Synergistic extraction of rare earth by mixtures of 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid from sulfuric acid medium

The extraction of Nd^3＋ and Sm^3＋, including the extraction and stripping capability as well as the separation effect of Nd^3＋ or Sm^3＋, from a sulfuric acid medium, by mixtures of di-（2-ethylhexyl） phosphoric acid （HDEHP, H2A2（0）） and 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester （HEH/EHP, H2L2（0）） were studied. The distribution ratios and synergistic coefficients of Nd^3＋ and Sm^3＋ in different acidities were also determined. A synergistic extractive effect was found when HDEHP and HEH/EHP were used as mixed extractants for Sm^3＋ or Nd^3＋. The chemical compositions of the extracted complex were determined as Nd.（HA2）2-HL2 and Sm.（HA2）2-HL2. The extraction equilibrium constants, enthalpy change, and entropy change of the extraction reaction were also determined.

Synthesis of Highly-Selective Fibrous Adsorbent by Introducing 2-Ethylhexyl Hydrogen-2-Ethylhexylphosphonate for Scandium Adsorption

2-ethylhexyl hydrogen-2-ethylhexylphosphonate (EHEP) is commonly used as a metal extractant because it has a particular affinity for rare-earth metals like Scandium (Sc). To develop a highly-selective adsorbent of Sc(III), EHEP was introduced as a functional group onto a polyethylene fabric with radiation-induced graft polymerization(RIGP). The adsorption performances for Sc(III) were evaluated with aqueous solutions containing Sc(III) and Fe(III) in bath and column tests. As a result of column test, the adsorption capacities of Sc(III) and Fe(III) until the bed volume reached 5000 were 5.22 and 0.12 mg/g, respectively. It means that the amount of collected Sc(III) by the EHEP adsorbent was approximately 44 times higher than that of Fe(III). These results indicate that the grafted adsorbent containing EHEP has an extremely high selectivity for Sc(III) adsorption.

Effects of Low Concentrations of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) and Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Steroidogenesis Pathways and Apoptosis in the Murine Leydig Tumor Cell Line MLTC-1

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low concentrations of DEHP and MEHP on steroidogenesis in a murine Leydig tumor cell line （MLTC-1） in vitro. The result of flow cytometry analysis revealed that the proportion of apoptotic cells was significantly increased after the exposure to DEHP. All three genes （P450scc, P450c17, and 38HSD） under study showed an increased expression following exposure to DEHP or MEHP, although some insignificant inhibitory effects appeared in the 10μmol/L treatment group as compared with the controls. It was also found that DEHP or MEHP stimulated INSL3 mRNA and protein especially in the 0.001 μmol/L treatment group. Testosterone secretions were stimulated after the exposure to DEHP or MEHP. Alterations of steroidogenic enzymes and INSL3 in MLTC-1 cells might be involved in the biphasic effects of DEHP/MEHP on androgen production.

Synergistic extraction of praseodymium with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester and 8-Hydroxyquinoline

The synergistic extraction of Pr^3＋ from hydrochloric medium using mixture of 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono- 2-ethylhexyl ester （P507, HL） and 8-Hydroxyquinoline （HQ） in heptane was investigated. The effect of equilibrium of aqueous acidity on extraction of Pr^3＋ was discussed. The effect of extractant concentraction, different diluents, equilibrium time and acetate ion concentration oil extraction reaction were also studied. With a method of double-logarithmic slope, composition of the extracted species on 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester and 8-Hydroxyquinoline was derived. The result shows that the synergistic extraction system not only overcomes emulsification of 8-Hydroxyquinoline, but also shows perfect capacity of synergistic extraction. The largest synergistic enhancement factor can be calculated to be 5.49 at pH 3.6 for Pr^3＋.

Solvent extraction equilibrium of dysprosium(Ⅲ) from nitric acid solutions with 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester

In view of the importance of solvent extraction of rare earth metals with the acidic organophosphorous reagent,the development of a chemically based model applicable to high concentration is desired.In the present study,the equilibrium distribution of dysprosium(Ⅲ)between an aqueous nitric acid solution and 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A)was measured in the range of an initial aqueous dysprosium(Ⅲ)concentration from 1.0×10-3to 1.0×10-1kmol/m 3and PC88A concentration from 0.16 to 0.65 kmol/m3in Shellsol D70 as the diluent.The obtained data were analyzed using the chemically based model in order to correlate the equilibrium distribution ratios.In this model,dysprosium(Ⅲ)was assumed to be extracted with the PC88A dimer as a 1:3 complex,the activities were considered for the aqueous species,and the effective concentration of the PC88A dimer was calculated using Alstad's empirical equation.As a result,the apparent extraction equilibrium constant was determined to be 253(kmol·m- 3)-2with an excellent correlation between the experiment and calculation results in the wide range of the logarithm of the distribution ratio from-2 to 3.5.In conclusion,the methodology in this model would be effective for quantitative description of solvent extraction behavior of general rare earth elements as well as dysprosium.

