwaki River Estuary, Japan

The present study aims to investigate the characteristics of the motion of salt water and to show the temporal fluctuation of the vertical salinity distribution in Lake Jusan located in the estuary of Iwaki River in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. The Lake Jusan is the best productive water area of the shellfish, corbicula, in Japan in 2013. Then, the lake is very important in Aomori Prefecture as corbicula＇s home. The change of the brackish environment influences the ecology of the corbicula shellfish, then, the shellfish harvest changes every year. Now, it is important to make clear the characteristics of the motion of salt water in the lake. In the present study, observations for the motion of the salt water going up to the lake and going down from the lake to the sea were carried out from June to September in 2015. The present study investigates the time change of the salinity distribution in a perpendicular direction and shows that the movement of the saltwater in the lake can be generated well by the theory given by Sasaki et al., 2009.

Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Nutrients in Sediment Profiles and Their Sediment-Water Fluxes in the Pearl River Estuary,Southern China

Three cruises were launched in the Pearl River Estuary （PRE） in 2005 to investigate the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients associated with early diagenesis related to degradation of organic matter. Seasonal and spatial variations of pore water nutrient concentrations and profile patterns in sediments were studied. Nutrient fluxes at the sediment-water interface （SWI） were measured by incu- bation experiments, and we here discussed the accumulation and transformation processes of nutrients at the SWI. The nutrients generally decreased from the Pearl River outlets downstream, indicating an- thropogenic influences on the nutrient inputs in the estuary. NO3-N concentration was the highest of the three forms of DIN （dissolved inorganic nitrogen, the sum of NH4-N, NO3-N and NO2-N） in the overly- ing water, and NH4-N was the main component of DIN in pore water. The gradual increase of NH4-N and the rapid decrease of NO3-N with sediment depth provided the evidence for anaerobic conditions below the SWI. Negative fluxes of NO3-N and positive fluxes of NH4-N were commonly observed, sug- gesting the denitrification of NO3-N at the SWL The DIN flux direction suggested that the sediment was the sink of DIN in spring, however, the sediment was generally the source of DIN in summer and winter. PO4-P distribution patterns were distinct while SiO4-Si inconspicuously varied in sediment profiles in different seasons. The flux results indicated that PO4-P mainly diffused from the water column to the sediment while SiO4-Si mainly diffused from the sediment to the water column. Generally, the incu- bated fluxes were the coupling of diffusion, bioturbation and biochemical reactions, and were relatively accurate in this study.

Spatial assessment of water quality using chemometrics in the Pearl River Estuary, China

A cruise was commissioned in the summer of 2009 to evaluate water quality in the Pearl River Estuary （PRE）. Chemometrics such as Principal Component Analysis （PCA）, Cluster analysis （CA） and Self-Organiz- ing Map （SOM） were employed to identify anthropogenic and natural influences on estuary water quality. The scores of stations in the surface layer in the first principal component （PC1） were related to NH4-N, PO4-P, NO2-N, NO3-N, TP, and Chlorophyll a while salinity, turbidity, and SiO3-Si in the second principal component （PC2）. Similarly, the scores of stations in the bottom layers in PC1 were related to PO4-P, NO2-N, NO3-N, and TP, while salinity, Chlorophyll a, NH4-N, and SiO3-Si in PC2. Results of the PCA identified the spatial distribution of the surface and bottom water quality, namely the Guangzhou urban reach, Middle reach, and Lower reach of the estuary. Both cluster analysis and PCA produced the similar results. Self-organizing map delineated the Guangzhou urban reach of the Pearl River that was mainly influenced by human activities. The middle and lower reaches of the PRE were mainly influenced by the waters in the South China Sea. The information extracted by PCA, CA, and SOM would be very useful to regional agencies in developing a strategy to carry out scientific plans for resource use based on marine system functions.

