An integrated approach to evaluation on ecological service functions for urban green space and its application

This methodological investigation deals with measurement and valuation of ecological service functions for urban green space. Social, economic and ecological dimensions for such types of function were analyzed and a concept “integrated ecological service functions” (IESF) was put forward for evaluation. Based upon this conceptual approach, an index system for measuring IESF for urban green space was established. With a methodological integration of fuzzy mathematics, decision making analysis and Delphi method, an AHP fuzzy evaluation techniques for IESF for urban green space, called AFIFUG method, was developed. Such a method has been directly applied to the land use strategic planning of Tianjin out ring green belt(TOGB), and its analysis results have been successfully put into operation.

Value Assessment of Ecosystem Service Function of Ecological Public Welfare Forests in Wenchang City

Based on the measurement parameters and index in the Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China(LY/T 1721-2008),the value of ecological service functions of ecological public welfare forest in Wenchang City was evaluated and analyzed.The results show that the total value of ecosystem service function of ecological public welfare forests in Wenchang City is about 4.020 billion yuan,of which storage capacity,water purification,soil fixation,fertilizer(N,P and K fertilizer) conservation,carbon sequestration,oxygen release,forest nutrient accumulation,providing anion,absorbing SO_2,absorbing fluoride,absorbing NxO,absorbing soil heavy metals,dust retention,noise reduction,sterilization,forest protection,forest biodiversity protection,and forest recreation(ecological tourism) are about 1.510 billion,582.256 million,3.769 million,268.220 million,116.360 million,2.747 million,22.682 million,42.817 million,1.722 million,74,600,131,900,187.918 million,77.409 million,28.721 million,43.090 million,180.696 million,571.036 million,and 108.677 million yuan

Thoughts and Practice of Ecological Protection and Restoration of Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Farmlands, Lakes and Grasslands

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stated that it was necessary to establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,treat the ecological environment as life,and coordinate the management of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands.In recent years,China has organized a series of pilot projects for the ecological protection and restoration of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands,breaking the boundary between administrative divisions,departmental management and ecological elements,and implementing conservation and restoration oriented towards the improvement of ecosystem services,so as to solve the problem of the lack of overall planning for ecological protection and restoration projects and the separated management of ecological elements.This study systematically elaborated the theoretical basis and connotation characteristics of ecological protection and restoration of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands.It proposed the implementation path of ecological protection and restoration project of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands by taking the water source conservation area of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as a case,so as to provide reference for the implementation and decision-making management of ecological protection and restoration projects in various regions.

Recommendations for Construction and Management of Ecological Public Welfare Forest in Hainan Province

This paper firstly evaluated ecological service functions of ecological public welfare forest in Hainan Province. Then,it introduced value structure and existing problems of ecological service functions. Focusing on optimization and adjustment of scale and distribution of ecological public welfare forest,it came up with recommendations for construction and management of ecological public welfare forest in Hainan Province.

Measuring economic loss caused by ecological damages: a case study of China's forest ecosystem in 2005

At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous ecological loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is tire key to changing improper environmental performance of humankind so as to prevent ecosystem from being damaged The quantitative valuation on the loss of ecological damage is an effective tool to guide human eco-environmental performance. In this paper, the concepts related to the valuation on ecological damage cost are introduced,＂ uncertainties that might arise in the valuation on the loss of ecological damage such as area coverage of valuation, ecological damage quantity, borders of ecological damage cost and data support are analyzed and the valuation approaches for the loss of ecological damage are also discussed As a case study, the economic losses of ecological damage of forest in 2005 in China are valuated.