KINETIC STUDY ON THE EXTRACTION OF PALLADIUM(Ⅱ) WITH BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL)SULFIDE

The effects of concentration, temperature, stirring rate and specific interfacial area on the extraction of Pd (Ⅱ) with bis(2--ethylhexyl) sulfide (DEHS) were studied by the use of a constant interracial area cell. The results support an interracial chemical reaction regime.

The Development of Metabolic Derangement in Male Offspring after Perinatal Exposure to Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM）has been increasing throughout the world over the past 20 years.Environmental chemicals known to regulate the endocrine system have been considered as a risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases.Several people are exposed to environmental chemicals during their lives.

THE EXTRACTED COMPLEX FORMED BY MONO (2-ETHYLHEXYL)-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHOSPHATE WITH DIVALENT Mn

In order to clarify the mechanism and the complex formed in the extraction of divalent Mn by alkylphosphonic acid monoester, the solid complex has been prepared by mono (2-ethylhexyl)-2-ethylhexyl phosphate, HEH(EH)P, HA with divalent Mn. The elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility and thermogravimetry have been determined for the solid complex of HEH(EH)P-Mn(II) and the infrared spectrum has been carried out in comparison to the extractant HEH(EH)P. The extracted compound has also been studied by electronic and electron spin resonance spectroscopy in octane solvent and solid state at room temperature. On the basis of the measurements, it is concluded that the structure of the solid polymeric species MnA_2 is in a tetrahedral arrangement.

Structure Reactivity Studies on the Extraction of Rare Earths by Di(2-ethylhexyl)chloroalkyl Phosphonates

The extractive separation properties and the extractive regularity of the lanthanide elements by five di(2-ethylhexyl)alkyl phosphonates with various alkyl structure:di(2-ethylhexyl)chloromethyl phosphonate CH_2ClP(O) (OC_8H_(17)-i)_2(1),di(2-ethylhexyl)β-chloroethyl phosphonate ClCH_2CH_2P(O) (OC_8H_(17)-i)_2 (2),di(2-ethylhexyl)α-chloroethyl phosphonate CH_3CHClP(O)(OC_8H_(17)-i)_2 (3),and corresponding di(2-ethylhexyl)methyl phosphonate CH_3P(O)(OC_8H_(17)-i)_2 (4),di(2-ethylhexyl)ethyl phosphonate C_2H_5P(O) (OC_8H_(17)-i)_2 (5),in nitrate system have been studied.The coordination compounds were prepared. The structure of these extractants and their coordination compounds were further explored by IR and ^(31)P NMR spectra.

Urine Metabonomic Analysis of Interventions Effect of Soy Isoflavones on Rats Exposed to Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate

Objective Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant.As an endocrine disruptor,it seriously threatens human health and ecological environmental safety.This study examines the impact of intervention with soybean isoflavones(SIF) on DEHP-induced toxicity using a metabonomics approach.Methods Rats were randomly divided into control(H),SIF-treated(A,86 mg/kg body weight),DEHP-treated(B,68 mg/kg),and SIF plus DEHP-treated(D) groups.Rats were given SIF and DEHP daily through diet and gavage,respectively.After 30 d of treatment,rat urine was tested using UPLC/MS with multivariate analysis.Metabolic changes were also evaluated using biochemical assays.Results Metabolomics analyses revealed that p-cresol glucuronide,methyl hippuric acid,N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide,lysophosphatidycholine [18:2(9 Z,12 Z)] {lyso PC [18:2(9 Z,12 Z)]},lyso PC(16:0),xanthosine,undecanedioic acid,and N6-acetyl-l-lysine were present at significantly different levels in control and treatment groups.Conclusion SIF supplementation partially protects rats from DEHP-induced metabolic abnormalities by regulating fatty acid metabolism,antioxidant defense system,amino acid metabolism,and is also involved in the protection of mitochondria.

