Ethical Decision-Making Framework Based on Incremental ILP Considering Conflicts

Humans are experiencing the inclusion of artificial agents in their lives,such as unmanned vehicles,service robots,voice assistants,and intelligent medical care.If the artificial agents cannot align with social values or make ethical decisions,they may not meet the expectations of humans.Traditionally,an ethical decision-making framework is constructed by rule-based or statistical approaches.In this paper,we propose an ethical decision-making framework based on incremental ILP(Inductive Logic Programming),which can overcome the brittleness of rule-based approaches and little interpretability of statistical approaches.As the current incremental ILP makes it difficult to solve conflicts,we propose a novel ethical decision-making framework considering conflicts in this paper,which adopts our proposed incremental ILP system.The framework consists of two processes:the learning process and the deduction process.The first process records bottom clauses with their score functions and learns rules guided by the entailment and the score function.The second process obtains an ethical decision based on the rules.In an ethical scenario about chatbots for teenagers’mental health,we verify that our framework can learn ethical rules and make ethical decisions.Besides,we extract incremental ILP from the framework and compare it with the state-of-the-art ILP systems based on ASP(Answer Set Programming)focusing on conflict resolution.The results of comparisons show that our proposed system can generate better-quality rules than most other systems.

Emancipatory reflection on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients

Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author.

Ethical Ideologies, Personality Traits, and Whistleblowing Intention in Public Sector: Mediating Role of Whistleblowing Judgment

Whistleblowing decision by an individual employee has always been an interesting topic in the management of businesses and organizations. Whistleblowing can be an effective fraud detection mechanism if a person decided to whistleblow on the wrongdoings of other employees. In reality, however, individuals who are aware of unlawful activity of his or her peer group members would face a challenging dilemma if the company or organizations they are working with do not have a sound whistleblowing policy to ensure the confidentiality of whistleblower. Knowing the factors that could influence their whistleblowing judgement and intention would be an interesting topic to be studied. The present study attempts to discuss on factors which would influence whistleblowing intention on staffs from selected public sector organizations in Malaysia. These factors include three individual level factors of ethical ideology (idealism and relativism), personality traits (conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism), and whistleblowing judgment, all with regards to peer reporting. A theoretical model is developed in accordance to the issues discussed in this paper.

The Relationship Among Ethical Climate, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and External Auditor＇s Turnover Intention

This study attempts to examine the relationship among ethical climate, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in the context of the Malaysian external auditor＇s work environment. The questionnaire is sent to a sample of external auditors from Malaysian Big Four （Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler （KPMG）, Ernst and Young, Deloitte KassimChan, and PricewaterhouseCoopers （PwC）） main offices. There are 167 useable responses. The regression results have provided evidence that ethical climate is directly, significantly, and positively associated with job satisfaction. In contrast, ethical climate appeared not to be directly related with external auditor＇s turnover intention. Both job satisfaction and organizational commitment were identified as significant predictors in explaining turnover intention, since they had a significant and negative effect on external auditor＇s turnover intention. This study also implied that job satisfaction had a significant effect on organizational commitment. Furthermore, the findings revealed that organizational commitment partially mediated the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. The results extend the literature on external auditor＇s turnover intention and provide insights for human resource management in accurately assessing employee＇s turnover intention in order to improve retention and reduce actual turnover particularly in audit firms.

Who decides in withdrawal of treatment in a critical care setting? A case study on ethical dilemma

Case description:Withdrawal of treatment is a common practice in critical care settings,perticularly when treatment is considered futile.The case study demonstrates an ethical dilemma,in which Danny is unlikely to make a functional recovery because of multiple organ dysfunction syndromes.Under such a circumstance,withdrawal of treatment will inevitably be considered,although his family refused to do so.Consequently,acritical question must be answered:Who should make the decision?Ethical dilemma identification:Danny decided to withdraw the use of life-support,whilst his wife and adult children refused to do so.The ethical dilemma is illustrated by the following question:Who decides the withdrawal of treatment in a critical care setting?Analysis:To provide an opotional solution to this case and make the best moral decision,the current study will critically discuss this issue in conjunction with ethical principles,philosophical theories and the values statement of the European and Chinese nurses'codes of ethics.Additionally,the associated literature relative to this case are analysed before the decision-making.Ethical decision-making:The best ethical decision is Danny can decide whether to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment.If his family is involved in the discussion,the medical staff should balance the ethical principles when they make the decision and allocate reasonable resources for patients.Results:In Danny's case,health professionals opted to respect his decision to withdraw treatment.The medical staff maintained an effective communication with the family involved,and provided the appropriate intervention to collaborate with other health care professionals to perfect further care.

