Preparation and emission characteristics of ethanol-diesel fuel blends

The preparation of ethanol-diesel fuel blends and their emission characteristics were investigated. Results showed the absolute ethanol can dissolve in diesel fuel at an arbitrary ratio and a small quantity of water(0.2%) addition can lead to the phase separation of blends. An organic additive was synthesized and it can develop the ability of resistance to water and maintain the stability of ethanol-diesel-trace amounts of water system. The emission characteristics of 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol-diesel fuel blends, with or without additives, were compared with those of diesel fuel in a direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The experimental results indicated that the blend of ethanol with diesel fuel significantly reduced the concentrations of smoke, hydrocarbon(HC), and carbon monoxide(CO) in exhaust gas. Using 20% ethanol-diesel fuel blend with the additive of 2% of the total volume, the optimum mixing ratio was achieved, at which the bench diesel engine testing showed a significant decrease in exhaust gas. Bosch smoke number was reduced by 55%, HC emission by 70%, and CO emission by 45%, at 13 kW/1540 r/min. However, ethanol-diesel fuel blends produced a few ppm acetaldehydes and more ethanol in exhaust gas.

Study of the Combustion Process inside an Ethanol-Diesel Dual Direct Injection Engine Based on a Non-Uniform Injection Approach

The use of ethanol is a promising method to reduce the emissions of diesel engines.The present study has been based on the installation of a gasoline electronic injection system in a single-cylinder diesel engine to control the amount of ethanol entering the cylinder during the compression(while diesel has been injected into the cylinder by the original pump injection system).The injection time has been controlled by crank angle signal collected by an AVL angle indicator.In the tests ethanol and diesel each accounted for half of the fuel volume,and the total heat energy supply of the fuel was equivalent to that of the diesel under the operating conditions of the original engine.A three-dimensional combustion model of the diesel engine has been implemented by using the CFD software FIRE.Simulations have been carried out assuming uniform and non-uniform injections rate for the different holes and the different results have been compared.According to these results,a non-uniform injection rate can produce early ignition and cause an increase in the maximum in-cylinder pressure and the maximum average incylinder temperature.Moreover,in such conditions NO emissions are larger while soot emission is slightly lower.

Propene and CO oxidation on Pt/Ce-Zr-SO_4^(2-) diesel oxidation catalysts:Effect of sulfate on activity and stability

Platinum/cerium-zirconium-sulfate（Pt/Ce-Zr-SO_4^（2-）） catalysts were prepared by wetness impregnation.Catalytic activities were evaluated from the combustion of propene and CO.Sulfate（SO_4^（2-））addition improved the catalytic activity significantly.When using Pt/Ce-Zr-SO_4^（2-） with 10 wt%SO_4^（2-）,the temperature for 90%conversion of propene and CO decreased by 75℃ compared with Pt/Ce-Zr.The conversion exceeded 95%at 240℃ even after 0.02%sulfur dioxide poisoning for 20 h.Temperature-programmed desorption of CO and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed an improvement in Pt dispersion onto the Ce-Zr-SO_4^（2-） support,and the increased number of Pt particles built up more Pt^（-）-（SO_4^（2-））^（-） couples,which resulted in excellent activity.The increased total acidity and new Bronsted acid sites on the surface provided the Pt/Ce-Zr-SO_4^（2-） with good sulfur resistance.

Optimal Mixture Ratios of Biodiesel Ethanol Diesel for Diesel Engines

In this paper, we study the best-mixture ratio of biodiesel-ethanol-diesel for diesel engines. The simulation results show that the integrated indexes including engine power, cost-effectiveness and emission properties are rather better with different optimizing index when the ratio of bio-diesel, ethanol and diesel are 71.58:2.72:25.70 and 50:2.4127:47.5873.