汉中市生态调节服务产品价值变化及驱动因素分析

生态调节服务产品是生态产品总值(GEP)核算的重要组成部分。探究生态调节服务产品价值变化趋势及驱动因素有助于指导GEP提升。文章分析了2011—2021年汉中市调节服务价值变化的驱动机制。结果表明:2021年汉中市调节服务价值为1794.66亿元,其中水源涵养、土壤保持、洪水调蓄、固碳和气候调节合计占比99.9%;2011—2021年,汉中市调节服务价值增加了92.69亿元;自然生态系统面积变化、海拔、植被净初级生产力(NPP)变化是驱动调节服务价值变化的主要因素,能够解释87.9%的价值变化,森林面积和NPP的提升促进了调节服务价值的提高。建议未来积极开展生态保护和修复,提升自然生态系统面积和质量,确保调节服务价值的提升,同时探索生态产品价值实现机制,促进绿水青山向金山银山的转化。

湘西森林旅游区域生态服务功能与价值估算

【目的】湘西是我国南方重要的生态功能区,在森林旅游区域实施林分抚育协同森林旅游开发,对推动地区绿色发展有益。【方法】面积迭置获取森林旅游区域生态服务价值估算依据,采用货币价值法、森林旅游功能指数(FTFI)和偏离-份额分析法(SSM),系统评价湘西森林旅游区域生态服务价值演变与空间特征。【结果】1)近20年来湘西森林旅游区域生态服务价值增加了771.90万元/hm^(2),年均增长38.59万元/hm^(2),县均增加32.16万元/hm^(2)。区域单位面积价值排序为:3A级及以上旅游景区(352.14亿元)>国有林场(121.06亿元)>国家森林(湿地)公园(115.86亿元)>自然保护区(99.18亿元)>全国乡村旅游扶贫重点村(47.83亿元)>中国少数民族特色村寨(27.71亿元)>文物保护单位(8.12亿元),森林旅游区域年均价值居前五位的是慈利县、永顺县、桑植县、永定区和沅陵县,居后五位的是洪江市、辰溪县、麻阳县、花垣县和新晃县;2)3A级及以上旅游景区价值最少县域为洪江市(1.16万元/hm^(2)),永定区、慈利县等12个县域的自然保护区区域价值为0,靖州县、龙山县等10个县域文物保护单位价值为0.01万元/hm^(2),桑植县、泸溪县等4个县域国家森林(湿地)公园单位价值为0,国有林场、全国乡村旅游扶贫重点村、中国少数民族特色村寨单位价值最少县域为芷江县(0.18万元/hm^(2))、花垣县(0.12万元/hm^(2))和麻阳县(0.08万元/hm^(2));3)森林旅游区域的固碳释氧、涵养水源功能价值县均达390.43万元/hm^(2)和382.94万元/hm^(2),保育土壤、积累营养物质和保护生物多样性价值较大,森林景观价值县均为11.01万元/hm^(2)。各时段永定区、慈利县、桑植县、永顺县的森林旅游功能指数较大,均超过了1.5的水平值,其他20个县域基本持平。【结论】湘西森林旅游区域生态服务功能多样、价值不断增加,3A级及以上旅游景区、国有林场、国家森林(湿地)公园、自然保护区是发挥生态服务价值的主要区域类型。加强县域协作,坚持森林主体功能定位,调整森林生态绩效结构,合理划定森林生态服务功能分区,能提高森林旅游区域生态服务价值供给水平。

