The trend of low fertility and aging in ethnic minority areas and the policy responses in China:An analysis based on data from the latest three censuses

Low fertility and population aging are important factors affecting economic and social development.From 2000 to 2020,the development of low fertility in ethnic minority areas shows three trends of accelerated declining,slow declining and first falling and then rising,which are the results of the balance between the inhibiting effect of controlling birth policy and the rapidly rising birth cost,and the promoting effect of encouraging birth policy on the fertility desire of social members.The development of aging in ethnic minority areas shows two trends of acceleration and deceleration,which are the results of the balance between the promoting effect of controlling birth policy,the outflow of young and middle-aged labor force and the rise of life expectancy,and the inhibiting effect of the encouraging birth policy,the restraint of talent return and talent introduction.Combined with the development degree of low fertility and aging,we can accurately classify and implement policies for different ethnic minority areas.The areas with serious low fertility and population aging problems need economic policies to change the population age structure as soon as possible.The areas with slight low fertility and population aging problems should carry out ideological policies in priority to maintain the benign structure of population age.

The Polymorphism of the HLA-DRB1 Locus of the Guangxi Zhuang People and Its Comparison with the Main Surrounding Ethnic Groups

To explore genetically the origin, migration and relationship of the Zhuang people in Guangxi province with the main surrounding Chinese and the ethnic groups in Southeast Asia, the distributions of the HLA-DRB1 locus among the populations in these regions were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction—sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) technique among 265, healthy, randomly selected and unrelated Zhuang adults, aged 17-32, whose families had lived in Guangxi province for more than 3 generations. Every allelic frequency was comparatively analyzed with that of some main Chinese and Southeast Asia populations. It was found that 13 HLA-DRB1 alleles were detected among these 265 selected individuals, but other 13 alleles failed to be discovered by using the 23 pairs of primers designed in the present study. The most common alleles were HLA-DRB1*1501, HLA-DRB1*1601/2 and HLA-DRB1*1401/4 with the allele frequencies of 0.291, 0.198 and 0.106 respectively. Although alleles of HLA-DR1*0701/2, HLA-DRB1*08 and HLA-DRB1*1306/1406 could be detected also, but their frequencies were rather very low. The overall allele distribution profile on HLA-DRB1 of Zhuangs was much closed dramatically to those of Buyis, Northeast Thais, Dai Lues, Southern Hans and Singapore Chinese, but was more far away from that of northern Hans and Hanai Kinhs, as compared to the representative ethnic groups in Southeast Asia. In addition, the blank of HLA-DRB1*1502 was a characteristic allele for Zhuangs was commonly detected in Southeast Asia, especially in Thais. It is concluded that a very close genetic relationship exists between Zhuangs and Buyis on the basis of their extremely similar background on HLA-DRB1 locus.

《中国农村的社会主义高潮》对民族地区乡村振兴的启示

在乡村振兴战略实施的背景下,分析《中国农村的社会主义高潮》的史料价值和社会价值,探索农业合作化过程中农村政治工作开展,劳动力资源运用,利益分配制度,农业技术提升,生态文明建设,生产资金筹集、发展规划制定等方面形成的经验及其对民族乡村振兴的借鉴作用,具有重要的现实意义。本研究首先对《中国农村的社会主义高潮》的基本情况进行了概述,呈现了材料案例反映的主要特征;其次通过对《中国农村的社会主义高潮》文献价值和社会价值的梳理,展现了中华人民共和国成立初期乡村建设的实践探索。最后将《中国农村的社会主义高潮》材料案例的经验从产业振兴、组织振兴、人才振兴、文化振兴、生态振兴等五个方面与乡村振兴对标,以解决现阶段民族地区乡村振兴着力点不平衡的问题。

中华民族共同体意识融入校园教育路径研究——以云南民族地区民间文学类国家级“非遗”为例

民间文学类非物质文化遗产与中华民族共同体意识教育分属文化和教育两大不同系统,但却有着内在的关联。其关联在于不同民族的民间文学类“非遗”项目中蕴含着丰富的中华民族共同体意识,为开展中华民族共同体意识教育提供了直接的资源。在云南各民族民间文学“非遗”项目的教育资源、媒介优势及其多渠道多层次进校园的教育路径,对云南边疆民族地区中华民族共同体意识教育极具意义。

Socio-economic vulnerability level in the Jeneberang watershed in Gowa Regency,South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia

Jeneberang watershed is vital,particularly for people living in Gowa Regency(South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia),who benefit from its many advantages.Landslides and floods occur every year in the Jeneberang watershed,so it is imperative to understand the socio-economic vulnerability of this region.This research aims to identify the vulnerability level of the Jeneberang watershed so that the government can prioritize areas with high vulnerability level and formulate effective strategies to reduce these the vulnerability.Specifically,this study was conducted in 12 districts located in the Jeneberang watershed.The primary data were collected from questionnaires completed by community members,community leaders,and various stakeholders,and the secondary data were from the Landsat satellite imagery in 2020,the Badan Push Statistic of Gowa Regency,and some governmental agencies.The socio-economic vulnerability variables were determined using the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA)method,and each variable was weighted and analyzed using the Geographical Information System(GIS).The study reveals that the levels of socio-economic vulnerability are affected by variables such as population density,vulnerable groups(disabled people,elderly people,and young people),road network and settlement,percentage of poor people,and productive land area in the Jeneberang watershed.Moreover,all of the 12 districts in the Jeneberang watershed are included in the medium vulnerability level,with the mean percentage of socio-economic vulnerability around 50.92%.The socio-economic vulnerability of Bajeng,Pallangga,and Somba Opu districts is categorized at high level,the socio-economic vulnerability of Bungaya,Parangloe,and Tombolo Pao districts is classified as medium level,and the remaining 6 districts(Barombong,Bontolempangan,Bontomarannu,Manuju,Parigi,and Tinggimoncong)are ranked as low socio-economic vulnerability.This study can help policy-makers to formulate strategy that contributes to the protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of the Jeneberang watershed,while improving disaster resilience and preparedness of the watershed.

民族地区大学生中华民族共同体意识认知现状及其群体差异研究——基于广西8所高校本科生调研结果的分析

铸牢中华民族共同体意识是新时代民族地区维护国家统一和安全的重要基石。考察民族地区大学生对中华民族共同体意识的认知现状及群体差异,为中华民族共同体意识教育奠定实践基础。研究表明,民族地区大学生对中华民族共同体意识的认知整体向好,但缺乏深入性;男女生对中华民族共同体意识的认知没有显著性差异,不同年级、政治面貌、所学专业类别、学业成绩水平、地区、父母受教育程度的学生对中华民族共同体意识认知的差异显著。据此,需加强铸牢中华民族共同体意识教育的常态化、连续性和系统性,增强学生对中华民族共同体意识的焦点关注,发挥朋辈群体对中华民族共同体意识认知的积极影响,对不同群体的学生开展有针对性的中华民族共同体意识教育,积极拓展提升学生中华民族共同体意识认知的渠道,协同家社政提升学生对中华民族共同体意识的认知。

民族地区高职旅游管理专业群建设实践研究——以重庆旅游职业学院为例

建设高水平专业群是高等职业院校实现内涵式发展的重要路径,更是民族地区提高高职教育人才培养质量的重要抓手。但受限于地理环境、历史背景、基础薄弱等因素,民族地区专业群建设困境大。该文通过对五个旅游类专业的职业面向、岗位群、主要专业能力进行分析,结合重庆旅游职业学院专业发展实际,探索“双核心、三模块、四互补、两融通”的旅游管理专业群建设路径。

海南哈方言地区黎族服饰纹样研究及其创新设计应用

随着时代的发展,黎族传统手工艺不断受到现代科技的冲击,黎族传统文化的生产环境也不断受到挤压。传统黎锦由于适用环境的变化、原材料及部分工艺的缺失,现阶段急需数字化转化以保存最原始、最完整的民族特点和传统韵味。该研究通过提取海南哈方言地区黎族纹样得出,哈黎支系图案纹样构成主要以动物纹、人纹为主体,以植物纹、其他纹样为辅;色彩主要为红、黄、蓝、白、黑五色。利用纹样这一载体分析海南哈黎纹样所蕴含的民族情感和文化信仰,并通过哈黎传统纹样的数字化保护,将其与现代审美观念相结合,从而拓宽哈黎纹样创新设计的应用场景。

Genetic polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA HVS-I and HVS-II of Chinese Tu ethnic minority group

We analyzed the two hypervariable segments HVS-I and HVS-II of 108 Chinese Tu ethnic minority group samples for forensic and population genetics purposes, Comparing with Anderson sequence, 79 polymorphic loci in HVS-I and 40 in HVS-II were found in Chinese Tu ethnic minority group mtDNA sequences, and 90 and 64 haplotypes were then defined. Haplotype diversity and the mean pairwise differences were 0.9903±0.0013 and 5.7785 in HVS-I, and 0.9777±0.0013 and 3.5819 in HVS-II, respectively. By analyzing the hypervariable domain from nucleotide 1,6180 to 1,6193 in HVS-I, we defined some new types of sequence variations. We also compared the relationship between Tu population and other populations using mtDNA HVS-I sequences. According to Rst genetic distances, the phylogenetic tree showed that the Tu population, the Xi＇an Han population, the Chinese Korean, and the Mongol ethnic group were in a clade. This indicated a close genetic relationship between them. There were far relations between the Tu population and other Chinese southern Han populations, Siberian, European, African, and other foreign populations. The results suggest that Tu population has a multi-origin and has also merged with other local populations.