Continuous Saccharification of Laminarin by Immobilized Laminarinase ULam111 Followed by Ethanol Fermentation with a Marine-Derived Yeast

We isolated a novel laminarinase ULam111 from Flavobacterium sp. strain UMI-01. Purified ULam111 showed degradation activity against laminarin with the specific activity of 224 ± 18 U/mg at 30°C and pH 6.0. Its optimum temperature was 50°C, and degradation activities against laminarin were observed at 4°C - 80°C. With a laminarin degradation system, we investigated the preparation and properties of immobilized ULam111 with the use of the 11 types of carriers. The high activity recoveries of immobilized ULam111 were as follows: 19.4% for IB-S60P carrier beads (the non-ionic type), 15.6% for IB-S60S carrier beads (the non-ionic type), 11.9% for IB-150P carrier beads (the covalent type), and 7.1% for IB-C435 carrier beads (the cationic type). With the repeated use of immobilized ULam111, the enzyme activities immobilized on IB-S60S and those on IB-S60P remained at 40% and 30% respectively after the sixth trial. We selected IB-S60S as suitable beads for enzyme immobilization, and we attempted to construct a reactor system with ULam111 immobilized on IB-S60S beads. In this system, 1.2 - 1.9 g/L glucose was repeatedly produced from 30 mg/mL laminarin solutions after 20 hr when the reactor operation was repeated 10 times. We examined ethanol fermentation from the saccharified solutions with a marine-derived yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae C-19), and 0.51 - 0.58 g/L bioethanol was produced from the saccharified solution that contained 1.71 - 1.86 g/L of glucose.

Solubility of CO_(2) in nonaqueous system of 2-(butylamino)ethanol with 2-butoxyethanol:Experimental data and model representation

Nonaqueous amine-based system is an attractive solution to overcome high-energy-intensive CO_(2) capture process using the conventional aqueous amines.Advanced nonaqueous absorbent of 2-(butylamino)ethanol(BAE)with 2-butoxyethanol(2-BE)has been recently proposed for low-energyconsumption CO_(2) capture.In this work,Henry’s law constants of CO_(2) in the BAE/2-BE blend were obtained by N_(2)O/CO_(2) analogy,and correlated in the temperature range of(283–333)K.Vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE)data for the BAE+CO_(2)+2-BE system at 65.4%(mass)BAE were also determined in a stirred equilibrium cell at temperatures of(313–393)K and CO_(2) partial pressures up to 275 kPa.A single apparent equilibrium constant KCO_(2);app was proposed for this system and correlated as a function of temperature,carbonated degree of amine and CO_(2) loading.Solubility data were well represented by the modified Kent-Eisenberg model with an average absolute relative deviation(AARD)of 13%.

Miscibility of Ethanol in Diesel Fuels

The primary barrier to the use of ethanol in diesel fuel is the poor miscibility at lower temperatures. The miscibilities of ethanol in 19 diesel fuels having a wide variation in compositions were evaluated by testing their phase separation temperatures. The result shows that aromatic contents and intermediate distillate temperatures have a significant impact on miscibility limits. The FCC diesels, which contain up to 50% of aromatics, exhibit different phase behavior trends in comparison with straight-run diesels and other diesel fuels.

Integrating network pharmacology and pharmacological evaluation for deciphering the mechanism of(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviating ethanol-induced endothelial cells injury

