Synthesis of mordenite by solvent-free method and its application in the dimethyl ether carbonylation reaction

Mordenite with different Si/Al ratios were synthesized by solvent-free method and used for dimethyl ether(DME)carbonylation reaction.The influence of Si/Al ratio in the feedstock on the structure,porosity and acid sites were systematically investigated.The characterization results showed that with the increase of Si/Al ratio in the feedstock,part of silicon species fail to enter the skeleton and the specific surface area and pore volume of the samples decreased.The amount of weak acid and medium strong acid decreased alongside with the increasing Si/Al ratio,and the amount of strong acid slightly increased.The Al atoms preferentially enter the strong acid sites in the 8 member ring(MR)channel during the crystallization process.The high Si/Al ratio sample had more acid sites located in the 8 MR channel,leading to more active sites for carbonylation reaction and higher catalytic performance.Appropriately increasing the Si/Al ratio was beneficial for the improvement of carbonylation reaction activity over the mordenite(MOR)catalyst.

Cosmic Ether, Possessing Electric-Tension and Magnetic-Resistance, Is the Unified Field for Physics

The paper presents the case that physics is already and effectively unified by the energetic tension field, ether. We identify this integrating power of ether first, by re-defining the action generating parameters of this energetic tension field as the electric-tension, , and the magnetic-resistance, μ0, while re-deriving the Maxwell’s wave equation in analogy with the mechanically stretched string, where the . Then, replacing by and m0 by , one can find that almost all working physics theories are being energized byand μ0. To complete the unification, we can now postulate that the particles are also freely propagating EM waves, but they are spatially localized as in-phase, close-looped (IP-CL) vortex-like propagation modes of ether. Because of their IP-CL mode structure, they have space-finite spatial structures and remain spatially stationary in the absence of any spatially influencing potential gradients (forces) in their vicinity. Particles’ harmonic phase driven interactions between quantum particles give birth to the appearance of wave-particle duality. There is no need for the confusing and unnecessary de Broglie’s Pilot Wave. The inertia to spatial motion of IP-CL modes automatically accommodates Newton’s laws of motion. The cosmic universality of Maxwellian wave velocity, and particles as IP-CL modes, jointly accommodate the two key postulates of special relativity without the need for unphysical four-dimensionality. The observable universe is represented only by its diverse oscillatory excited states. The stable and stationary Cosmic Ether keeps holding 100% of its energy all the time. We have proposed a one-way light pulse propagation experiment to directly validate the existence of ether, rather than approaching Michelson’s way of measuring the ether drag. We have identified a good number of examples of working theoretical expressions in terms of and μ0 and presented our critical views in physics thinking, belonging to Classical, Relativity, Quantum and Cosmology Physics.

Economy, environmental assessment and energy conservation for separation of isopropanol/diisopropyl ether/water multi-azeotropes via extractive distillation coupled pervaporation process

This wok proposed the extraction distillation coupled pervaporation(ED+PV) technology process using two different solvents to separate isopropanol(IPA) and diisopropyl ether(DIPE) from DIPE/IPA/H_(2)O ternary heterogeneous azeotropes in industrial wastewater from the synthesis of isopropanol in this study.Based on strict design specifications, simulation and sequential iteration methods are used for process design and optimization. Compared to the ethylene glycol(EG)-EG+H_(2)O process and the 1,3-propanediol(PDO)-IPA+H_(2)O process, the total annual cost(TAC) of the EG-IPA+H_(2)O process decreased by 20.76% and 7.86%(PDO). Compared to the EG-EG+H_(2)O process, the TAC of the PDO-IPA+H_(2)O process reduced 14%, but the global warming potential(GWP) and human toxicity of the PDO-IPA+H_(2)O process increased 11.3% and 4.07% respectively. Compared to the PDO-IPA+H_(2)O process, the EG-IPA+H_(2)O process saves 7.86%(TAC), 9.78%(GWP) and 9.85%(human toxicity). The ED+PV process with EG is superior to PDO in factors of TAC, energy consumption, human toxicity and environment. The EG-IPA+H_(2)O process changed the separation order of the products of the multi-azeotropic system, reduced the cost and energy conservation of the system, and enhanced the environmental protection evaluation of the process, is the best process through life cycle assessment for analyzing the economy, energy conservation, environmental assessment and human toxicity, designing cleaner products, controlling waste discharge, and promoting the chemical purification industry. This work provides a new process design and optimized separation ideas, will have a good guiding significance for the research and application separation of multi-azeotropic mixture with mixed solvents in organic wastewater from the cleaner chemical production, has been up to standard wastewater discharge process, and realized the development goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in the sustainable development of chemical clean industry.