Impairment of Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Cellular Immunity in Kunming Mice

Immunity is crucial to the health of animals and it can determine their survival and fitness. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer and hence is the most abundant phthalate in the environment. Exposure to DEHP is of great concern for human health. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to DEHP would suppress T cell-mediated immunity in mice. Twenty adult male Kunming mice were randomly assigned into the control (n = 10) and the DEHP treatment (n = 10) groups. Both groups have free access to food and water, while the mice in the latter group drank DEHP solution (2000 mg/L) for 42 days. T cell-mediated immunity assessed by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) response was depressed in the DEHP treated mice compared with the controls, however, wet thymus and spleen mass, white blood cells were not influenced by DEHP treatment. Taken together, different immunological parameters responded differently to DEHP treatment in Kunming mice.

Synthesis and Performances of Poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) Used for Warp Sizing

A series of poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid)s(P(2-EHA-co-AA))s with different mole contents of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate(2-EHA) were synthesized through free radical copolymerization in ethanol for investigating the influences of copolymer composition upon the performance such as apparent viscosity,film behaviors,and adhesion to fibers for warp sizing.The content of 2-EHA was varied from 80% to 40%.The adhesion was estimated by measuring tensile strength and work-to-break of impregnated roving.The film behaviors were evaluated in terms of breaking strength,breaking elongation,work-to-break,and flex-fatigue resistance.It was observed that the viscosity,adhesion,and film behaviors of the copolymers strongly depended on the content of 2-EHA.Excessively increasing or decreasing the content of 2-EHA units incorporated into the copolymeric chains reduces the serviceability of P(2-EHA-co-AA) in warp sizing.The adhesion and film behaviors of the copolymer reach their maximal values at mole content of 50% simultaneously.Therefore,the copolymer used as sizing agent should be synthesized under equal mole of 2-EHA and AA in monomer formulation.

Adsorption by Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Hg(II) from Aqueous Solutions Using the 2-Butyl-imidazolium Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate as Ionic Liquid

In this work, a novel room temperature ionic liquid (2-butyl-imidazolium di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate) ([C4mim] [D2EHPA]) was synthesized and tested as extractant in the mercury(II) liquid-liquid extraction. The effects of parameters such as aqueous to organic phase’s volume ratio, metal concentration IL concentration, pH levels, ionic strength, and temperature were reported. For the extraction of metal, [C4mim]3[R.HR]3[HgCl2]org and [C4mim]3[R.HR]3 [HgClOH]org species were formed where (H2R2) was D2EHPA. In the case of ionic strength, the results showed that the addition of sodium acetate at 0.302 mmol·L?1 to the aqueous phase strongly increased the mercury extraction yield (R = 100%). The extracted species were investigated by a calculation program using CHEAQS V. L20.1 inorder to determine the relation between the percentages of the extracted species and the extraction yield. The results showed that the extracted species in the best conditions were HgCl2 and HgClOH with respective percentages 80.66% and 18.29%.

Extraction of uranium(Ⅵ) with di-(2-ethylhexyl) sulfoxide in toluene

The mechanism of extraction uranium(Ⅵ) with di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfoxide (DEHSO)from aqueous nitric acid media has been studied. The influence of the concentrations of nitricacid, cxtractant, salting-out agent, temperature and complex anions (C2O24-) on the distribution ratio was studied.

Spectral Properties and Solubilization Location of 2′-Ethylhexyl 4-（N,N-Dimethylamino）benzoate in Micelles

双荧光和 2'-ethylhexyl 4- 的紫外吸收(N， N-dimethylamino ) 安息香酸盐(EHDMAB ) 在 cationic 被调查，非离子并且 anionic 微粒。当 EHDMAB 是在不同微粒的 solubilized 时， EHDMAB 的紫外吸收被提高。有更长的波长的扭曲的 intramolecular 费用转移(TICT ) 排放在离子的微粒被观察，而有更短的波长的 TICT 排放在非离子的微粒被获得。特别地， EHDMAB 的双荧光被离子在 cationic 微粒的严厉的层安排了的断然控告的 pyridinium 显著地熄灭。吸收的紫外放射主要经由 TICT 排放和无放射的释放腐烂。EHDMAB 的 dimethylamino 组在器官的溶剂根据 EHDMAB 的 TICT 排放的极性依赖在离子、非离子的微粒经历不同极的环境。以 EHDMAB 和表面活化剂的分子的结构和尺寸，每个单个 EHDMAB 分子应该向一些不同微粒并且与它的 2'-ethylhexyl 向恐水病的 micellar 核心锁住的极的头与它的 dimethylamino 组一起在微粒被埋葬。EHDMAB 的动态荧光熄灭大小在不同微粒为 EHDMAB 的地点提供进一步的支持。

