High mobility group box 1 in the central nervous system:regeneration hidden beneath inflammation

High-mobility group box 1 was first discovered in the calf thymus as a DNA-binding nuclear protein and has been widely studied in diverse fields,including neurology and neuroscience.High-mobility group box 1 in the extracellular space functions as a pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern,which has been proven to play an important role in a wide variety of central nervous system disorders such as ischemic stroke,Alzheimer’s disease,frontotemporal dementia,Parkinson’s disease,multiple sclerosis,epilepsy,and traumatic brain injury.Several drugs that inhibit high-mobility group box 1 as a damage-associated molecular pattern,such as glycyrrhizin,ethyl pyruvate,and neutralizing anti-high-mobility group box 1 antibodies,are commonly used to target high-mobility group box 1 activity in central nervous system disorders.Although it is commonly known for its detrimental inflammatory effect,high-mobility group box 1 has also been shown to have beneficial pro-regenerative roles in central nervous system disorders.In this narrative review,we provide a brief summary of the history of high-mobility group box 1 research and its characterization as a damage-associated molecular pattern,its downstream receptors,and intracellular signaling pathways,how high-mobility group box 1 exerts the repair-favoring roles in general and in the central nervous system,and clues on how to differentiate the pro-regenerative from the pro-inflammatory role.Research targeting high-mobility group box 1 in the central nervous system may benefit from differentiating between the two functions rather than overall suppression of high-mobility group box 1.

Creating large EMS populations for functional genomics and breeding in wheat

Wheat germplasm is a fundamental resource for basic research,applied studies,and wheat breeding,which can be enriched normally by several paths,such as collecting natural lines,accumulating breeding lines,and introducing mutagenesis materials.Ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)is an alkylating agent that can effectively introduce genetic variations in a wide variety of plant species.In this study,we created a million-scale EMS population(MEP)that started with the Chinese wheat cultivars‘Luyan 128’,‘Jimai 38’,‘Jimai 44’,and‘Shannong 30’.In the M1 generation,the MEP had numerous phenotypical variations,such as>3,000 chlorophyll-deficient mutants,2,519 compact spikes,and 1,692 male sterile spikes.There were also rare mutations,including 30 independent tillers each with double heads.Some M1 variations of chlorophyll-deficiency and compact spikes were inheritable,appearing in the M2 or M3 generations.To advance the entire MEP to higher generations,we adopted a single-seed descendent(SSD)approach.All other seed composites of M2 were used to screen other agronomically important traits,such as the tolerance to herbicide quizalofop-P-methyl.The MEP is available for collaborative projects,and provides a valuable toolbox for wheat genetics and breeding for sustainable agriculture.

Ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract attenuates particulate matter-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in keratinocytes and zebrafish

Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.The production of nitric oxide(NO),intracellular ROS,prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),and pro-inflammatory cytokines,and the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells.Furthermore,the levels of ROS,NO,and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO,intracellular ROS,and PGE_(2) in PM-induced HaCaT cells.In addition,the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB.Furthermore,it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress,represented by the reduction of NO,ROS,and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish.Conclusions:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.

固体磷酸催化竹屑液化的反应机理

固体磷酸为催化剂液化竹屑制备生物基多元醇,利用FT-IR、GC-MS、NMR等技术和方法对液化产物组成进行了表征,研究其反应机理。研究结果表明:Vinyl ethyl carbitol等烯烃类的生成主要是通过固体磷酸催化PEG400一端脱去羟基形成的,而戊二酸物质等物质主要是由固体磷酸催化纤维素等生物质通过氧化重排而形成,除此之外,固体磷酸还解决液化产物酸值高的问题。

Tailoring Ni based catalysts by indium for the dehydrogenative coupling of ethanol into ethyl acetate

Exploring stable and robust catalysts to replace the current toxic CuCr based catalysts for dehydrogenative coupling of ethanol to ethyl acetate is a challenging but promising task.Herein,novel NiIn based catalysts were developed by tailoring Ni catalysts with Indium(In)for this reaction.Over the optimal Ni0.1Zn0.7Al0.3InOx catalyst,the ethyl acetate selectivity reached 90.1%at 46.2%ethanol conversion under the conditions of 548 K and a weight hourly space velocity of 1.9 h^(-1)in the 370 h time on stream.Moreover,the ethyl acetate productivity surpassed 1.1 g_(ethyl acetate)g_(catalyst)^(-1)h^(-1),,one of the best performance in current works.According to catalyst characterizations and conditional experiments,the active sites for dehydrogenative coupling of ethanol to ethyl acetate were proved to be Ni4In alloys.The presence of In tailored the chemical properties of Ni,and subsequently inhibited the C-C cracking and/or condensation reactions during ethanol conversions.Over Ni4In alloy sites,ethanol was dehydrogenated into acetaldehyde,and then transformed into acetyl species with the removal of H atoms.Finally,the coupling between acetyl species and surface-abundant ethoxyde species into ethyl acetate was achieved,affording a high ethyl acetate selectivity and catalyst stability.