Influential factors and correlation analysis of hospital ethical climate and psychological empowerment of ICU nurses

Background and aims:Objective To investigate the current situation of ICU nurses'hospital ethical climate in China and analyze the correlation and influencing factors of hospital ethical climate.In order to provide a new direction and idea for creating the good hospital ethical climate,relieving the nurses'job burnout and stabilizing the nursing team.Methods:A total of 226 ICU nurses from 6 tertiary Tianjin hospitals were selected as subjects,and the Chinese version hospital ethical climate scale and psychological empowerment scale were used for investigation.Results:The gender and labor relationship of ICU nurses affected the perception of nurses'hospital ethical climate;hospital ethical climate and psychological empowerment were positively correlated;stepwise regression analysis showed that labor relationship and psychological empowerment can explain 58.5%variation rate of hospital ethical climate.Conclusion:We should pay attention to the current situation of the hospital ethical climate of ICU nurses.Managers should create a comfortable working environment not only to provide good material conditions for nurses and transfer of right,but also to pay attention to the nurses'mental state and negative impact of ethical issues.Hospital managers should reasonably allocate human resources,establish effective incentive and assessment standards,reasonable reward and punishment system and promotion mechanism.To provide comprehensive learning resources and channels.To improve nurses'awareness of their own professional value.Creating a harmonious and positive hospital ethical climate,reduce the impact of ethical issues on nurses,improve nurses'enthusiasm and satisfaction.

论“仁”的两重意义

中国文化的基本构成是恩德,而“仁”是恩德文化的最高范畴。仁具有两重意义,一方面概括、统领了恩德文化的诸德目即各具体范畴,如家庭伦理的孝悌、社会伦理的友敬、政治伦理的忠顺等,是为“全德”;另一方面,又是作为哲学本体论范畴,超越了具体恩德范畴,具有绝对性。仁作为“全德”,属于责任伦理范畴。仁礼一体,维护恩德文化,所以孔子说“克己复礼为仁”。作为责任伦理的仁,体现了恩德文化的不平等性和差等性。仁作为哲学范畴,也是意图伦理范畴,具有普遍性和绝对性,它克服了恩德文化的有限性和控制性,成为“天地万物一体之仁”。仁的两重意义体现了恩德文化的内在矛盾,由此形成了“仁本说”与“孝本说”的对立。“仁本说”以“天地万物一体之仁”否定了具有不平等性和差等性的恩德文化诸德目;“孝本说”以孝为本体,否定了绝对性、普遍性的“天地万物一体之仁”。儒家没有合理地解决二者的对立,在于没有区分责任伦理与意图伦理以及一般伦理范畴与哲学范畴。只有通过恩德文化的现代转化,区分哲学与一般文化、意图伦理与责任伦理,才能彻底解决仁的两重意义之间的矛盾。

企业社会创新产品道德属性对顾客购买意愿的影响

借鉴非纯粹利他主义模型的温情效应和线索一致性理论,并通过采用实验方法,分析了企业社会创新产品道德属性对顾客购买意愿的具体影响机制,以及温情感(或称顾客温情感)的中介效应和产品类型的调节效应。本研究发现:企业社会创新产品的象征性和功能性道德属性均能增强顾客购买意愿;顾客温情感在企业社会创新产品道德属性对顾客购买意愿的正向影响中起中介作用;对享乐品而言,象征性道德属性比功能性道德属性更能增强顾客温情感,进而更能增强顾客购买意愿;对实用品而言,功能性道德属性比象征性道德属性更能增强顾客温情感,进而更能增强顾客购买意愿。

Trust beyond Technology Algorithms: A Theoretical Exploration of Consumer Trust and Behavior in Technological Consumption and AI Projects

In an era dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), establishing customer confidence is crucial for the integration and acceptance of AI technologies. This interdisciplinary study examines factors influencing customer trust in AI systems through a mixed-methods approach, blending quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to create a comprehensive conceptual framework. Quantitatively, the study analyzes responses from 1248 participants using structural equation modeling (SEM), exploring interactions between technological factors like perceived usefulness and transparency, psychological factors including perceived risk and domain expertise, and organizational factors such as leadership support and ethical accountability. The results confirm the model, showing significant impacts of these factors on consumer trust and AI adoption attitudes. Qualitatively, the study includes 35 semi-structured interviews and five case studies, providing deeper insight into the dynamics shaping trust. Key themes identified include the necessity of explainability, domain competence, corporate culture, and stakeholder engagement in fostering trust. The qualitative findings complement the quantitative data, highlighting the complex interplay between technology capabilities, human perceptions, and organizational practices in establishing trust in AI. By integrating these findings, the study proposes a novel conceptual model that elucidates how various elements collectively influence consumer trust in AI. This model not only advances theoretical understanding but also offers practical implications for businesses and policymakers. The research contributes to the discourse on trust creation and decision-making in technology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary efforts to address societal challenges associated with technological advancements. It lays the groundwork for future research, including longitudinal, cross-cultural, and industry-specific studies, to further explore consumer trust in AI.