Harnessing dimethyl ether and methyl formate fuels for direct electrochemical energy conversion

In this work,the oxidation of a mixture of dimethyl ether(DME) and methyl formate(MF) was studied in both an aqueous electrochemical cell and a vapor-fed polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell(PEMFC)utilizing a multi-metallic alloy catalyst,Pt_(3)Pd_(3)Sn_(2)/C,discovered earlier by us.The current obtained during the bulk oxidation of a DME-saturated 1 M MF was higher than the summation of the currents provided by the two fuels separately,suggesting the cooperative effect of mixing these fuels.A significant increase in the anodic charge was realized during oxidative stripping of a pre-adsorbed DME+MF mixture as compared to DME or MF individually.This is ascribed to greater utilization of specific catalytic sites on account of the relatively lower adsorption energy of the dual-molecules than of the sum of the individual molecules as confirmed by the density fu nctional theory(DFT) calculations.Fuel cell polarization was also conducted using a Pt_(3)Pd_(3)Sn_(2)/C(anode) and Pt/C(cathode) catalysts-coated membrane(CCM).The enhanced surface coverage and active site utilization resulted in providing a higher peak power density by the DME+MF mixture-fed fuel cell(123 mW cm^(-2)at 0.45 V) than with DME(84mW cm^(-2)at 0.35 V) or MF(28 mW cm^(-2)at 0.2 V) at the same total anode hydrocarbon flow rate,temperature,and ambient pressure.

Li^(+)-ion bound crown ether functionalization enables dual promotion of dynamics and thermodynamics for ambient ammonia synthesis

Electrosynthesis of ammonia from the reduction of nitrogen is still confronted with the limited supply of gas reactant in dynamics as well as high activation barrier in thermodynamics.Unfortunately,despite tremendous efforts devoted to electrocatalysts themselves,they still fail to tackle the above two challenges simultaneously.Herein,we employ a heterogeneous catalyst adlayer-composed of crown ethers associated with Li^(+)ions-to achieve the dual promotion of dynamics and thermodynamics for ambient ammonia synthesis.Dynamically,the bound Li^(+)ions interact with the strong quadrupole moment of nitrogen,and trigger considerable reactant flux toward the catalyst.Thermodynamically,Li^(+)associated with the oxygen of crown ether achieves a higher density of states at the Fermi level for the catalyst,enabling effortless electron transfer from the catalysts to nitrogen and thus greatly reducing the activation barrier.As expected,the proof-of-concept system achieves an ammonia yield rate of 168.5μg h^(-1)mg^(-1)and a Faradaic efficiency of 75.3%at-0.3 V vs.RHE.This system-level approach opens up pathways for tackling the two key challenges that have limited the field of ammonia synthesis.