TPOL triggers apoptosis with mitochondrial injury through activating a ROS-dependent p53/p21/p27/Rb/Bax/Cyto C/caspase-mediated signaling

AIM:To explore the influence of ethyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphinate(TPOL)on cell apoptosis and its potential mechanism.METHODS:HEK293T cells sensitive to TPOL were treated with different concentrations of TPOL with or without exposure to light radiation,before treatment with various inhibitors,N-acetyl-Lcysteine(NAC),pifithrin-αand Z-DVED-FMK.Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay.Annexin V/propidium iodide staining was used to count the number of apoptotic cells.DCFH-DA staining was used to detect reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels,and JC-1 staining was used to assess mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry.The expression of apoptosis-related proteins and cell cycle-regulated molecules was measured by Western blot.RESULTS:TPOL enhanced the apoptosis of HEK293T cells in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05),with a decrease in Bcl-2 and increases in Bax and cytochrome C(Cyto C),followed by up-regulation of activated caspase-9 and caspase-3,and the cleavage of PARP(P<0.05).The TPOL-enhanced cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP was rescued by Z-DVED-FMK(P<0.01).TPOL also led to a rapid increase in ROS,a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential,and the release of Cyto C(P<0.01),all of which could be reversed by the ROS scavenger NAC.Moreover,the TPOL-caused alterations in p21,p27,Rb,and CDK2 were also recovered by the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α(P<0.05).The TPOL-induced changes in Bax,Bcl-2,cleaved caspase-9,activated caspase-3,and cleaved PARP were subsequently rescued by pretreatment with pifithrin-α(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:TPOL can induce cellular apoptosis with ROS-mediated mitochondrial membrane damage through the activation of a ROS-dependent p53/p21/p27/Rb/Bax/Cyto C/caspase-mediated signal axis.

Syntheses,structures,and properties of three coordination polymers based on 5⁃ethylpyridine⁃2,3⁃dicarboxylic acid and N⁃containing ligands

Three coordination polymers[Mn(epda)(2,2'⁃bipy)(H_(2)O)](1),[Mn(epda)(phen)](2),and[Co_(2)(epda)2(bpe)2(H_(2)O)_(4)]·5H_(2)O(3)(H2epda=5⁃ethyl⁃pyridine⁃2,3⁃dicarboxylic acid,2,2'⁃bipy=2,2'⁃bipyridine,phen=phenanthroline,bpe=1,2⁃bis(4⁃pyridyl)ethylene)were synthesized by solvothermal reactions and characterized by single⁃crystal X⁃ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analyses,IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.1 displays a 1D chain struc⁃ture,and these chains are joined by O-H…O hydrogen bonding andπ⁃πstacking interactions to generate a 2D layer structure.2 displays a 2D layer structure,and adjacent layers are generated 3D architecture throughπ⁃πstacking interactions.3 displays a 1D chain structure,and adjacent chains are generated double layer structure through O-H…O hydrogen bonding.The fluorescent properties of 1 and 3 indicate that they can potentially be used as a luminescent sensor.1 was highly selective and sensitive towards o⁃nitrophenol through different detection mechanisms,however,3 was highly selective and sensitive towards 2,4,6⁃trinitrophenol.In addition,the magnetic behavior of 2 has also been investigated.CCDC:2172533,1,2355773,2,2355774,3.

Identification and Analysis of Mature Plant Type Mutants of M_1 Generation Foxtail Millet Changnong35 Treated with EMS Mutagenesis

[Objective] The aim was to identify the mutants of millet Changnong35 induced by different concentrations of EMS, so as to construct a millet mutant library. [Method] Foxtail millet cultivar Changnong35 which is widely used in agricultural production, was treated with 0.8% and 1.0% EMS; and then seven traits of mutants were investigated analyzed, to classify the mutants into different groups. [Result] 282 mutants in the M1 generation related to plant type were obtained, of which, 100 mutant plants treated with 0.8% EMS can be divided into 10 groups; 182 mutant plants obtained by using 1.0% EMS can be divided into 17 groups. The analysis results of the mature plant type traits of the M1 Generation showed that, plant height, diameter of stem under spike, diameter of the first internode under spike and internode number of the mutants treated with 1.0% EMS were significantly different from those of control, while those of mutants treated with 0.8% EMS did not show significant difference from those of control. [Conclusion] The inducing with 1.0% EMS was more conducive to obtain a large number and different types of mutants from Changnong35.