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON WATER EXCHANGE AT THE PEARL RIVER ESTUARIES

To meet the needs of many parameters, simpler mathematical models of the seawater mixing and exchanging at estuaries are established in this note for studying the complicated Pearl River estuary. Calculations and discussions are made according to the investigation information obtained in March 1987.

珠江口盆地开平南大型深水深层油田发现与认识创新

开平凹陷是珠江口盆地地质条件最复杂的凹陷之一,也是重要的深水油气勘探区,由于洼陷结构、烃源分布及成藏规律认识不清,长期制约勘探进程。基于三维地震资料精细解释,开展成盆机制、烃源发育、源汇体系及成藏主控因素等研究,近期在开平南获得了大型轻质油田勘探发现。为进一步指导勘探,分析了开平凹陷油气成藏条件,总结了油气成藏模式。结果表明:(1)开平凹陷是南海北部强伸展陆缘背景下发育的“拆离-核杂岩”型凹陷,裂陷期经历“断陷—拆离—断拗”3幕演化过程;(2)开平凹陷发育文昌组优质湖相烃源岩,分布范围广、生烃潜力大,总体处于成熟至高成熟阶段;(3)开平凹陷油气运移受“源-断-脊”耦合控制,开平凹陷南部3大鼻状构造带是油气有利汇聚区,总体具有“近源强势充注-断脊差异运聚-晚期快速成藏”的模式。开平南古近系大型轻质油田的发现实现了开平凹陷勘探重大突破,开辟了珠江口盆地深水区油气勘探的新区、新领域,同时为“拆离-核杂岩”型含油气盆地的勘探提供了借鉴。

白云南洼珠海组陆架坡折带演化特征与深水沉积耦合关系

白云南洼珠海组沉积时期,盆地处于断陷向拗陷转化阶段,陆架坡折形态以及位置发生巨大变化,导致深水沉积的类型和特征具有明显差异。针对这种坡折演化对深水沉积类型的影响开展研究,通过对白云南洼珠海组三维地震剖面进行解译,识别珠海组各层段陆架坡折带,定量分析坡折特征及其演化规律,探讨坡折演化过程与深水沉积的耦合关系。研究结果表明,通过对珠海组沉积时期陆架坡折带定量分析,将其迁移演化类型划分为下降型、平直型、低角度上升型、高角度上升型4类;在井震结合的基础上,根据地震相组合以及沉积体系分布特点,识别出斜坡扇、块状搬运沉积、深水水道体、盆底扇4种主要的深水沉积类型;并发现陆架坡折演化类型与深水沉积类型存在明显的耦合关系:平直型、高角度上升型、低角度上升型和下降型陆架边缘迁移轨迹分别对应斜坡扇、块状搬运沉积、深水水道体和盆底扇的优势发育。此外,珠海组四段至珠海组三段陆架坡折带整体由下降型向低角度上升型转变,深水沉积体系以斜坡扇及深水水道体发育为主;珠海组三段至珠海组一段早期整体由低角度上升型向下降型转变,深水沉积体系以深水水道-盆底扇沉积体系为主;珠海组一段晚期整体由下降型向高角度上升型演化,深水沉积体系几乎不发育。本研究揭示了陆架坡折迁移对深水沉积体系类型和分布的控制作用,对深入理解深水沉积过程和油气勘探具有重要意义。

Contamination by Organochlorine Pesticides in the Estuaries of Southeast China

Persistent organic pollutants(POPs) such as organochlorine pesticides are of global concern due to their widespread occurrence and persistence. This paper reports recent research studying the distribution and fate of organochlorine pesticides in the Jiulong River, the Minjiang River and the Pearl River estuaries in Southeast China. Eighteen organochlorine pesticides were extracted from water, pore water and sediment samples, followed by analysis by GC ECD. The results showed that the contamination levels were similar in these three estuaries. The levels of the total organochlorine pesticides in porewater were significantly higher than those in surface water, due to the high affinity of these hydrophobic compounds for sediment phase. Among the hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH) compounds, β HCH was found to be the most important isomer. The analysis of 1,1,1 trichloro 2,2 bis chlorophenyl ethane(DDT) and its metabolites showed that 1,1 dichloro 2[ o chlorophenyl] 2[ p chlorophenyl] ethylene(DDE) was dominant in the group.