Objective To investigate the potential therapeutic targets and pharmacological mechanism of(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG)based on network pharmacology and experimental verification.METHODS The druggability of EGCG was measured by the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology(TCMSP)server,and potential targets of EGCG were identified by Pharm Mapper and Drug Repositioning and Adverse drug Reaction via Chemical-Protein Interactome(DRAR-CPI).The potential targets were imported into GeneMANIA database to obtain the protein-protein direct interaction network,and target physical interaction,co-expression,prediction,genetic interaction,and shared protein domains.The biological process,molecular functions,cellular components and KEGG signaling pathways of potential targets were analyzed using DAVID database.For further study,ethanol was used to establish a model of endothelial injury in vitro.The cell viability was assayed by MTT method,the cellular apoptosis was stained by Annexin V/PI,and the expression levels of Bcl-2,Bax and cleved-caspase-3 were tested by Western blotting.Then,JC-1 and nuclear translocation of NF-κB experiments were used to study the mitochondrial membrane potential and nuclear translocation.RESULTS The oral availability of EGCG was 55.09%(≥30%)and drug-like index was 0.77(≥0.18),which were considered pharmacokinetically active.17 potential targetable proteins of EGCG were predicted by Pharm Mapper and DRAR-CPI.Further research showed that 68.13%displayed similar co-expression characteristics,26.11%physical interactions,and 2.74%shared the same protein domain.The depth network analysis results showed that the biofunctions of EGCG were mainly by regulating glutathione derivative biosynthetic process,glutathione metabolic process,nitrogen compound metabolic process etc..via drug binding,catalytic activity,glutathione transferase activity,anion binding etc..in sarcoplasmic reticulum,spindle pole,microtubule cytoskeleton and cytoplasm.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that Glutathione metabolism,IL^(-1)7 signaling pathway,EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and other pathways were involves in the biofunction of EGCG.The above analyses indicated that EGCG exerts its biofunction through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.The experimental results showed that ethanol 20.0 mmol·L^(-1) decreased cell viability,Bcl-2 expression,and increased cell apoptosis,the intracellular ROS,as well as the expression of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 of human endothelial cells.However,treatment of the cells with EGCG can significantly alleviate ethanol induced endothelial cells injury.Further study showed that EGCG significantly alleviates ethanol induced mitochondrial depolarization and nuclear translocation of NF-κB.CONCLUSIONS EGCG exerts pharmacological efficacies on ethanol induced endothelial cell injury through multi-target,multi-function and multi-pathway mode.Protective effect of EGCG on ethanol induced cell injury was mainly through alteration of mitochondrial function and NF-κB translocation.Therefore,EGCG have great potential in protecting against endothelial dysfunction of the persons who are chronically abuse of ethanol.This study also provides a new understanding of EGCG in clinical application on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Quantitative determination of residual 2-(2-chloroethoxy) ethanol (CEE) in quetiapine fumarate by gas chromatogaraphy

A simple and specific gas chromatographic method developed and validated for the determination of 2-(2-chloroethoxy) ethanol in Quetiapine Fumarate. The method is carried out with a flame ionization detector and DB-FFAP capillary column. The linearity was established over a range of 40-150 μg ml-1 and correlation coefficient is more than 0.999.

DFT-Comparison of Anti-Cancer Effect of Ibuprofen Drug Anions and Breast Cancer Treatment by Ethanolic Solution of Nitrobenzaldehyde in Two Hours

Focusing our DFT calculations on the carboxylic acid drugs such as ibuprofen drug (IBF), it has been concluded that the anions of these types of drugs have the spontaneous electron donor character to all the carcinogenic cells of electron deficiency in their nuclei. Due to the spontaneity of electron transfer of anions, it has been found clinically that ibuprofen drug cures cancers of colon, protostate, lung and breast. The breast cancer treatment of Matthew Gdovin group in two hours by injection of ethanolic solution of nitrobenzaldehyde in the breast tumor in presence of uv-irradiation has been studied from TD-DFT point of view;the excited states of these molecules in presence of uv-irradiation act as electron donors to the cancerous cells to compensate the electron deficiency. Finally, it has been concluded that the electron transfer is the main cause of the breast cancer treatment which is the most aggressive type of cancers and is one of the hardest to treat.