Durable semi-crystalline interphase engineering to stabilize high voltage Ni-rich cathode in dilute ether electrolyte

Ethers are promising electrolyte solvents for secondary Li metal batteries because of their excellent reduction stability.However,their oxidation stability has been mostly relying on the high concentration approach,and limited progress has been made on building effective interphase to protect the cathode from the corrosion of the electrolyte.In this work,we construct a semi-crystalline interfacial layer on the surface of Li(Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1))O_(2)cathode that can achieve improved electrochemical stability in the highly corrosive chemical environment formed by the decomposition of ether molecules.Different from traditional brittle crystalline interphases,the optimized semi-crystalline layer with low modulus and high ionic conductivity can effectively relieve electrode strain and maintain the integrity of the interface layer.Due to this design,the continuous oxidation decomposition of ether-based electrolytes could be significantly suppressed and the battery shows outstanding cycling stability(84%capacity retention after 300 cycles).This article provides a solution to address the oxidation instability issue of ether-based electrolytes.

Butyl ether as Co-diluent in medium-concentrated electrolyte for Li-S battery

1. Introduction The Lithium-sulfur battery(LSB) shows promise as a highdensity energy source, with a theoretical energy density of approximately 2600 W h kg^(-1)[1]. However, practical application of the LSB has been hindered by the “shuttle effect” and Li anode corrosion [2,3]. Highly concentrated electrolytes(HCEs) have been proposed as a solution, as they can inhibit the dissolution of lithium polysulfide and promote homogeneous lithium deposition [4].

Functional zirconium phosphate nanosheets enabled transfer hydrogenolysis of aromatic ether bonds over a low usage of Ru nanocatalysts

Catalytic hydrogenolysis of aromatic ether bonds is a highly promising strategy for upgrading lignin into small-molecule chemicals,which relies on developing innovative heterogeneous catalysts with high activity.Herein,we designed porous zirconium phosphate nanosheet-supported Ru nanocatalysts(Ru/ZrPsheet)as the heterogeneous catalyst by a process combining ball milling and molten-salt(KNO_(3)).Very interestingly,the fabricated Ru/ZrPsheetshowed good catalytic performance on the transfer hydrogenolysis of various types of aromatic ether bonds contained in lignin,i.e.,4-O-5,a-O-4,β-O-4,and aryl-O-CH3,over a low Ru usage(<0.5 mol%)without using any acidic/basic additive.Detailed investigations indicated that the properties of Ru and the support were indispensable.The excellent activity of Ru/ZZrPsheetoriginated from the strong acidity and basicity of ZrPsheetand the higher electron density of metallic Ru0as well as the nanosheet structure of ZrPsheet.

Density Functional Theory Study of Marine Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Anaerobic Degradation

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)are a kind of serious pollutants in the ocean.Biodegradation is considered as an economical and safe way for PBDEs removal and reductive debromination dominates the initial pathway of anaerobic degradation.On the basis of experimental study,Octa-BDE 197,Hepta-BDE 183,Hexa-BDE 153,Penta-BDE 99 and Tetra-BDE 47 were selected as the initial degradation objects,and their debromination degradation were studied using density functional theory.The structures were optimized by Gaussian 09 program.Furthermore,the molecular orbitals and charge distribution were analyzed.All C-Br bond dissociation energies at different positions including ortho,meta and para bromine atoms were calculated and the sequence of debromination was obtained.There is a close relationship between molecular structure,charge,molecular orbital and C-Br bond.All PBDEs exhibited similar debromination pathways with preferential removal of meta and para bromines.

Concentrated ternary ether electrolyte allows for stable cycling of a lithium metal battery with commercial mass loading high-nickel NMC and thin anodes

