THE EFFECT OF POLAR ADDITIVES ON THE γ RADIATION INDUCED POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE

The γ induced polymerization of styrene in the presence of polar additives such as tributylphosphate, triethyl amine and ethanol was studied at dose rate of 5.0×10^(17) eV/ml. min. The re-sult shows that radiation induced polymerization of styrene was sensitized by the three kinds ofadditives at the approximate same rate and the experimental results were in agreement with thetheoretical calculation of WAS equation. The cause of sensitization is due to the proton transfer.

Detailed influences of ethanol as fuel additive on combustion chemistry of premixed fuel-rich ethylene flames

To better understand potential pollutant formations during combustion of conventional hydrocarbon fuels blended with oxygenated fuels, detailed influences of ethanol as fuel additive on small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) precursors, aldehydes, ketene and other important intermediate species in premixed fuel-rich low-pressure ethylene flames are distinguished among dilution, thermal and chemical effects of additives. Dominant effects of ethanol addition on each species are underlined respectively. Ethylene oxidation process is delayed when ethylene is substituted by ethanol. The influence of ethanol dilution and thermal effects on ethylene consumption are larger than chemical effects. CO mole fractions slightly decrease mainly as a result of dilution and thermal effects of added ethanol. The reductions in small PAHs precursors(acetylene and propargyl) are attributed to dilution and thermal effects of ethanol addition instead of chemical effects. The ethanol chemical effects promote formations of hazardous pollutants formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and especially are responsible for the significant increase of acetaldehyde. C2H6, C4H2 and C4H4 mole fractions decrease in a similar way with acetylene and propargyl as ethanol is added. Ethanol used here only serves as a prototype of oxygenated additive, and identification method in this work is more universal which can be easily extended for analyzing other fuel blends of hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels.

Experimental investigation of performance improving and emissions reducing in a two stroke SI engine by using ethanol additives

In present study,the operational parameters for a two stroke gasoline engine such as delivery ratio,scavenging efficiency,trapping efficiency,etc.have been investigated experimentally when its fuel is blended with ethanol additives.Also the amounts of emitted pollutants(HC,CO,CO_(2)and NO_(X))from this engine are measured in various engine velocity and loads.In experiments,ethanol is combined with gasoline in different percentages of 5%,10%and 15%.The experiments have been done for 2500,3000,3500 and 4500 rpm.The results show that in most test cases,when alcoholic fuel is used,scavenging efficiency and delivery ratio increased due to rapid evaporation of ethanol,but fuel converging efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC)decreased.The most outstanding result of using ethanol additive is significant reduction in pollutions emitted from engine and CO with 35%reduction has the most reduction percentage among other pollutants.