An integrated approach to evaluation on ecological service functions for urban green space and its application

This methodological investigation deals with measurement and valuation of ecological service functions for urban green space. Social, economic and ecological dimensions for such types of function were analyzed and a concept “integrated ecological service functions” (IESF) was put forward for evaluation. Based upon this conceptual approach, an index system for measuring IESF for urban green space was established. With a methodological integration of fuzzy mathematics, decision making analysis and Delphi method, an AHP fuzzy evaluation techniques for IESF for urban green space, called AFIFUG method, was developed. Such a method has been directly applied to the land use strategic planning of Tianjin out ring green belt(TOGB), and its analysis results have been successfully put into operation.

Value Assessment of Ecosystem Service Function of Ecological Public Welfare Forests in Wenchang City

Based on the measurement parameters and index in the Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China(LY/T 1721-2008),the value of ecological service functions of ecological public welfare forest in Wenchang City was evaluated and analyzed.The results show that the total value of ecosystem service function of ecological public welfare forests in Wenchang City is about 4.020 billion yuan,of which storage capacity,water purification,soil fixation,fertilizer(N,P and K fertilizer) conservation,carbon sequestration,oxygen release,forest nutrient accumulation,providing anion,absorbing SO_2,absorbing fluoride,absorbing NxO,absorbing soil heavy metals,dust retention,noise reduction,sterilization,forest protection,forest biodiversity protection,and forest recreation(ecological tourism) are about 1.510 billion,582.256 million,3.769 million,268.220 million,116.360 million,2.747 million,22.682 million,42.817 million,1.722 million,74,600,131,900,187.918 million,77.409 million,28.721 million,43.090 million,180.696 million,571.036 million,and 108.677 million yuan

Thoughts and Practice of Ecological Protection and Restoration of Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Farmlands, Lakes and Grasslands

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stated that it was necessary to establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,treat the ecological environment as life,and coordinate the management of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands.In recent years,China has organized a series of pilot projects for the ecological protection and restoration of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands,breaking the boundary between administrative divisions,departmental management and ecological elements,and implementing conservation and restoration oriented towards the improvement of ecosystem services,so as to solve the problem of the lack of overall planning for ecological protection and restoration projects and the separated management of ecological elements.This study systematically elaborated the theoretical basis and connotation characteristics of ecological protection and restoration of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands.It proposed the implementation path of ecological protection and restoration project of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands by taking the water source conservation area of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as a case,so as to provide reference for the implementation and decision-making management of ecological protection and restoration projects in various regions.

Recommendations for Construction and Management of Ecological Public Welfare Forest in Hainan Province

This paper firstly evaluated ecological service functions of ecological public welfare forest in Hainan Province. Then,it introduced value structure and existing problems of ecological service functions. Focusing on optimization and adjustment of scale and distribution of ecological public welfare forest,it came up with recommendations for construction and management of ecological public welfare forest in Hainan Province.

Measuring economic loss caused by ecological damages: a case study of China's forest ecosystem in 2005

At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous eco logical loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is the key to changing improper environmental performance of humankind so as to prevent ecosystem from being damaged. The quantitative valuation on the loss of ecological damage is an effective tool to guide human eco environmental per formance. In this paper, the concepts related to the valuation on ecological damage cost are introduced; uncertain ties that might arise in the valuation on the loss of ecological damage such as area coverage of valuation, ecological damage quantity, borders of ecological damage cost and data support are analyzed; and the valuation approaches for the loss of ecological damage are also discussed. As a case study, the economic losses of ecological damage of forest in 2005 in China are valuated.

Summarization on Evaluation of Ecological Value of Artificial Forest

This paper is a summarization on evaluation of value of artificial forest. The main contents include: (i) the difference in concepts between ecological function, ecological efficiency and ecological benefits of artificial forest; (ii) the motive and several taches of economic feedback or compensation for ecological benefit; (iii)the ecological efficiencies of artificial forest and the main correlative factors which includes the ecological efficiencies of artificial forest and the main correlation factors infecting the ecological efficiency; (iv) the basic math correlations between ecological efficiencies of artificial forest and the related factors; (v) service range of the ecological efficiencies of artificial forest; and (vi) the basic principle of measurement of ecological efficiencies of artificial forest. At the end, the basic methods of main ecological efficiencies of artificial forest are expatiated.