河流岸线生态服务功能评价指标体系与评价方法研究

河流岸线是构成河流自然生态空间的重要组成部分,近年来受人为活动影响,河流岸线生态服务功能受到破坏,为精准开展河流岸线修复,亟需制定有针对性的河流岸线生态服务功能评价指标体系和评价方法。对河流岸线的类型、结构进行了分析,在国内相关研究成果以及水利、生态环境、海洋等行业有关技术规范的基础上,依据科学性、全面性、独立性和可操作性原则,经过初步梳理和综合遴选筛选了河流岸线生态功能评价指标;综合相关技术规范以及研究成果,确定了各评价指标的效用赋值,并制定河流岸线生态服务功能评价方法。结果表明:1)河流岸线可分为生态保护型岸线与生态修复型岸线,前者可细分为植被良好型、沙漠型以及岩石型3类,后者可细分为堤防型、农田型、村落型、养殖塘型、城镇型、河口型以及复合型7类。河流岸线具有防洪、控制侵蚀、保护水质、生物栖息、景观功能5项生态服务功能。2)构建的河流岸线生态服务功能评价指标体系包括目标层、准则层和指标层,其中目标层为河流岸线生态服务功能,准则层为河流岸线所具备的5项生态服务功能,指标层包括防洪达标率、堤防安全、植被覆盖率、岸坡稳定性、排污口布局合理程度、生态缓冲带状况、生物多样性指数、植物群落状况、水鸟状况、景观生态价值、景观舒适度11项评价指标,对各项指标根据总体评价进行五级效能赋值。3)运用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重,采用多属性效用理论计算河流岸线生态服务功能综合指数,将河流岸线生态服务功能划分为优、良、中、差、极差5个等级,以评价河流岸线生态服务功能状况。研究可为识别河流岸线生态问题、评估河流岸线生态修复成效、健全河流岸线管理长效机制等提供依据和参考。

基于生态服务价值核算的滇池环湖湿地综合效能评估

湿地被喻为“地球之肾”,具有水质净化、蓄水调洪、固碳释氧及气候调节等多项生态服务功能,潜藏着巨大的生态服务价值.作为削减滇池入湖污染的重要措施,环湖湿地是滇池水环境治理重要建设工程之一,具有改善滇池水质进而提升水环境价值量等作用.基于EFDC模型识别湿地的削减负荷与滇池水质的响应关系,可得到有、无湿地建设工程条件下滇池水质变化情况,采用Logistic“污染-损失”模型计算滇池水质改善带来的水环境功能价值;进而从湿地本身及滇池两类对象的生态服务价值出发,综合运用市场价值法、影子工程法等手段评估目前正在运行的11块环湖湿地的综合效能.结果表明:①湿地自身总价值量为24981.2×10^(4)元,对滇池价值的提升量为2450.4×10^(4)元.②湿地生态系统服务价值主要体现在气候调节功能,该功能价值量最高的为东大河湿地,达8535.8×10^(4)元,旅游休闲、物质生产也在生态系统服务总价值中占一定比例.③湿地综合效能的评价聚焦于湿地本身和滇池两类对象,其综合效能和单位面积综合效能排名有所差异.参评湿地中,东大河湿地的综合效能最好,新河湿地的单位面积综合效能最高,外海湿地的综合效能总体优于草海.鉴于此,未来可考虑扩大现有湿地规模,优化滇池周边湿地布局,并与其他工程联合削减滇池入湖负荷,从而进一步提升环湖湿地的综合效能.

Summarization on Evaluation of Ecological Value of Artificial Forest

This paper is a summarization on evaluation of value of artificial forest. The main contents include: (i) the difference in concepts between ecological function, ecological efficiency and ecological benefits of artificial forest; (ii) the motive and several taches of economic feedback or compensation for ecological benefit; (iii)the ecological efficiencies of artificial forest and the main correlative factors which includes the ecological efficiencies of artificial forest and the main correlation factors infecting the ecological efficiency; (iv) the basic math correlations between ecological efficiencies of artificial forest and the related factors; (v) service range of the ecological efficiencies of artificial forest; and (vi) the basic principle of measurement of ecological efficiencies of artificial forest. At the end, the basic methods of main ecological efficiencies of artificial forest are expatiated.