孕早期增塑剂DEHP亚急性暴露影响蜕膜反应并增加流产风险

目的:探究邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)亚急性暴露对小鼠子宫内膜蜕膜反应和流产风险的影响。方法:分别选取300、1000、3000 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)三个浓度梯度的DEHP对CD1小鼠进行经口亚急性暴露28 d。建立DEHP亚急性暴露小鼠早期自然妊娠模型和人工诱导假孕小鼠蜕膜反应模型,分别取自然妊娠第7天子宫组织和人工诱导蜕膜反应小鼠妊娠第8天诱导侧子宫组织,通过苏木精-伊红染色(HE染色)、Masson染色、TUNEL检测、蛋白质印迹法检测DEHP亚急性暴露对小鼠蜕膜反应的影响。构建300 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1) DEHP亚急性暴露小鼠自然流产模型,观察妊娠第10天的妊娠结局,探究蜕膜反应受损对小鼠妊娠的影响。结果:与空白对照组比较,DEHP大剂量组受孕率显著性降低(P<0.05);HE染色显示DEHP小剂量组和中剂量组蜕膜基质细胞排列杂乱、细胞核形态不规则、胞浆染色不均、多核细胞数显著降低;Masson染色显示DEHP小剂量组和中剂量组蜕膜组织的胶原纤维分布更多、数量增多、排列杂乱;TUNEL检测显示暴露组蜕膜组织细胞凋亡增加;蛋白质印迹法检测显示暴露组子宫内膜蜕膜反应标志分子BMP2蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);在米非司酮流产刺激下DEHP小剂量组小鼠流产率、胚胎吸收率显著升高,胚胎数、子宫湿重、子宫面积、胎盘湿重显著减少(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:DEHP亚急性暴露导致小鼠子宫内膜蜕膜反应受损加重小鼠妊娠流产风险。

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯致人脐静脉内皮细胞氧化损伤及白藜芦醇的修复作用

目的:探究邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,DEHP)诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVEC)的氧化损伤,以及白藜芦醇对该损伤的修复作用。方法:通过CCK8实验筛选DEHP的损伤浓度和白藜芦醇的修复浓度;化学分光光度比色法检测HUVEC丙二醛和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的不同表达情况;活性氧荧光探针检测不同处理组HUVEC内活性氧水平;JC-1试剂盒检测不同组HUVEC线粒体膜电位;CCK8实验、Transwell实验、划痕愈合实验观察HUVEC增殖、迁移能力;细胞流式实验、蛋白质印迹实验观察HUVEC的凋亡情况和凋亡相关蛋白的表达。结果:80μmol/L DEHP作用HUVEC 24 h后,细胞增殖能力明显降低(P<0.01),40μmol/L白藜芦醇对细胞无明显毒性;损伤组细胞的丙二醛水平和SOD活性较对照组均明显上升(P均<0.01),修复组丙二醛水平和SOD活性较损伤组均明显下降(P均<0.05);损伤组细胞的活性氧表达较对照组明显上升(P<0.01),修复组较损伤组明显下降(P<0.01);损伤组细胞的线粒体膜电位较对照组明显下降(P<0.01),修复组较损伤组明显上升(P<0.01);损伤组细胞的增殖、迁移、成管能力较对照组明显下降(P均<0.05),修复组较损伤组明显上升(P均<0.05);损伤组细胞的凋亡水平较对照组明显上升(P<0.05),修复组较损伤组明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:DEHP能够通过氧化应激途径抑制HUVEC的增殖、迁移和成管能力,并诱导其凋亡,而白藜芦醇可以有效修复该种损伤。