河流岸线生态服务功能评价指标体系与评价方法研究

河流岸线是构成河流自然生态空间的重要组成部分,近年来受人为活动影响,河流岸线生态服务功能受到破坏,为精准开展河流岸线修复,亟需制定有针对性的河流岸线生态服务功能评价指标体系和评价方法。对河流岸线的类型、结构进行了分析,在国内相关研究成果以及水利、生态环境、海洋等行业有关技术规范的基础上,依据科学性、全面性、独立性和可操作性原则,经过初步梳理和综合遴选筛选了河流岸线生态功能评价指标;综合相关技术规范以及研究成果,确定了各评价指标的效用赋值,并制定河流岸线生态服务功能评价方法。结果表明:1)河流岸线可分为生态保护型岸线与生态修复型岸线,前者可细分为植被良好型、沙漠型以及岩石型3类,后者可细分为堤防型、农田型、村落型、养殖塘型、城镇型、河口型以及复合型7类。河流岸线具有防洪、控制侵蚀、保护水质、生物栖息、景观功能5项生态服务功能。2)构建的河流岸线生态服务功能评价指标体系包括目标层、准则层和指标层,其中目标层为河流岸线生态服务功能,准则层为河流岸线所具备的5项生态服务功能,指标层包括防洪达标率、堤防安全、植被覆盖率、岸坡稳定性、排污口布局合理程度、生态缓冲带状况、生物多样性指数、植物群落状况、水鸟状况、景观生态价值、景观舒适度11项评价指标,对各项指标根据总体评价进行五级效能赋值。3)运用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重,采用多属性效用理论计算河流岸线生态服务功能综合指数,将河流岸线生态服务功能划分为优、良、中、差、极差5个等级,以评价河流岸线生态服务功能状况。研究可为识别河流岸线生态问题、评估河流岸线生态修复成效、健全河流岸线管理长效机制等提供依据和参考。

基于生态服务价值核算的滇池环湖湿地综合效能评估

湿地被喻为“地球之肾”,具有水质净化、蓄水调洪、固碳释氧及气候调节等多项生态服务功能,潜藏着巨大的生态服务价值.作为削减滇池入湖污染的重要措施,环湖湿地是滇池水环境治理重要建设工程之一,具有改善滇池水质进而提升水环境价值量等作用.基于EFDC模型识别湿地的削减负荷与滇池水质的响应关系,可得到有、无湿地建设工程条件下滇池水质变化情况,采用Logistic“污染-损失”模型计算滇池水质改善带来的水环境功能价值;进而从湿地本身及滇池两类对象的生态服务价值出发,综合运用市场价值法、影子工程法等手段评估目前正在运行的11块环湖湿地的综合效能.结果表明:①湿地自身总价值量为24981.2×10^(4)元,对滇池价值的提升量为2450.4×10^(4)元.②湿地生态系统服务价值主要体现在气候调节功能,该功能价值量最高的为东大河湿地,达8535.8×10^(4)元,旅游休闲、物质生产也在生态系统服务总价值中占一定比例.③湿地综合效能的评价聚焦于湿地本身和滇池两类对象,其综合效能和单位面积综合效能排名有所差异.参评湿地中,东大河湿地的综合效能最好,新河湿地的单位面积综合效能最高,外海湿地的综合效能总体优于草海.鉴于此,未来可考虑扩大现有湿地规模,优化滇池周边湿地布局,并与其他工程联合削减滇池入湖负荷,从而进一步提升环湖湿地的综合效能.

Research on Evaluation of Forest Ecological Benefit

Forests create three major benefits, i.e. economic, ecological and social benefits. Evaluation onforest ecological benefits is an important issue to study nowadays, which can provide the scientific basis forreasonable allocation of resources and realization of forestry compensation. This paper is focused on theconception of forest ecological benefits, the current research on evaluation of forest ecological benefits athome and abroad, and research methods adopted and theoretical basis with the following 7 aspects involved:water head protection, soil and water conservation, wind prevention and sand fixing, carbon fixing and oxygenproduction, atmosphere purification, forest recreation and biodiversity conservation. Problems existing incurrent studies are also presented, such as rationality of replacement, compatibility of the outcomes, repetitionof calculation, comprehensiveness of evaluation and affection of subjective factors, and so on. In the end,suggestions for future studies on evaluation of forest ecological benefits are offered.