An empirical analysis on factors influencing ecological migration in minority areas of China

Taking Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as an example, this research makes an empirical analysis on the factors influencing the migration activities of the research subject: the southern mountainous farmers who don't emigrate and the farmers who immigrated in Hongsibao Development Zone. With Probit Model, the research shows that the age, educational degree, farming land per capita, number of school-aged children, vocational training experience and the quantity of gained information are all the factors which influence the farmers' emigration choice. However, the influential strength of the factors is different. The research aims to provide the government with more scientific evidences for its policies of promoting ecological migration and to encourage more poverty families to immigrate into the areas suitable for living.

Factors that Affect Social Stability of Rural Areas in Ganzi District

Through the sample investigation of Kangding County, Daofu County, Luhuo County and Xiangcheng County in Sichuan Province in 2010 and by combining the quantitative and qualitative methods, various kinds of indexes from the aspects of society, politics, economy and values in Ganzi District are analyzed, as well as the factors that affect the rural social stability of current Ganzi District area. The results show that rural areas of Ganzi District are stable on the whole, but the economic development level is backward; the social security measures are imperfect; disputes among rural residents still exist and most of them are economic disputes; the disputes among ethnics are mainly caused by religious belief; the autonomous situation of partial rural residents are bad and rural residents' evaluation on social justice is low. Therefore, it should establish and perfect relevant prevention and control mechanism.

中国大陆各民族老年人口与人口老龄化进程:2000-2020

利用最近三次人口普查数据分析中国大陆各民族老年人口规模和人口老龄化在过去20年的现状与变化趋势,研究发现,各民族老年人口规模增速差异显著,少数民族老年人口规模增速整体上慢于汉族,其中有13个少数民族老年人口规模增速快于汉族;各民族人口老龄化速度差异显著,少数民族整体上慢于汉族,朝鲜族、满族、锡伯族、俄罗斯族等4个少数民族快于汉族;各民族人口老龄化程度差异显著,朝鲜族最高,汉族紧随其后,少数民族人口老龄化程度低于汉族;各民族老年人口城乡构成和人口老龄化水平城乡差距显著;出生和死亡共同形塑了56个民族老年人口规模和人口老龄化进程。基于少数民族人口老龄化的特殊性,建议加强政策学习,提升政策供给质量;尊重民族特性,政策落地因地制宜;基于分布规律,养老服务开展纳入民族视角。

以各民族共同富裕推进中华民族共同体建设

中华民族共同体是一个“休戚与共、荣辱与共、生死与共、命运与共的共同体”。以各民族共同富裕推进中华民族共同体建设的理论逻辑有四:一是马克思、恩格斯“共同富裕”“共同体”思想的继承和运用,二是以政党为核心定位的稳固与突破,三是“以人民为中心”理念的发展与创新,四是对“互构-共生”理论的丰富与完善。以各民族共同富裕推进中华民族共同体建设的历史逻辑体现在新民主主义时期对各民族共同富裕与推进中华民族共同体建设的奠基、社会主义革命和建设时期对各民族共同富裕与推进中华民族共同体建设的探索、改革开放时期对各民族共同富裕与推进中华民族共同体建设的发展、新时代对各民族共同富裕与推进中华民族共同体建设的深化。以各民族共同富裕推进中华民族共同体建设的实践逻辑有几个方面:民族区域自治法制化、“中华民族”一词宪法化、少数民族优惠政策制度化、实现民族地区现代化。新时代推进中华民族共同体建设需要实现各民族共同富裕的切实支持,实现各民族共同富裕可以对推进中华民族共同体建设起到重要的支撑作用。

民族地区人才集聚与人才发展环境的关系研究

新发展阶段,推动民族地区现代化建设是实现共同富裕、铸牢中华民族共同体意识的必然路径。当前,民族地区实现现代化仍缺少人才支撑。研究构建了人才发展环境指标体系,采用熵权TOPSIS法测度人才发展环境质量,并使用耦合协调度模型分析人才集聚与人才发展环境的耦合协调关系。研究发现:民族地区人才集聚度和人才发展环境质量逐步提升但整体水平偏低,人才集聚与人才发展环境缺乏有效互动。基于以上结论,提出加强民族地区本土人才培养,加快推动产业转型和区域协同发展。