长江口一次持续性强浓雾过程特征和成因分析

使用船载观测资料、FNL再分析资料和葵花八号云图资料,对2022年3月11—14日发生于长江口的持续性浓雾过程进行研究分析,并归纳总结了预报的实用性方法。结果表明:本次浓雾过程包含辐射雾和锋面平流雾,持续时间长,影响范围广,雾区在锋面的前后部都相继出现,且锋面移动往往影响着雾的移动。在雾的生消和维持过程中,气温和相对湿度通常呈负相关,温度露点差和能见度呈正相关,当温度露点差大于3℃时,长江口也会有雾生成,但能见度不低于3 km。雾生时段通常盛行偏南风和偏北风,偏西风和西北风则会导致相对湿度迅速下降,不利于雾的形成和维持。可见光云图上雾的特征明显,颜色纹理均匀,边界清晰整齐,外围无丝状或纤维状云系扩散,而红外云图上对应处是一片灰暗区,只有边界隐约可见。

基于FVCOM的夏季珠江冲淡水年际变化特征

珠江冲淡水对南海北部的物理、化学以及生物特性具有十分重要的意义。本文以1993至2012年连续20年的FVCOM(The Finite Volume Community Ocean Model)模型后报模拟数据为基础,将海表盐度32等值线与岸线所围面积定义为珠江冲淡水的扩展范围,对珠江冲淡水在夏季(6月、7月和8月)的年际变化特征进行研究,并分析了南海季风和珠江径流量等因素对珠江冲淡水的影响。在西南风和较大的珠江径流量的作用下,夏季是珠江冲淡水同时向粤西和粤东两侧扩展的唯一季节,冲淡水扩展范围最大,且夏季珠江冲淡水的扩展形态和扩展面积具有明显的年际变化特征,1994年的东风异常极大增强了冲淡水的西向扩展。通过对2008年台风“风神”的分析,发现热带气旋引起的表层对流和垂向混合对珠江冲淡水具有明显的作用,但是由于其持续时间较短,对年际变化的影响并不显著。1998年夏季的强厄尔尼诺事件导致6月、7月和8月均出现了西南风异常,强西南风阻碍了冲淡水的西向扩展,促进了区域的上升流和表层流。

珠江口盆地古近系典型低渗透油藏产能测试分析

珠江口盆地古近系低渗透储层具有孔隙度低、孔隙结构复杂、喉道细小等特点,探井钻杆测试(DST)测试产能低。对比分析模块式地层动态测试器(MDT)取样分析结果及关井压力恢复资料,发现储层在测试前浸泡时间长,产生较为严重的水锁效应。剖析低渗透储层产生水锁效应的机理,推导出泥浆滤液侵入储层深度的公式,结果表明泥浆滤液侵入储层深度与浸泡时间呈正相关关系,针对区域深层低渗透油藏因水锁效应而导致的风险,提出措施建议。

珠江广州段水体微塑料的分布特征及迁移规律

全球海洋塑料污染日益严重,河流是陆地产生的微塑料向海洋传输的重要渠道。珠江微塑料的入海通量排名处于世界前列,其中流经广州市区的虎门入海口的贡献量远高于其他入海口。为探究珠江广州段支流水体微塑料的污染现状并厘清其影响因素,文章对珠江广州段(包括支流和入海口)18个典型采样点位的表层水体微塑料进行了综合分析。结果显示,微塑料的污染丰度为0.123~25.2个/m^(3)。微塑料的主要类型包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯等,其占比远高于其他类型微塑料。珠江广州段接收广州市区及周边城市排放的生活、农业和工业废水,其中纤维主要来自纺织品的洗涤,聚乙烯和聚丙烯均为生活中的常用塑料,聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯多用于生产各类塑料产品(如塑料玩具、泡沫箱等)。在4类监测断面(点)中,入境断面和监控断面的微塑料丰度远高于背景点和入海口。流经人口密集、城市化程度高的区域的支流微塑料丰度远高于其他支流,入海口微塑料丰度最低。可见,人类活动是影响微塑料在不同河段分布的最主要因素。