奈保尔小说的伦理意图分析

奈保尔在书写文化身份焦虑的过程中书写着自我,解释着自我,塑造着自我,其小说展示了奈保尔在自我伦理身份建构中的焦虑。作家在意图伦理中体现了对急需建构身份归属的多重文化身份者的同情;作品在故事伦理中展现了文化身份混杂者身份难以归属的焦虑,移民在文化政治上的困境以及社会生态伦理困境。

ChatGPT用户使用意愿影响因素研究

[目的/意义]为了厘清ChatGPT用户的认知和使用意愿影响因素,提高ChatGPT用户的使用体验,促进ChatGPT的本土化,有效化解以ChatGPT为代表的人工智能技术对社会和公众带来的负面风险。[方法/过程]文章以Chat-GPT用户使用意愿为研究主题,借鉴扎根理论研究范式,通过对23份访谈资料编码分析的方式,构建了ChatGPT用户使用意愿影响因素研究模型,分析和探讨ChatGPT用户的行为特点和作用规律。[结果/结论]研究结果显示,扎根理论对以ChatGPT为代表的人工智能技术用户使用意愿具有较好的适用性和解释力,同时也证实主体因素、技术因素、信息因素和社会环境因素是影响ChatGPT用户使用意愿的重要因素,与其他信息系统用户相比,ChatGPT用户的风险感知特别是职业风险感知尤为明显。结合上述分析,从人机和谐和社会稳定发展的视角,提出了夯实ChatGPT技术基础理论研究的同时,还应当注意防范以ChatGPT为代表的人工智能技术带来的职业风险和技术风险,加强技术伦理道德建设等对策与建议。

人工智能危及学术职业?——知识创新的分析视角

人工智能正在重塑社会生活,其对知识创新的影响进而对学术职业的挑战值得认真探究。鉴于以ChatGPT为代表的人工智能在自然语言处理方面的显著进步,而语言既是人类的本质特征,也是知识创新的操作系统,本研究以ChatGPT为例从知识创新视角分析人工智能取代人类工作的可能性。研究通过概念分析,进而从创新意向、创新水平与特点、创新伦理三个维度,讨论人类学术工作被机器替代或影响的现实可能性,并对ChatGPT进行测试,验证人工智能承担知识任务的实际效果。研究认为,人工智能不具创新意向,因此知识创新任务仍需由人类发起、主导和审查;在创新水平上,人工智能在承担组合性创新任务中优势与缺陷并存,在承担探索性创新任务上表现最好但难掩瑕疵,它根本上不能胜任变革性创新任务;在创新伦理上,人工智能不具备独立的伦理判断能力而是受制于人类植入机器的代码。相较于其在知识创新方面的表现,当前人工智能在创新伦理方面的表现更弱,无法代替人类,反而为人类知识分子提出了新的思考课题和任务。尽管如此,人工智能正深刻影响着人类的学术生活,人要养成与人工智能有效合作的能力,包括人类智能与机器智能融合的科研思维、设计和操作能力,以及对其反思批判的能力。

复苏陪伴研究进展

对复苏陪伴的概念及国内外研究现况进行综述,并提出复苏陪伴阻碍及促进因素,以期为国内复苏陪伴进一步开展相关研究提供参考。

责任型领导抑制员工反生产行为和离职意愿的跨层次研究

基于社会认同理论,构建了一个责任型领导抑制员工反生产行为和离职意愿的跨层次被调节中介模型,并采用来自77家企业、875位员工、2个时间点的纵向配对数据,重点探讨了责任型领导对员工反生产行为和离职意愿的影响机制及边界条件。研究结果发现:组织认同中介了责任型领导与员工反生产行为和离职意愿之间的关系,组织伦理氛围负向调节组织认同在责任型领导与员工反生产行为和离职意愿之间的中介作用。