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)诱发小鼠胆汁淤积和肝损伤的作用机制

目的探讨邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)诱发小鼠胆汁淤积和肝损伤机制研究。方法体内实验:将成年雌性ICR小鼠随机分为对照组(玉米油)、DEHP组(200 mg·kg^(−1)·d^(−1)),共灌胃4周,建立胆汁淤积模型。收集所有小鼠血液与肝组织,生化仪检测血清、肝脏总胆汁酸(TBA)水平,酶标仪检测ALP、GGT;HE染色观察肝组织病理变化;实时定量PCR检测肝脏炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的表达水平;液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱仪(LC-MS/MS)检测小鼠肝脏胆汁酸谱。体外实验:培养小鼠肝细胞AML-12,使用DEHP(250μmol/L)以及去氧胆酸(DCA)(125μmol/L)和鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA)(125μmol/L)处理细胞24 h,实时定量PCR检测细胞炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA水平。计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。结果体内实验显示:与对照组相比,DEHP组小鼠肝体比,血清TBA、ALP、GGT及肝脏TBA均显著升高(t值分别为−4.396、−5.109、−8.504、−3.792和−7.974,P值均<0.05)。与对照组相比,肝脏胆汁酸谱中胆酸(CA)、CDCA、牛磺鹅去氧胆酸(TCDCA)、DCA及熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)均显著升高(t值分别为−2.802、−3.177、−2.633、−2.874和−2.311,P值均<0.05)。DEHP组小鼠肝脏HE染色显示为汇管区扩大、胆管变形、胆管周围伴有炎性细胞浸润,且肝脏炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-αmRNA水平均显著升高(t值分别为−2.539、−2.823和−4.636,P值均<0.05)。体外实验显示:0~1000μmol/L DEHP处理后肝细胞活力实际数值相差不超过15%,分别使用125、250以及500μmol/L的DEHP刺激后,肝细胞的炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-αmRNA水平均明显升高(P值均<0.05)。与单独使用DEHP刺激相比,CDCA联合DEHP刺激上调了细胞炎症因子IL-1βmRNA水平(P<0.01);DCA与DEHP联合刺激可显著增加细胞炎症因子IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA水平(P值均<0.01)。结论DEHP暴露导致小鼠胆汁淤积肝病的发生并诱发肝脏炎症,这可能与其促进有毒胆汁酸的产生进而加剧炎性因子分泌有关。

Phytotoxicity in seven higher plant species exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate or bis （2-ethylhexyl） phthalate

We investigated phytotoxicity in seven plant species exposed to a range of concentrations （0- 500 mg· kg^-1 soil） of di-n-butyl phthalate （DnBP） or his （2- ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）, two representative phthalate esters （PAEs） nominated by USEPA as priority pollutants and known environmental estrogens. We studied seed germination, root elongation, seedling growth, biomass （fresh weight, FW） and malondialdehyde （MDA） content of shoots and roots of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）, alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.）, perennial ryegrass （Lolium perenne）, radish （Raphanus sativus L.）, cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.）, oat （Avena sativa） and onion （Allium cepa L.）, together with monitoring of plant pigment content （chlorophyll a, b and earotinoids） in alfalfa, radish and onion shoots. Root elongation, seedling growth and biomass of the test species were generally inhibited by DnBP but not by DEHP, indicating a lower level of phytotoxicity of DEHP than of DnBP. MDA contents of four species were promoted by PAE exposure, but not in alfalfa, ryegrass or onion shoots, indicating lower sensitivity of these three species to PAE pollutants. Plant pigment contents were clearly affected under the stress of both pollutants, implying the potential damage to the photosynthetic system of test plants, mainly by decreasing the content of chlorophyll a and b. Results of DnBP and DEHP phytotoxicity to the primary growth of test plants has provided information for the assessment of their environmental risk in the soil and also forms a basis for the further analysis of their toxic effects over the whole growth period of different plant species.

Primary neuronal-astrocytic co-culture platform for neurotoxicity assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Plastics such as polyvinyl chlorides （PVC） are widely used in many indoor constructed environments; however, their unbound chemicals, such as di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalates （DEHP）, can leach into the surrounding environment. This study focused on DEHP＇s effect on the central nervous system by determining the precise DEHP content in mice brain tissue after exposure to the chemical, to evaluate the specific exposure range. Primary neuronal-astrocyte co-culture systems were used as in vitro models for chemical hazard identification of DEHP. Oxidative stress was hypothesized as a probable mechanism involved, and therefore the total reactive oxygen species （ROS） concentration was determined as a biomarker of oxidative stress. In addition, NeuriteTracer, a neurite tracing plugin with ImageJ, was used to develop an assay for neurotoxicity to provide quantitative measurements of neurological parameters, such as neuronal number, neuron count and neurite length, all of which could indicate neurotoxic effects. The results showed that with 1 nmol/L DEHP exposure, there was a significant increase in ROS concentrations, indicating that the neuronal-astrocyte cultures were injured due to exposure to DEHP. In response, astrocyte proliferation （gliosis） was initiated, serving as a mechanism to maintain a homeostatic environment for neurons and protect neurons from toxic chemicals. There is a need to assess the cumulative effects of DEHP in animals to evaluate the possible uotake and effects on the human neuronal system from exoosure to DEHP in the indoor environment.