水电工程生态效益评价指标体系研究

针对水电工程生态效益内涵模糊、生态效益价值难以量化等问题,以三峡工程为例,梳理现有生态效益研究,界定了水电工程生态效益内涵。基于河流生态系统服务功能,从供给服务功能、支持服务功能、调节服务功能、文化服务功能4个方面提出水电工程生态效益评价框架,构建水电工程生态效益评价指标体系。收集相关数据,针对不同效益指标进行定量分析,采取影子价格法等方法将其转换成可量化的经济价值数据。结果表明,三峡工程供给服务功能效益价值为1 047.83亿元,支持服务功能效益价值为200.74亿元,调节服务功能效益价值为833.8亿元,文化服务功能效益价值为195.56亿元,共计2 277.93亿元。研究结果可为长江流域建立生态产品价值实现机制,完善市场化、多元化生态补偿,提供技术支持。

庄浪河流域生态保护重要性评价

【目的】识别庄浪河流域生态保护重要性的等级及其空间分布,为实现国土空间规划、生态保护和高质量发展提供依据。【方法】采用简化模型法与NPP定量指标法,完成流域生态系统综合服务功能重要性和生态环境综合敏感性评价,形成不同重要性等级分区。【结果】庄浪河流域生态保护极重要区占总面积的52.56%,集中分布在流域上游生态极重要区和流域下游生态极敏感区,区内土地利用类型以草地为主;生态系统综合服务功能以生物多样性和水土保持为主导;生态敏感性类型以极敏感为主,土地沙化是主要的生态问题。【结论】庄浪河流域的生态敏感性极高,生态综合服务功能极重要,土地利用类型与生态重要性、生态敏感性的空间分布基本一致;国土空间优化的主要方向为耕地、建设用地从生态保护极重要区有序退出;生态修复的重点在于避免土地利用引起的土地沙化和提高水源涵养能力。

Research on Evaluation of Forest Ecological Benefit

Forests create three major benefits, i.e. economic, ecological and social benefits. Evaluation onforest ecological benefits is an important issue to study nowadays, which can provide the scientific basis forreasonable allocation of resources and realization of forestry compensation. This paper is focused on theconception of forest ecological benefits, the current research on evaluation of forest ecological benefits athome and abroad, and research methods adopted and theoretical basis with the following 7 aspects involved:water head protection, soil and water conservation, wind prevention and sand fixing, carbon fixing and oxygenproduction, atmosphere purification, forest recreation and biodiversity conservation. Problems existing incurrent studies are also presented, such as rationality of replacement, compatibility of the outcomes, repetitionof calculation, comprehensiveness of evaluation and affection of subjective factors, and so on. In the end,suggestions for future studies on evaluation of forest ecological benefits are offered.

特定模型与GIS结合的生态系统服务功能评价及分区研究——以黔北芙蓉江流域绥正道地区为例

黔北芙蓉江流域绥(阳)正(安)道(真)地区是以“三区四带”为核心的全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体布局中长江重点生态区的重要组成部分,是长江上游重要的生态安全屏障,对其开展生态系统服务功能评价及生态功能区划是区域生态系统全要素一体化保护和系统治理的重要基础。本研究基于水量平衡方程模型、RUSLE模型及NPP模型并与GIS结合,建立了区域生态系统服务功能评价与分区体系,在识别现有状态的基础上规划未来,使其各区域能更好的承担相应生态系统服务功能。研究结果显示:研究区生态系统服务功能重要性中等以上的面积为5166.11 km^(2),占区域总面积的70.85%。研究区生态系统服务功能重要性整体较高,主要分布在道真县西部、北部和中部,正安县中部及绥阳县北部等区域。在指标提取与遥感解译的基础上依据生态调节功能、产品提供功能及人居保障功能对区域生态功能进行分区。针对各类生态功能区的主要生态问题,提出了生态保护方向与限制、禁止措施,并划分出6个重要生态功能区作为区域保护修复的重点区,为区域山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理等生态保护修复工程提供重点靶区与实施路径参考。