不同道德评价取向对企业道德决策的预测作用

本研究基于Hunt和Vitell(1986)所提出的市场营销领域的道德通用理论模型,随机选取129名MBA学生为被试,采用Reidenbach和Robin(1988,1990)的多维道德量表和情景研究法,旨在考察个体在应对企业决策中的道德问题时,不同道德评价取向对道德决策(整体性道德判断和道德意图阶段)的预测作用。结果表明:1)与对道德判断的单项目测量相比,多维道德量表对道德意图具有更高的预测效度;2)道德公平、功利主义和契约主义对整体道德判断具有显著预测作用;3)道德公平和相对主义对自我和他人道德意图具有显著预测作用。

针对灰色营销进行道德培训的实验效果

本文以道德培训为操纵变量,以工商管理专业的大学生为实验对象,研究了灰色营销的道德培训对人们灰色营销道德判断和行为倾向的影响。结果发现:第一,针对灰色营销的短期道德培训能够显著改进被培训者针对灰色营销的道义论评价和目的论评价,但是不能降低其灰色营销行为倾向;第二,尽管针对灰色营销的短期道德培训能够改进人们针对灰色营销的道义论评价和目的论评价,并且后者对人们的灰色营销行为倾向也有显著影响,但是它们不能中介短期道德培训对灰色营销行为倾向的影响。本文最后讨论了研究结果的理论贡献与实际应用。

产生敬畏的游客更有道德吗?——基于实验方法的探索性研究

文章从道德判断的双加工理论出发,探讨了旅游环境启发的游客敬畏情绪体验对游客道德判断和道德意愿的影响,以及不同伦理意识下这种影响之间的差异。首先,通过现场实验提出在具有启发敬畏情绪特质的旅游景区中,游客具有更高的道德行为。其次,通过实验室实验操控敬畏和愉悦两种情绪发现,相对于愉悦情绪,敬畏更能促进游客在旅游情景中的道德判断和道德意愿。最后,研究还发现情绪类型(敬畏和愉悦)与伦理意识(低相对主义和高相对主义)存在显著的交互效应。对于高相对主义的游客,与愉悦情绪相比,启发敬畏的游客道德判断更加严格,道德意愿更加强烈;而对于低相对主义的游客,敬畏和愉悦在游客道德判断和道德意愿上的影响没有显著差异。文章揭示了游客敬畏情绪在伦理旅游中的作用,丰富了关于情绪对伦理旅游影响的研究,对抑制我国游客道德失范,促进游客文明旅游具有现实意义。

组织中的揭发行为:决策过程及多层次的理论框架

组织中的揭发行为是员工对工作场所中的违法、破坏规则和不道德行为的检举揭露,是及时纠正组织中非伦理行为的有效机制。文章回顾了组织中揭发行为的研究起源、概念及测量方法;从不同理论视角探讨了揭发行为的决策过程;从多个层面系统梳理了揭发意愿或行为的影响因素和产生机制;归纳了揭发行为实践的影响结果。提出未来研究应关注跨学科视角的个体前因、区分特定情境变量的影响、探索行为产生机制和开展本土化揭发行为研究等问题。

道德推脱对员工道德决策的影响:德行领导的调节作用

运用问卷调查的方法,以819名员工为研究被试,探讨了德行领导在道德推脱影响道德决策过程中的调节作用。采用层次回归分析的方法研究发现:德行领导对道德推脱与道德识别、道德判断之间的关系具有调节作用;但德行领导不会对道德推脱与道德意图之间的关系产生调节作用,而会对道德意图产生显著的直接影响。

消费者为何喜欢“说一套,做一套”——消费者伦理购买“意向-行为”差距的影响因素

运用深度访谈法,考察了消费者伦理购买意向?行为差距的深层次影响因素。研究结果发现:第一,中国情境下,消费者在进行伦理购物决策时,确实会表现出明显的购买意向?行为差距,接近58%的消费者言行不一致;第二,伦理购买意向与购买行为之间的不一致,不仅仅只是由伦理消费者本身的特质所决定的,还受到不由消费者主观控制的消费情境的影响;第三,消费者特质变量主要包括:道德成熟度、经济导向、购买惯性、愤世嫉俗与消费者伦理认知努力,其中道德成熟度对消费者伦理购买意向具有直接影响,经济导向、购买惯性、愤世嫉俗与伦理认知努力对购买意向与行为之间关系具有显著的调节影响;第四,情境因素变量主要包括:物质环境、社会环境,购买任务与现行状态,同时情景因素变量对购买意向与行为之间关系均具有显著的调节影响。最后,文章提出了相关的重要结论,旨在试图弥补伦理消费者购买意向?行为差距,进而为企业制定与实施有效的伦理营销策略提供重要的实践启示。