陆架边缘三角洲-深水扇源汇耦合关系及成因机制——以珠江口盆地白云南洼古近系珠海组为例

基于珠江口盆地新采集处理的三维地震资料、钻测井和岩心资料,精细解剖白云南洼古近系渐新统珠海组陆架边缘三角洲-深水扇(简称“洲-扇”),以揭示陆架边缘到深水扇沉积复杂的耦合关系和成因机制。研究结果表明,珠海组四段—一段沉积时期,研究区“洲-扇”沉积体系规模具有先增大后减小的规律,珠海组三段—一段沉积早期深水扇发育,珠海组二段沉积晚期平面分布规模最大。依据顺物源方向洲-扇发育程度的不同,划分出“有洲有扇、有洲无扇、无洲有扇”3种不同类型的洲-扇耦合关系。(1)“有洲有扇”型的陆架区发育陆架边缘三角洲,其下倾方向的陆坡区深水扇发育,强物源供给和相对海平面下降是主控该类型洲-扇系统发育的两大关键因素,而陆架边缘水道的发育有利于在弱物源供给及相对海平面上升时期仍能形成该类型源汇系统。(2)“有洲无扇”型的陆架区发育陆架边缘三角洲,其下倾方向的陆坡区却不发育深水扇,缺“源”、少“渠”和流体改造是形成该类型的3大主要原因。(3)“无洲有扇”型的陆坡区发育深水扇,但溯源其上倾方向陆架区不发育陆架边缘三角洲,陆架边缘的流体改造和陆坡区渠道通畅(水道发育)两者相互耦合共同控制其形成。

珠江口盆地超深水区LW21-A井烃源岩分子地球化学特征与油气成因

珠江口盆地超深水区勘探程度低,珠四坳陷仅LW21-A井有油气发现,通过对其进行系统地特征分子地球化学测试与分析,揭示了所钻遇烃源岩的类型和发现油气的成因。该钻井揭示,文昌组和恩平组发育海相(海侵)泥岩和微咸水浅湖相(近海湖盆)泥岩;LW21构造气藏中存在海相(海侵)和湖相2类凝析油;LW21构造气藏中天然气主要成分为CO_(2),属于CO_(2)气藏,含一定量烷烃气;CO_(2)主要是无机幔源型成因气,烷烃气主要是油型气与海相生物气的混合型干气。这一认识对珠江口盆地超深水区珠四坳陷带的进一步评价和勘探决策具有重要意义。

改善古近系内幕成像的关键技术及应用--以珠江口盆地番禺4洼缓坡带古近系为例

为了解决珠江口盆地番禺4洼西侧缓坡带古近系地震数据处理中信号弱、多次波干扰及低信噪比等问题,研究采用了多项关键技术,包括三维τ-p变换鬼波压制和浅水多次波压制等技术。这些技术旨在通过增强地震资料的信噪比来提高解释精度,尤其在洼陷内部地层接触关系和基底成像上取得了突破性进展。研究发现,研究区地震资料有效反射通常集中在6~36 Hz,由于低频和高频端信号的缺失,地层接触关系的精细刻画受到限制。因此,提出利用上述关键技术改善地震资料品质,其中鬼波压制技术成功分离和抑制了鬼波噪声,而浅水多次波压制技术则针对性地预测和衰减了多次波。综合应用这些技术后,成像剖面显示古近系内幕成像得到显著改善,波组特征更明显,地层接触关系更合理,并且中深层复杂断裂的成像质量也得到了显著提升。结果表明,鬼波压制和浅水区去多次波技术的应用显著提升了中深层地震资料的品质,对珠江口盆地特别是番禺4洼及其邻近地区的油气勘探活动具有重要意义,并为相似沉积环境下地震成像剖面品质改善提供了新的技术路线。