Quaternary phosphonium polymer-supported dual-ionically bound[Rh(CO)I_(3)]^(2-)catalyst for heterogeneous ethanol carbonylation

A single-Rh-site catalyst(Rh-TPISP)that was ionically-embedded on a P(V)quaternary phosphonium porous polymer was evaluated for heterogeneous ethanol carbonylation.The[Rh(CO)I_(3)]^(2-)unit was proposed to be the active center of Rh-TPISP for the carbonylation reaction based on detailed Rh L3-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and Rh extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS)analyses.As the highlight of this study,Rh-TPISP displayed distinctly higher activity for heterogeneous ethanol carbonylation than the reported catalytic systems in which[Rh(CO)_(2)I_(2)]^(-)is the traditional active center.A TOF of 350 h^(-1)was obtained for the reaction over[Rh(CO)I_(3)]^(2-),with>95%propionyl selectivity at 3.5 MPa and 468 K.No deactivation was detected during a near 1000 h running test.The more electron-rich Rh center was thought to be crucial for explaining the superior activity and selectivity of Rh-TPISP,and the formation of two ionic bonds between[Rh(CO)I_(3)]^(2-)and the cationic P(V)framework([P]^(+))of the polymer was suggested to play a key role in firmly immobilizing the active species to prevent Rh leaching.

柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的试验研究

研究了乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的互溶性和理化性质,测量了柴油机燃用柴油、乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的动力性、经济性与排放特性。结果表明,当温度高于10℃、生物柴油的体积分数大于17.6%时,乙醇、柴油和生物柴油可以任意比例稳定互溶。随着乙醇掺混比例的增大,燃用乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的燃烧与排放情况是:燃油消耗率逐渐增大,但能量消耗率变化不大;转矩逐渐减小;烟度排放大幅度降低,中高负荷下CO排放大幅度减少,HC排放量明显增加,NO x排放变化不大;最大燃烧压力和放热率峰值逐渐升高并后移。

乙醇-柴油混合燃料的理化特性研究

对乙醇 柴油燃料直接影响发动机性能和燃料的使用、存储和运输的几种基本物理化学性质进行了研究。通过对不同比例(乙醇含量分别0.2%、0.5%、1%、2%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、75%)的混合燃料的密度、粘度、闪点、表面张力、十六烷值、稳定性和磨损性等理化性质的测试和研究,总结出了乙醇含量对混合燃料物性参数的影响规律,归纳出各种参数随温度变化的规律。以密度为特征参数,拟合出混合燃料粘度、表面张力随密度变化的关系,得到了具有较高精度的乙醇 柴油混合燃料的理化特性经验关系式。

柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油含氧燃料时微粒特性的分析

研究了一台增压柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油时的微粒总质量排放及粒径分布特性,并对微粒中可溶性有机物(SOF)、干碳烟(DS)和硫酸盐的质量百分比及SOF中的组分进行了分析.结果表明:使用含氧燃料后柴油机排气烟度大幅度降低而微粒总排放量降低幅度要小一些;微粒中DS排放降低;SOF排放增加,与未燃甲酯的产生导致HC排放增加有关;多环芳香烃比例随发动机负荷增大而减小;含氧燃料使得粒径分布在0.2～0.5 μm范围内的比重在小负荷时降低,大负荷时升高.

柴油机燃用乙醇-生物柴油-柴油的醛酮类排放物研究

利用高效液相色谱仪对柴油机燃用普通柴油(D)和乙醇-生物柴油-柴油(EBD)排放物中的醛酮类化合物进行比较分析。研究结果表明:标定转速,10%和50%负荷下,EBD总排放量比D分别降低了2.98%和16.42%,全负荷下,升高了11.79%;排放物以甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛和丙酮等C1～C3污染物为主,占醛酮排放物91.9%以上;负荷增加或转速降低,醛酮类排放物减少。