A new concentrated ternary salt ether-based electrolyte enables stable cycling of lithium metal battery(LMB)cells with high-mass-loading(13.8 mg cm^(−2),2.5 mAh cm^(−2))NMC622(LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2))cathodes and 50μm Li anodes.Termed“CETHER-3,”this electrolyte is based on LiTFSI,LiDFOB,and LiBF4 with 5 vol%fluorinated ethylene carbonate in 1,2-dimethoxyethane.Commer-cial carbonate and state-of-the-art binary salt ether electrolytes were also tested as baselines.With CETHER-3,the electrochemical performance of the full-cell battery is among the most favorably reported in terms of high-voltage cycling stability.For example,LiNi_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(1-x-y)O_(2)(NMC)-Li metal cells retain 80%capacity at 430 cycles with a 4.4 V cut-off and 83%capacity at 100 cycles with a 4.5 V cut-off(charge at C/5,discharge at C/2).According to simulation by density functional theory and molecular dynamics,this favorable performance is an outcome of enhanced coordination between Li^(+)and the solvent/salt molecules.Combining advanced microscopy(high-resolution transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy)and surface science(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,time-of-fight secondary ion mass spectroscopy,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy),it is demonstrated that a thinner and more stable cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)and solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)are formed.The CEI is rich in lithium sulfide(Li_(2)SO_(3)),while the SEI is rich in Li_(3)N and LiF.During cycling,the CEI/SEI suppresses both the deleterious transformation of the cathode R-3m layered near-surface structure into disordered rock salt and the growth of lithium metal dendrites.

A Comparative Study of the Hydroxyl Value and Iodine Value in Polyoxyl Stearyl Ether in United States Pharmacopeia Specifications

The iodine value (iodine number) and hydroxyl value are important analytical characteristics of fats and oils. The iodine (I2) required saturating the fatty acids present in 100 grams of the oil or fat. Iodine value is a measure of the total number of double bonds (-C=C-) present in fats and oils. Unsaturated compounds contain molecules with double and triple bonds which are very reactive towards iodine. The iodine value has been determined according to Hanus with iodine monobromide in glacial acetic acid, and then the amount of iodine remaining unreacted is determined by titration using sodium thiosulfate volumetric standard solution. The hydroxyl value is the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is equivalent to the hydroxyl amount of 1 gram of the sample (mg KOH/g sample). Poloxyl Stearyl Ether is a mixture of the monostearyl ethers of mixed polyethylene glycols. It may contain various amounts of free stearyl alcohol and some free polyethylene glycol. In this study, the iodine value and hydroxyl value have been determined by titration in polyoxyl stearyl ether. Iodine value 1.84 g of I2 absorbed/100g sample, and hydroxyl value 162.65 mg KOH/g sample have been found in poloxyl stearyl ether. The iodine value and hydroxyl value results met the United States Pharmacopeia specifications for Polyoxyl Stearyl Ether.

2,4-Dinitrophenyl Ether of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Polymer Bound Anionic SIGMA Complexes

A new electrophilic polymer, 2,4-dinitrophenyl ether of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-DNP), having a degree of substitution of 0.5 was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 1-fluro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). The PVA-DNP polymer was characterized by NMR, IR, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The reaction of PVA-DNP with sodium methoxide was followed by NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy. Evidence of polymer bound spirocyclic SIGMA complex, C-1 and C-3 polymer bound DNP-methoxy SIGMA complexes and the formation and C-1 methoxy complex of 2,4-dinitroanisole was observed.

Ether as the Fundamental Substance of the Creation of the Universe

The paper analyzes the concept of Ether and substantiates the necessity of its existence as a physical reality, which arises within the framework of the concept developed by the authors of the work. The authors come to the conclusion that the existence of Ether in two different forms, plays an exceptional role in the formation of Dark Matter and Dark Energy and leads to the emergence of exotic cosmological structures and their hierarchy in energy, temporal, and spatial scale. The mechanism of the formation of physical structures before the Big Bang and their further evolution, up to the formation of worlds of galaxies and stars, is considered. The necessity of the emergence of exotic structures, such as 3 spheres of the Primary Relict, is shown, its structure and dynamic properties leading to the formation of Order from Chaos are considered. The role of the 1st and 2nd type Ether in the formation of the mechanism of transformation of cosmic energies and quantum phase transitions, in the process of the birth and evolution of the Universe is discussed. The conclusion is made about the existence of universal properties of matter, at the level of Macro and Microcosms, and a multidimensional cosmological model with an isothermal temperature distribution is constructed, leading to a discrete distribution of matter separated by transitions, by analogy with Black-and-White Holes. It is shown that the postulate of the constancy of the speed of light in any inertial system is a consequence of the principle of covariance.