Synthesis and characterization of hybrid organic-inorganic materials based on EA-MAn-APTES and silica

Poly (EA-MAn-APTES)/silica hybrid materials were successfully prepared fromEthyl acrylate (EA), maleic anhydride (MAn) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the presence of acoupling agent 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES),by free-radical solution polymerization and insitu sol-gel process. The mass fraction of TEOS varied from 0 to 25%. The hybrid materials werecharacterized by the methods of FT-IR spectra, solvent extraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) andthermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measuring apparatus to get their structures, gel contents,morphologies, particle sizes and thermal performances. The results show that the covalent bonds arebetween organic and inorganic phases, gel contents in the hybrid materials are much higher, theSiO_2 phase is well dispersed in the polymer matrix, silicon dioxide exist at nanoscale in thecomposites and have excellent thermal stability.

Preparation of Ni(HCO_3)_2 and its catalytic performance in synthesis of benzoin ethyl ether

Ni（HCO3）2 with unique phase and high crystallinity was synthesized with urea hydrolysis. The as-prepared samples were well characterized in detail. N2 adsorption and desorption result manifests a high surface area of 99.03 m2/g with a pore size of 7.8 nm. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and particle size distribution reveal that the diameters of the formed pellets are uniform. Thermogravimetry （TG） analysis result shows that 500 ℃ could be the appropriate temperature for converting Ni（HCO3）2 precursors into NiO via a thermal decomposition process. CO2 and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption results show that Ni（HCO3）2 has explicit acid-base sites. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） results vividly indicate that the pellets are aggregated by hexagonal platelets and possess porous structures. Ni（HCO3）2 can efficiently catalyze the one-step synthesis of benzoin ethyl ether from benzaldehyde and ethanol, with the conversion ofbenzaldehyde up to 57.5% and nearly 100% selectivity of benzoin ethyl ether.

Mucosal permeability to lipopolysaccharides in the colon in chronic alcoholic rats

AIMS To evaluate the effects of chronic alcohol abuse on the mucosal permeability to lipopolysaccharide in the colon in rats. METHODS Escherichia coil lipopolysaccharide (LPS,20 μg/ml) was injected into the colon of chronic alcoholic rats (n=10) and the rats were supplied with Lieber diets every other day for 6 weeks. Before LPS injection and 5,10,20,30 minutes after injection, blood samples from the portal vein were obtained and contents of LPS in the blood were measured. The dis- tribution of LPS in the colon tissues was observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope by immunofluo- rescent technique using a monoclonal antibody specific to the lipid A region of LPS. Normal rats were used as controls (n=6). RESULTS Before LPS injection in the colon,LPS levels in the blood of portal vein of chronic alcoholic rats were significantly higher than those of normal con- trols (3.56±0.67 pg/ml,vs 2.45±0.15 pg/ml,P <0.01). At 5,10,20,30 minutes after injection of LPS,LPS contents were significantly higher than those before LPS injection (173.56±23.45 pg/ml,154.78 ±20.57 pg/ml,43.89±8.67 pg/ml,45.38± 7.89 pg/mls vs 3.56±0.67 pg/ml,P<0.01 respectively). Most mucosal cells showed strong posi- tive reactions to LPS in the rats of chronic alcohol abuse,but no significant changes of LPS contents in blood from the portal vein and fluorescent reactions to LPS in mucosal cells of normal rats were found after LPS injection. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcohol abuse resulted in a significant increase of permeability to LPS in colon mu- cosal cells in rats.

2-乙酰己酸乙酯的质谱分析

2-Acetyl-hexanoic acid ethyl ester is one of important derivatives.It has been used widely useful materials as anesthetics,spice,medicine and so on.The reaction liquid of acetyl-acetic acid ethyl ester with n-butane bromide was analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry.The results show that there are four kinds of compounds in the reaction liquid.The main yield is 2-acetyl-hexanoic acid ethyl ester,while by-products are 2-acetyl-2-butyl-hexanoic acid ethyl ester and 3-butoxy-2-butenoic acid ethyl ester.

