Ethical Perceptions and Moral Values of Public Relations Practitioners in the United Arab Emirates

This paper investigates the perceptions, values, and considerations of ethics among public relations practitioners in the United Arab Emirates （UAE）. A questionnaire was distributed to 372 practitioners in various private and government organizations. Practitioners were asked how influential and relevant public relations ethical factors were on the practitioner＇s perception of ethics. Findings suggest that the daily practice of public relations day-by-day professionally practice learning, senior practitioners, senior executives, and managers along with religion play a major role in shaping the meaning, philosophy, and conception of the practitioner＇s ethics. Respondents were asked to describe the level of support they would give to the controversial public relations practices that may generate some ethical problems. The majority of the respondents did not agree on the use of ＂spreading rumors＂, ＂providing false information to satisfy the public＂, ＂misinformation and manipulation＂, ＂giving false promises＂, and ＂would not approve favoring personal interest over public interest＂.

Ethics as an Active Self-construction of the Human

This paper will attempt to clarify the clear tendency, in our contemporary world, to look at ethics as something that ＂cures＂ all wrongs, all unbalance, and all evils from the political, environmental, to the business ones. For this reason, there is nothing better than to turn to ethics in order to ＂moralise＂ the system and the world, when the numerous news of fraud, injustice, and scandals are a part of everyday life in the business world and in our society. But, is this the role of ethics？ Can we reduce the aim of ethics to a mere technique？ In this paper, it is argued that ethics needs to be replaced in the epistemological scale of knowledge, where until now it has occupied a place at the top. Ethics needs to be repositioned in a different level of knowledge where we may find the roots of its foundation. It is also discussed that it is at the core of being that the experience of the action takes place and develops and in it, ethics takes root. Furthermore, it is suggested that understanding ethics from this point of view presupposes a new ethos around a relational poietics which privileges inter-subjectivity, self-creation, and an active and dynamic construction of the human and of the world.

企业伦理研究的困境与突破——一个关系主义的新视角

在企业背景下,伦理问题如何解决,以及什么人具有做出这类决定的技能,企业伦理见解是源于理论模式抑或道德论述受实践驱动成为伦理研究走出困境、进行方法选择的关键。从关系主义这个视角入手,对企业伦理研究中“规范理论”和“经验主义”方法之间的关系进行重新定位,并由此重新解读企业伦理研究,从而促使企业伦理研究走出困境。

论中华民族共同体的伦理性及其内在逻辑

中华民族共同体作为一个伦理共同体,伦理性是其本质属性。以历史建构与逻辑生成相统一的观点把握其伦理性的丰富内涵,能够将一种内在的、自然的、深刻的伦理认同更加真实地展现出来。中华民族共同体是在血缘共同体及地缘共同体的基础上发展起来的,超越了城邦共同体及契约共同体的局限性,以现实的关系性作为建构的逻辑起点,以天下意识和情理主义的基本特质将其伦理共同体的形态在生活世界中不断展开。伴随着伦理性的彰显,家与国、情与理、主体与他者、伦理角色与道德主体等诸多紧张关系都在中华民族共同体内部得以自然解决或消隐。深刻认识和把握中华民族共同体的伦理性,对进一步铸牢中华民族共同体意识具有重要意义。

社交机器人情感真实性的伦理争议:“实体论”与“关系论”两种进路及其关系

用户与社交机器人的情感互动是当前学界关注的热点问题。在对此问题的研究中,逐渐呈现出“实体论”与“关系论”两种进路,二者既有区别又相互关联,共同致力于解决社交机器人情感真实性的伦理价值问题。其中,“实体论”进路否认社交机器人情感的真实性,并通过论证推动或维持用户与社交机器人进行情感互动行为的非正当性,认为社交机器人的情感对用户是不善的,应该在伦理上受到限制。而“关系论”进路则肯定了社交机器人情感的真实性,其通过论证用户与社交机器人情感互动的结果善,认为该行为可以在伦理上被接受。两种进路虽然在伦理价值的分析对象、分析方法和证成目标上不尽相同,但二者具有共同的理论前提,并在此基础上形成一种相互嵌入、互为补充的关系。此种关系的揭示,不仅可以为协调两种进路之争提供参考,而且有助于深入认识社交机器人情感的伦理价值。

从实在论走向关系论:机器人伦理研究的方法论转换

在探究机器人道德意义的进程中,机器人伦理学内部发展出了两条不同的方法论进路:机器人伦理的实在论进路和机器人伦理的关系论进路。机器人伦理的实在论进路将机器人的道德意义建立在机器人的客观本质和特征之基础上,这既使它陷入了巨大的理论困境,又使它面临着无法克服的实践悖论。通过将机器人的道德意义与机器人在具体的人-机器人关系中呈现于人类意识面前的表观特征相关联,机器人伦理的关系论进路表现出了极大的战略优势:它不仅避免了机器人伦理的实在论进路所遭遇的理论困境和实践悖论,而且还对人类幸福和美好的生活有着更为重要的意义。这就确证了从机器人伦理的实在论进路走向机器人伦理的关系论进路的理论合理性和实践必然性。