高山草甸生态系统修复单元划定研究——以达日县为例

受高海拔和高原气候的影响,高寒草甸极易发生退化,且草地生态系统对水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、生物多样性等生态系统服务功能有重要影响,在保障区域生态安全格局和响应全球气候变化等方面发挥着重要的作用。达日县具有典型的高寒草甸生态系统,本研究基于达日2015-2020年草地生态监测数据、遥感影像数据、大气监测数据、土壤监测等数据,运用遥感解译、空间分析、水量平衡方程、土壤流失方程、修成风蚀方程、INVEST模型等方法,分析草地退化,评价草地生态系统服务功能,划分主导生态功能分区,对生态修复单元划定进行研究,结果显示,(1)达日生态主导功能以水源涵养和生物多样性及土壤保持为主;(2)中重度退化草地近草地总面积的40%;(3)共划分7个生态修复单元:夏曲流域草地退化修复单元、昂苍曲流域草地退化修复单元、吉迈河流域草地退化修复单元、黄河沿岸草地退化修复单元、达日河流域综合修复单元、柯曲流域综合修复单元、尼曲流域草地退化修复单元。研究结果将为高寒草甸退化地区生态修复提供方向。

Construction and Management of Public Welfare Forest in Hainan Province

Through investigating ecological service functions of public welfare forest in Hainan Province, this paper explored type constitution and problems of its ecological service functional value, optimization of its scale and layout, promoted effective protection and benign development, and proposed strategies for the construction and management of public welfare forest in Hainan Province.

普达措国家公园森林生态系统服务价值评估与分析

采用相应的评估标准、指标和方法,对云南普达措国家公园森林生态系统服务价值进行评估,结果其总价值为55.8315亿元/a,平均价值11.55万元/(hm^(2)·a),高于云南省和全国森林的平均水平。按评估项目价值从大到小排列,分别为生物多样性保护价值,占比38.92%,保育土壤,占比38.17%,涵养水源,占比7.61%,森林游憩,占比5.89%,净化大气环境,占比4.39%,固碳释氧,占比3.49%,社区发展,占比1.33%,积累营养物质,占比0.20%。说明该公园在生物多样性保护、保育土壤及水源涵养等方面具有重要作用。

碳中和战略下林业碳汇引入生态修复司法之效能探究

2022年以来,部分法院接力推动林业碳汇引入生态修复司法的进程,并最终得到司法解释的认可,形成了林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案。林业碳汇交易系实现碳达峰、碳中和的重要路径,生态环境司法也提出要服务碳达峰、碳中和的实现。在此背景下,分析该方案的实践样态,探查林业碳汇引入生态修复司法的现实需求、原有制度的缺陷以及引入基础,揭示林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案的潜在效能,特别是其对碳达峰、碳中和战略的重要意义,从而尝试给出加速林业碳汇法律化进程,明确林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案的属性及实用领域等针对性优化建议。

甘肃省白龙江引水工程水利生态补偿机制探讨

为建立合理有效的引水工程水利生态补偿机制,发挥引水工程的经济社会效益和生态效益,从补偿主客体界定、补偿标准核算、补偿资金筹集和补偿费分配4个方面探讨甘肃省白龙江引水工程水利生态补偿机制。采用直接成本测算模型测算水源区水利生态补偿标准,采用生态系统服务功能价值评估方法测算相邻上下游之间的水利生态补偿标准,按因素法确定分配指标权重,估算出引水工程沿线涉及的甘肃省天水市、平凉市、庆阳市以及陕西省延安市可获得的年度补偿资金。结果表明:引水工程沿线可筹集资金主要涉及水资源费和水土保持补偿费,合计为19 218.14万元;水源区水利生态补偿费用为2 119.69万元;相邻上下游间水利生态补偿主要对水质改善突出、节水效率高的县(区)进行资金补偿,总额为17 098.45万元。

云南章凤国家森林公园范围调整研究

针对云南章凤国家森林公园存在的问题和矛盾,结合陇川县保护空缺分析结果,通过对森林公园、保护空缺区域进行深入的调查、论证和评估,综合确定森林公园范围调整方案。根据调整方案,原森林公园调出面积6941.4 hm^(2),保留面积58.6 hm^(2),调入面积6958.4 hm^(2),范围调整后森林公园总面积7017 hm^(2)。调出区域主要是耕地、住宅用地、人工商品林等,调入区域主要为天然常绿阔叶林。范围调整提高了森林公园的保护价值,提升了森林公园的景观质量,缓解了保护与发展的矛盾,有利于充分发挥森林公园保护、自然教育、生态旅游三大功能作用,促进地方社会经济协调发展,实现森林公园有效管理。