一种消毒样品的电喷雾质谱分析

从<禁止化学武器公约>1997年4月正式生效以来,化学核查方法研究不断深入,从鉴定化学战剂原体逐步向降解、消毒等相关化学品方向发展,且扩展到复杂的环境基质样品.为了确保各缔约国履约,对于已被"禁止化学武器组织"(简称OPCW)指定和正在寻求指定的实验室,每年至少要参加一次水平考试,分析公约附表化学品及它们的前体和降解产物,并取得优异的成绩,只有这样,才有资格分析真实样品(从被怀疑的产品或者储藏地点或者是从宣布使用过化学武器的环境中采集的).……

黄连中1个新型生物碱的研究

目的 研究黄连Coptis chinensis Franch中1个新型生物碱。方法 黄连75%乙醇提取物采用硅胶、ODS、semi-pre HPLC进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据对鉴定所得化合物的结构。结果 从中分离得到3个化合物,分别鉴定为6-([1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline-5-carbonyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid ethyl ester(1)、oxohydrastinine(2)、pinoresinol(3)。结论 化合物1为新型苄基异喹啉生物碱。

金银花化学成分的分离与鉴定

目的:对金银花中的化学成分进行研究。方法:运用大孔树脂柱色谱、正相硅胶柱色谱、半制备高效液相等技术进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果:从金银花醇提物中分离得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为:7-dioxolanylsecologanin B(1)、断马钱子苷二甲基缩醛(2)、(7R)-secologain n-butyl methyl acetal(3)、(7S)-secologain n-butyl methyl acetal(4)、断马钱子苷半缩醛内酯(5)、表断马钱子苷半缩醛内酯(6)、7-O-ethyl sweroside(7)、断马钱子苷(8)、methyl dioxindile-3-acetae(9)、ethyl dioxindile-3-acetae(10)。结论:其中,化合物1为新化合物,化合物9、10为首次从忍冬属植物中分离得到。

Overexpression of HMGB1 A-box reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal inflammation via HMGB1/TLR4 signaling in vitro

AIM: To investigate the inhibitory effects and mechanism of high mobility group box(HMGB)1 A-box in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced intestinal inflammation.METHODS: Overexpression of HMGB1 A-box in human intestinal epithelial cell lines(SW480 cells) was achieved using the plasmid p EGFP-N1. HMGB1 A-box-overexpressing SW480 cells were stimulated with LPS and co-culturing with human monocyte-like cell lines(THP-1 cells) using a Transwell system, compared with another HMGB1 inhibitor ethyl pyruvate(EP). The m RNA and protein levels of HMGB1/toll-like receptor(TLR) 4 signaling pathways [including HMGB1, TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor88(MYD88), Phosphorylated Nuclear Factor κB(p NF-κB) p65] in the stimulated cells were determined by realtime polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The levels of the proinflammatory mediators [including HMGB1, interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α] in the supernatants of the stimulated cells were determined by ELISA.RESULTS: EP downregulated the m RNA and protein levels of HMGB1, inhibited the TLR4 signaling pathways(TLR4, MYD88 and p NF-κB p65) and reduced the secretion of proinflammatory mediators(HMGB1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in the SW480 and THP-1 cells activated by LPS but not in the unstimulated cells. Activated by LPS, the overexpression of HMGB1 A-box in the SW480 cells also inhibited the HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathways and reduced the secretion of these proinflammatory mediators in the THP-1 cells but not in the transfected and unstimulated cells. CONCLUSION: HMGB1 A-box, not only EP, can reduce LPS-induced intestinal inflammation through inhibition of the HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathways.

Laboratory simulated dissipation of metsulfuron methyl and chlorimuron ethyl in soils and their residual fate in rice, wheat and soybean at harvest

Two sulfonylurea herbicides, metsulfuron methyl （Ally 20 WP） and chlorimuron ethyl （Classic 25 WP） were evaluated for their dissipation bchaviour in alluvial, coastal saline and laterite soils under laboratory incubated condition at 60% water holding capacity of soils and 30 ℃ temperature was maintained. In field study herbicides were applied twice for the control of grasses, annual and perennials broad leaves weeds and sedges in rice, wheat and soybean to find out the residual fate of both the herbicides on different matrices of respective crops after harvest. Extraction and clean up methodologies for the herbicides were standardized and subsequently analyzed by HPLC. The study revealed that the half-lives of metsulfuron methyl and chlorimuron ethyl ranged from 10.75 to 13.94 d irrespective of soils and doses applied. Field trials with rice, wheat and soybean also revealed that these two herbicides could safely be recommended for application as no residues were detected in the harvest samples.