中国西南山地民族传统赛马研究:回眸、困境与进路

赛马运动是栖居西南山区的诸多少数民族中比较重要的民族传统体育活动内容。回眸以往的西南山地民族传统赛马研究,可以看到这一领域迄今已形成了一批作者群和研究热点,但又面临着多方面的学术困境。当下亟需大力拓展研究视域,设立一系列新的研究议题,并引进多物种民族志、行动者网络理论、本体人类学等前沿理论和方法,以实现研究上的创新突破,从而为我国山地民族地区传统赛马运动的可持续发展提供有力的理论支撑。

民族地区融入全国统一大市场的经济效应分析

近年来,民族地区融入全国市场水平有较大提升,但受市场联通条件、市场流动性、发展模式创新水平等因素制约,与中东部地区相比仍存在较大差距。从民族地区融入全国统一大市场的现状入手,通过相对价格法测度民族地区融入全国市场的水平,并运用计量模型等研究方法,深入分析融入全国统一大市场对民族地区经济发展的影响,结果显示,民族地区融入全国统一大市场对当地经济发展的影响呈U型曲线,即当市场融入水平位于拐点左侧时,对经济发展存在负面影响,而越过拐点时,将对经济发展产生正向拉动作用。目前,多数民族省区融入全国市场水平尚未达到拐点。要加快民族地区融入全国市场的步伐,就必须完善民族地区财政转移支付政策,加强市场硬件联通设施建设,培育民族特色产业和市场主体,促进民族地区市场流通新业态发展,为充分发挥民族地区融入全国市场对促进经济的积极作用创造有利条件。

人口流动视域下西藏牧区藏汉民族关系和谐发展探析——以那曲市色尼区为例

改革开放以来,我国人口流动日益频繁,无论是少数民族流动人口到内地,还是汉族流动人口到边疆民族地区,这种互流互动,极大地促进了各民族间的交往交流交融,实现了不同地区、不同民族之间的互通有无、优势互补,巩固了社会主义平等团结互助和谐的民族关系,促进了地区间、民族间的经济社会交往互动与发展进步。西藏自治区是我国藏族主要的聚居地区,历史上和现实中汉族流动人口流入西藏,对于繁荣发展西藏经济,增进藏汉民族关系,起到了十分重要的作用。藏汉民族关系也成为西藏地区民族关系发展的主要方面,成为维护国家统一和民族团结的重要内容,是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的坚强基础。

新时期各民族人口大流动、大融居的发展趋势——基于长三角地区抽样调查数据

课题组依据在长三角地区的抽样调查数据,从代价比较的视角分析了新时期各民族人口大流动、大融居的新特点及其影响因素。研究发现,新时期各民族人口仍以经济型流动为主,性别结构趋均衡化发展,劳动和就业正朝着高质量发展,各民族人口的大融居具有代际传递性。分析结果表明,性别结构、职业技术、社会资本对各民族流动人口经济交融的影响显著,教育程度、文化资本对文化交融的影响具有明显代际差异,居住时间、保障政策和社会资本对心理交融具有显著影响。顺应各民族人口大流动大融居的趋势,既要加强个体资本在构建互嵌式社会结构中的基础性作用,还要发挥社会资本在构建互嵌式社会结构中的纽带功能,同时还要加强政策资本的支柱作用。

夏季广东省鲎保护区潮间带大型底栖动物群落研究

广东省划设有6个鲎保护区,但对鲎种群具体分布位置、数量及趋势数据几近空白,阻碍了科学管理策略制定和保护行动推进。为此,采用野外调查方法分别对该6个鲎保护区幼鲎资源现状展开调查,并对保护区潮间带大型底栖动物群落进行分析。结果表明,广东省6个鲎保护区中仅遂溪中国鲎保护区和徐闻圆尾鲎保护区发现有幼鲎分布,其中徐闻圆尾鲎保护区内幼鲎丰度极低,调查整个保护区仅发现2只幼鲎;遂溪中国鲎保护区幼鲎丰度为6.45 ind·100m^(-2),但低龄期幼鲎个体数量明显低于高龄期。保护区潮间带大型底栖动物功能群分析显示,遂溪大型底栖动物以浮游生物食者为主,徐闻以植食者为主,浮游动物、微藻类以及浮游植物等天然饵料资源充足,符合幼鲎的摄食习性。此次鲎保护区资源调查表明广东省鲎资源现状严峻,鲎保护区管理亟待改善。提升鲎的保护等级、科学的人工放流、行之有效的保护区管理措施等行动已势在必行。

基于足迹成分法的独龙江乡生态旅游可持续发展研究

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