广东惠州森林生态系统服务功能与价值评估

依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(GB/T 38582—2020)和《自然资源(森林)资产评价技术规范》(LY/T 2735—2016)的理论和方法,结合广东省惠州市森林资源规划设计调查成果和监测数据,对惠州市森林生态系统的涵养水源、防止土壤侵蚀、固碳释氧、净化大气环境、森林防护、生物多样性保护、森林游憩等7项生态系统服务功能及其价值进行定量评估,旨在摸清惠州市森林生态家底,为实施森林生态系统分区管理、划定生态保护红线、生态保护财政转移支付、政府生态环境绩效评估考核、生态保护和恢复工程等提供科学依据。研究结果表明,惠州市森林生态服务价值量为441.38亿元/a,按其服务功能价值大小排序为水源涵养>生物多样性>固碳释氧>防止土壤侵蚀>净化大气环境>森林防护,其中,水源涵养、生物多样性价值之和占总价值的77.65%,是惠州市森林生态系统的主要服务功能。

牡丹江森林生态系统服务功能重要性评价

为解决牡丹江森林生态系统服务功能对生态管理需求的重要性缺乏全面评估的问题,以黑龙江省牡丹江市森林生态系统为研究对象,参考《生态保护红线划定技术指南》及当地自然地理特征,通过水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙及生物多样性维护4个生态服务功能评估指标,构建生态系统服务功能重要性评价模型。结果表明,牡丹江市森林覆盖率达67.40%,2000—2020年森林植被净初级生产力(NPP)平均为(730.06±56.64)g/(m^(2)·a),且呈现出极显著的增加趋势;单项评价表明,当地森林生态系统的重要性级别最高的为水土保持功能,综合评价表明,生态系统服务功能“极重要”等级面积最大,占森林总面积的48.74%,集中分布的区域有宁安市西南和穆棱市南部。结果可为当地优化生态保护策略,协调区域发展供科学依据。

大冶市森林生态系统服务功能评估研究

评估县级尺度森林生态系统服务功能现状,实现生态本底数量化和价值化,对于区域生态产品价值实现和社会经济绿色发展具有重要现实意义。本研究以大冶市森林生态系统为研究对象,基于大冶市2021年森林资源管理“一张图”数据和野外定位监测数据从涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、净化大气环境、积累营养物质、产品供给、森林游憩、生物多样性等8个功能类别开展森林生态系统服务评估。结果表明,大冶市2021年森林生态系统服务功能总价值量为46.72亿元,森林生态系统单位面积价值为9.6748万元·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),生态服务功能中以涵养水源功能价值最高,占总价值的47.61%,生物多样性保护次之,占13.08%。大冶市区域森林资源分布均匀,但结构不合理,森林生态系统服务功能物质量呈南高北低趋势,以南部山区占比较高,且灌木林地比重较大,为26.65%,而生态系统服务功能物质量仅占12.10%。建议在加强现有森林资源保护的基础上,综合实施灌木林改造、退化林修复等措施提升森林质量,优化森林资源空间结构,以有效提升大冶森林生态系统的服务功能。

新疆天然林生态系统服务功能价值评估

基于涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化空气和生物多样性等6项功能价值的9个指标,以新疆天然林云杉、落叶松、杨树和桦树林区数据为基础,对新疆天然林生态系统服务功能进行了定量评估。结果表明:(1)新疆天然林生态系统服务功能总价值量为338.09亿元·a^(-1),森林年提供的单位面积价值量为2.43×10^(4)元·hm^(-2);该区域森林生态系统服务功能价值量以涵养水源、生物多样性保护和固碳释氧为主,占到了总价值量的79.51%;(2)针叶林生态系统服务功能价值总量为270.48亿元·a^(-1),阔叶林生态系统服务功能价值总量为67.60亿元·a^(-1);其中,云杉总价值量在4种林分中最大,其次为落叶松林和杨树林,桦木林最小;(3)不同年龄林分生态系统服务功能价值差异显著,成熟林生态系统服务功能价值量最大,幼龄林最小;成熟林和过熟林是新疆天然林的主体。

基于文献计量法的国内堤防生态服务功能评价研究

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