Effects of Ethyl Pyruvate on Myocardial Apoptosis and Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax Proteins after Ischemia-reperfusion in Rats

In order to study the effects of ethyl pyruvate on cardiomyocyte apoptosis following ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） in vitro and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins, isolated rat hearts were perfused in a Langendorff model. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into 3 groups （n=8 in each group）： control group was perfused for 120 min. In the I/R group, after 30 min stabilization the injury was induced by 30 min global ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion. Ethyl pyruvate （EP） group was set up with the same protocol as I/R group except that it was supplied with 2 mmol/L EP 15 rain before ischemia and throughout reperfusion. Myocardial malonaldehyde （MDA） content was measured. Myocardial apoptotic index （AI） was tested by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） method. The expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax in cardiac myocytes was detected by immunohistochemistry. As compared with control group, the content of MDA, myocardial AI and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax proteins were increased significantly in I/R group, but the content of MDA, myocardial AI and the expression of Bax protein were decreased obviously and the expression of Bcl-2 protein was up-regulated in EP group （P〈0.05）. These results demonstrate that EP could inhibit apoptosis of cardiac myocytes possibly via alleviating oxidative stress, up-regulating Bcl-2 and down-regulating Bax proteins.

Multiplicity Analysis in Reactive Distillation Column Using ASPEN PLUS

Reactive distillation processes for synthesis of ethylene glycol （EG） and ethyl tert-butyl ether （ETBE） were modeled with the simulation package ASPEN PLUS. The input multiplicity and output multiplicity were discussed with the method of sensitivity analysis for both cases. In EG production process, steady state multiplicities were studied in terms of effective liquid holdup volume and boil-up ratio. In ETBE synthesis process, the user kinetic subroutine was supplied into ASPEN PLUS firstly, and then the composition, temperature and reaction-rate profiles within the reactive distillation column were presented in detail. A set of stable solution branches based on distinct initial guesses for a range of boil-up ratio were found in EG synthesis. Input multiplicities were observed for a range of reboiler duty at several values of reflux ratio for ETBE synthesis process. These results can be used to avoid excessive energy consumption and achieve optimum design of reactive distillation column.

Delayed ethyl pyruvate therapy attenuates experimental severe acute pancreatitis via reduced serum high mobility group box 1 levels in rats

AIM： To investigate the effect of delayed ethyl pyruvate （EP） delivery on distant organ injury, survival time and serum high mobility group box 1 （HMGB1） levels in rats with experimental severe acute pancreatitis （SAP）. METHODS： A SAP model was induced by retrograde injection of artificial bile into the pancreatic ducts of rats. Animals were divided randomly into three groups （n = 32 in each group）： sham group, SAP group and delayed EP treatment group. The rats in the delayed EP treatment group received EP （30 mg/kg） at 12 h, 18 h and 30 h after induction of SAP. Animals were sacrificed, and samples were obtained at 24 h and 48 h after induction of SAP. Serum HMGB1, aspartate arninotransferase （AST）, alanine arninotransferase （ALT）, blood urea nitrogen （BUN）, and creatinine （Cr） levels were measured. Lung wet-to-dry-weight （W/D） ratios and histological scores were calculated to evaluate lung injury. Additional experiments were performed between SAP and delayed EP treatment groups to study the influence of EP on survival times of SAP rats. RESULTS： Delayed EP treatment significantly reduced serum HMGB1 levels, and protected against liver, renal and lung injury with reduced lung W/D ratios （8.22 ±0.42 vs 9.76 ± 0.45, P 〈 0.01）, pulmonary histological scores （7.1 ± 0.7 vs 8.4 ± 1.1, P 〈 0.01）, serum AST （667 ± 103 vs 1 368 ± 271, P 〈 0.01）, ALT （446 ± 91 vs 653 ± 98, P 〈 0.01） and Cr （1.2 ± 0.3 vs 1.8 ± 0.3, P 〈 0.01） levels. SAP rats had a median survival time of 44 h. Delayed EP treatment significantly prolonged median survival time to 72 h （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Delayed EP therapy protects against distant organ injury and prolongs survival time via reduced serum HMGBllevels in rats with experimental SAP. EP may potentially serve as an effective new therapeutic option against the inflammatory response and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome （MODS） in SAP patients.