The Quantum Chromodynamics Gas Density Drop and the General Theory of Relativity Ether

β decay is one of the most fundamental and thoroughly studied nuclear decay. Surprisingly, the β decay rates were found to have a periodic time variability [1]. However, others argued that there is no evidence for such cyclic deviation from the exponential first order kinetics decay law [2]. Here we propose that the β decay is a pseudo-first order exchange reaction triggered by udd&utilde;exotic mesons and propose a QCD gas theory. In analogy to the atmospheric gas density, the proposed QCD gas density drops with elevation from the sun. Accordingly, we propose that the β decay rate periodic variability is due to the pseudo-first order exchange reaction kinetics and the QCD gas atmospheric density drop. The proposed QCD gas may be a possible candidate for Einstein’s general theory of relativity ether [3]. Our main results are the derived formulas for calculating the effective mass of the QCD gas and the cosmology perfect fluid equation of state dimensionless parameter, based on the measured ratio of the β decay rates at the earth trajectory aphelion and perihelion dates. .

STUDY ON ETHERIFICATION OF TERMINAL HYDROXY GROUP OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOALKYL ETHERS

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在Windows平台下开发Ethereal插件的方法与实现

Ethereal是一个UNIX和类UNIX操作系统下的基于图形用户接口库GTK+和包捕获、过滤库Libpcap(W indows平台下使用W inpcap库)的网络协议分析器或嗅探器。它具有很好的跨平台捕获性能,且支持第三方插件。详细阐述了在W indows平台下开发Ethereal插件的方法,并结合CORBA协议解析器的生成实例介绍了其实现技术。

基于Ethereal的CORBA通信协议解析功能扩展的方法与实现

Ethereal是一个基于libpcap的开放源代码的网络监听和协议解析工具。介绍了Linux的网络捕获体系结构,详细阐述了在Linux平台下为Ethereal添加CORBA通信协议解析功能的方法及实现技术。结合CORBA实例,对生成的CORBA协议解析器进行了实验验证。

基于Ethereal的协议分析实验设计

目前高校计算机网络课程中在教学过程中,普遍存在学生感觉协议的学习枯燥无味、难于理解,无法对协议的工作做到眼见为实。为此,设计了基于协议分析工具Ethereal的网络协议分析实验,帮助学生有效地了解协议的工作过程、掌握协议的工作原理、提高理论课程的教学质量和效果。

基于EtherCAT技术的多轴运动控制系统

以EtherCAT通信技术为基础,设计了一种基于ARM和FPGA双核的EtherCAT总线式多轴运动控制系统。提出了STM32作为系统管理芯片,通过SPI通信控制ET1200从站控制芯片实现EtherCAT总线从站通信功能的解决方案;并采用FPGA作为协处理器,完成运动控制算法的实现和执行。完成了运动控制系统的硬件电路设计和软件开发,并制作了样机。经试验测试,实现了EtherCAT总线通信功能,采用TwinCAT完成了闭环运动控制,并且可以独立工作实现运动规划,满足工业控制工程中的应用要求。

基于EtherCAT的三次元高速多工位送料机械手控制系统设计与实现

针对现有的三次元送料机械手低速、低精度的特点,设计了基于实时以太网EtherCAT的三轴联动送料机械手。通过对其运动轨迹进行了分析,合理地规划了三次元送料机械手的运动轨迹曲线;通过优化其速度和加速度以及加加速度的特征,提高了三次元送料机械手在运动过程的动态特性;通过在控制系统采用电子凸轮技术,使伺服电机的运动能够实现所规划轨迹的点对点的精确定位。在通信方式上采用了实时以太网EtherCAT总线来实现多轴精确同步控制,采用环形双向冗余技术提高系统的稳定性和可靠性,并通过实验验证和测试分析。结果表明:该控制系统使送料机械手能够在所设计的工作空间内运行快速、平稳,达到所设计的35次/min的抓取速率。