Intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of main components of the fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa in a co-culture model of the human pp 868–879colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and RAW264.7 macrophages

Alkaloids are the main active constituents of the nearly ripe fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa(Juss.)Benth.,which possesses antitumor,anti-inflammatory,analgesic and antimicrobial activities.In this study,we aimed to assess the potential anti-inflammatory effects of six main components,evodiamine,rutaecarpine,dehydroevodiamine,evocarpine,dihydroevocarpine and 1-methyl-2-undecyl-4-(1H)-quinolone,in the nearly ripe fruits of E.rutaecarpa.In the co-culture system consisting of the human colorectal adenocarcinoma(Caco-2)cells and RAW264.7 macrophages,inflammation was induced in RAW264.7 cells with 2μg/mL lipopolysaccharide.The results indicated that evodiamine,rutaecarpine,and dehydroevodiamine significantly down-regulated the mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines(Il-6,Il-1βand Tnf-α)and inflammatory mediators,such as cyclooxygenase-2(Cox-2)and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNos).Besides,the drug administration group showed a higher transepithelial electrical resistance and a lower tight junction permeability compared with the model group.Taken together,the tested compounds possessed anti-inflammatory effects.Our findings laid the foundation for further research on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the nearly ripe fruits of E.rutaecarpa.