珠江口盆地深水气田储层差异及主控因素

为了分析珠江口盆地荔湾气区同一深水盆底扇两相邻气田的储层物性差异及主控因素,综合利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性及压汞等分析资料,对2个气田的岩石组分、微观孔隙结构和宏观物性特征进行对比分析,探讨沉积及成岩对储层质量差异的控制作用。研究结果表明:1)储层质量宏观上受控于沉积作用,A气田位于扇体远端,粒度较细,分选好;B气田靠近扇根位置,粒度较粗,分选差,粒间充填泥质杂基,沉积组分差异对储层物性有一定影响。2)造成储层质量差异的主要原因是受不同埋深影响引起的差异化成岩作用。受深埋藏强压实作用,塑性组分含量高的储层,粒间泥质杂基易挤压变形,降低储层的原生孔隙体积;黏土矿物中伊利石和伊/蒙混层多呈丝缕/丝片状充填于粒间和次生孔隙中,导致储层渗透性大幅度降低。研究成果对区域深水盆底扇的油气勘探开发具有一定借鉴指导意义。

珠江口水域水污染遥感定量分析

卫星遥感技术在水污染监测方面具有广阔的应用前景。在经大气校正后 ,可见光波段卫星遥感数据的水体象元主要受水中污染物、泥沙及叶绿素等的影响。研究污染水体反射光谱成像的物理过程 ,在水深较大(>2m)的假设下 ,建立了叶绿不敏感波段遥感数据象元反射率与污染物浓度的函数关系 ,并用多波段数据进行求解。然后采用 2 0 0 2年TM卫星数据 ,用该方法对珠江口海域的综合汛浓度进行了定量提取并用实测数据加以验证。结果显示 ,珠江口水域重污染区主要分布在伶仃洋东北部 ,香港维多利亚港和深圳湾。

珠江口海域污染的水质综合污染指数和生物多样性指数评价

利用水质综合污染指数和生物多样性指数分别对珠江口海域2006年7月和2007年3月调查的数据进行污染程度评价,并讨论利用多样性指数评价的合理性。结果表明珠江口海域的污染等级处于中度污染至严重污染之间,其中利用水质化学因子进行综合评价的结果为严重污染,利用生物多样性指数进行评价的结果为轻中污染至重污染。本研究认为利用浮游动物多样性指数评价海域水质污染程度比利用浮游植物或底栖生物的多样性指数评价海域水质污染程度更加合理,但其评价标准仍有待更多的调查来验证和修正。同时,利用不同类群生物的多样性指数对海洋水质与生态环境质量进行评价有时会存在一定差异。因此在实际评价中不能单从一种指数结果就轻易下定论,结合理化监测结果,才能得到符合实际的结论。

珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物中氯苯类有机物的含量及分布

对珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物体内氯苯类有机物(CBs)的污染现状进行了调查,并对该类污染物在水体多介质体系中的转移分配规律进行了初步研究.结果表明,珠江口表层水中CBs的总浓度为16.44～963.20ng.L-1,DCBs(二氯苯)对污染的贡献较为突出,占74.4%;表层沉积物(干重)中CBs总含量为7.83～40.09ng.g-1,DCBs、TCBs(三氯苯)、TeCBs(四氯苯)、PeCB(五氯苯)和HCB(六氯苯)分别占总量的71.4%、11.1%、13.0%、1.2%、3.6%;水生动物中贝类的CBs平均含量是38873.0ng.g-1、鱼类为2360.3ng.g-1、虾类则为565.0ng.g-1,DCBs和TeCBs是水生动物体内的主要污染物.CBs在水、沉积物及生物体之间存在明显的富集和放大作用.