乙醇-生物柴油-柴油混合燃料对柴油机性能和排放的影响

基于乙醇、生物柴油和石化柴油物化性质的互补性,配制了乙醇-生物柴油-柴油混合的多组分燃料(简称BED燃料),在0℃、10℃、15℃、20℃环境下研究了BED燃料相溶性和稳定性,试验研究了6组不同比例BED燃料对柴油机性能和排放的影响。结果表明:在不对柴油机做任何改动的情况下,燃用BED燃料后在中间转速大负荷工况下动力下降较大,下降幅度随乙醇和生物柴油组分的增加而升高,最大降幅达到10.2%;当量燃油消耗率低于纯柴油,在低负荷时,不同比例BED燃料的当量燃油消耗率不呈现明显的变化规律,在高负荷时,当量燃油消耗率随BED燃料含氧量增加而降低,最大下降9.2%;CO排放量在高负荷时明显下降,最大下降70.1%;NOx排放量随BED燃料中生物柴油比例的增加而上升,随乙醇比例的增加而降低,标定工况下最大上升29%;THC排放量随生物柴油比例的增加而下降,随乙醇比例的增加而上升,其中标定工况下最大下降32.6%。

乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性

为了研究乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性,该文对分别使用乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料和柴油的在用柴油轿车的排放性能和燃油经济性,以及在用柴油客车的自由加速排气烟度排放进行了对比试验。研究结果表明:相对于柴油,在用柴油轿车使用E10(体积比,乙醇10%、丁醇4%、柴油86%)混合燃料的NOX排放减少10.42%,HC+NOX排放减少27.43%,微粒(PM)排放减少2.13%,90和120km/h等速行驶燃料消耗量分别减少7.66%和3.71%;然而CO排放增加31.43%,工况循环综合燃料消耗量增加4.48%。此外,在用柴油客车使用E10混合燃料的自由加速排气烟度排放减少31.11%。该研究结果对于完善乙醇柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性具有实用价值。

乙醇-甲酯-柴油含氧燃料对柴油机性能与燃烧特性的影响

在一台四缸柴油机上燃用乙醇-甲酯-柴油混合燃料,使得乙醇含量达到30%.研究了氧含量对柴油机动力性、经济性以及燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,在发动机不做调整的情况下,含氧燃料会使发动机动力有所下降,有效燃油消耗率上升,但等效燃油消耗率基本不变.乙醇含量越多,燃烧滞燃期越长,E20B、E30B的滞燃期比柴油分别长1.2°CA和2.5°CA;燃烧持续期会缩短,全负荷时E10B的燃烧持续期比柴油缩短了5°CA,E30B的燃烧持续期比柴油缩短了10°CA;另外随着乙醇含量的增多,最大爆发压力升高,放热率峰值增大.

制革废弃油脂制备乙醇-柴油乳化剂的研究

将制革废弃油脂制备成脂肪酸甲酯,再用脂肪酸甲酯制备乙醇-柴油乳化剂。单因素实验结果表明,当脂肪酸甲酯与二乙醇胺的摩尔比为1.0、反应温度为130℃、催化剂KOH用量为1.0%(与甲酯质量比)、反应时间为5h时所得乳化剂的乳化性能最好。乙醇-柴油混合燃料的稳定性测试结果表明,添加该乳化剂制得的乙醇-柴油混合燃料在0～70℃范围内能够稳定存在。透射电镜(TEM)分析结果表明,制备的乙醇-柴油粒径分布均匀,形貌稳定。该乙醇-柴油混合燃料的燃烧速率较0号柴油稍慢,而烟灰释放率较0号柴油降低55.16%,且不会对内燃机及其构件造成腐蚀。

乙醇-柴油混合燃料对柴油机性能及排放的影响

通过对乙醇含量分别为500、1000、1500和2000的混合燃料及纯柴油5种油品的对比实验,研究了燃用乙醇 柴油混合燃料时,柴油机燃油经济性、功率及排放特性的变化规律.实验结果表明,燃用乙醇 柴油混合燃料,柴油机的能量消耗率在乙醇含量为1500时最佳,功率有所下降,但由于乙醇添加量较小,总体来说对发动机性能影响不大.在排放特性方面,NOx的比排放量基本随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加而减少;HC、CO的比排放量基本上随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加而增加;随着乙醇掺入比例的增加,发动机的可见烟度和滤纸式烟度均有显著的降低,干碳烟(DS)的比排放量也呈下降趋势.