残塬沟壑区苹果园生态服务功能综合评价研究

为评价黄土高原残塬沟壑区典型林果经济林生态系统服务功能综合服务状况,以陕西省永寿县苹果园为研究对象,采用专家咨询、频度分析等方法构建了包含涵养水源、抗侵蚀性等10个方面17个生态服务指标评价体系,并应用层次分析法和模糊评价法构建生态系统服务综合评价模型,对苹果园生态系统服务功能进行综合评价。评价可得,生态功能、生活功能和生产功能权重分别为0.6753、0.0715、0.2532,生态功能和生产功能是影响果园生态系统服务状况的关键因素。度隶属度评价矩阵表明,林田灌水量、土壤侵蚀强度、Shannon-Wiener指数和苹果产是影响果园生态功能服务状况主要影响因子。残塬沟壑区苹果园生态系统服务功能综合评价指数0.5535,评价结果为Ⅲ等级。主要原因是人为干扰所致,导致林田施肥量过高,不合理经营导致土壤养分较低,根系土壤层含水率低,林分结构单一负离子浓度较低,导致了隶属度评价值较低。研究结果为残塬沟壑区林果经济林生态服务功能评价和可持续利用提供数据支持。

高山草甸生态系统修复单元划定研究——以达日县为例

受高海拔和高原气候的影响,高寒草甸极易发生退化,且草地生态系统对水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、生物多样性等生态系统服务功能有重要影响,在保障区域生态安全格局和响应全球气候变化等方面发挥着重要的作用。达日县具有典型的高寒草甸生态系统,本研究基于达日2015-2020年草地生态监测数据、遥感影像数据、大气监测数据、土壤监测等数据,运用遥感解译、空间分析、水量平衡方程、土壤流失方程、修成风蚀方程、INVEST模型等方法,分析草地退化,评价草地生态系统服务功能,划分主导生态功能分区,对生态修复单元划定进行研究,结果显示,(1)达日生态主导功能以水源涵养和生物多样性及土壤保持为主;(2)中重度退化草地近草地总面积的40%;(3)共划分7个生态修复单元:夏曲流域草地退化修复单元、昂苍曲流域草地退化修复单元、吉迈河流域草地退化修复单元、黄河沿岸草地退化修复单元、达日河流域综合修复单元、柯曲流域综合修复单元、尼曲流域草地退化修复单元。研究结果将为高寒草甸退化地区生态修复提供方向。

Construction and Management of Public Welfare Forest in Hainan Province

Through investigating ecological service functions of public welfare forest in Hainan Province, this paper explored type constitution and problems of its ecological service functional value, optimization of its scale and layout, promoted effective protection and benign development, and proposed strategies for the construction and management of public welfare forest in Hainan Province.

普达措国家公园森林生态系统服务价值评估与分析

采用相应的评估标准、指标和方法,对云南普达措国家公园森林生态系统服务价值进行评估,结果其总价值为55.8315亿元/a,平均价值11.55万元/(hm^(2)·a),高于云南省和全国森林的平均水平。按评估项目价值从大到小排列,分别为生物多样性保护价值,占比38.92%,保育土壤,占比38.17%,涵养水源,占比7.61%,森林游憩,占比5.89%,净化大气环境,占比4.39%,固碳释氧,占比3.49%,社区发展,占比1.33%,积累营养物质,占比0.20%。说明该公园在生物多样性保护、保育土壤及水源涵养等方面具有重要作用。

碳中和战略下林业碳汇引入生态修复司法之效能探究

2022年以来,部分法院接力推动林业碳汇引入生态修复司法的进程,并最终得到司法解释的认可,形成了林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案。林业碳汇交易系实现碳达峰、碳中和的重要路径,生态环境司法也提出要服务碳达峰、碳中和的实现。在此背景下,分析该方案的实践样态,探查林业碳汇引入生态修复司法的现实需求、原有制度的缺陷以及引入基础,揭示林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案的潜在效能,特别是其对碳达峰、碳中和战略的重要意义,从而尝试给出加速林业碳汇法律化进程,明确林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案的属性及实用领域等针对性优化建议。

基于文献计量法的国内堤防生态服务功能评价研究

为了解国内堤防生态服务功能评价研究热点及进展,通过检索中国知网、维普期刊服务平台、万方数据知识服务平台等数据库收录的相关文献,使用文献管理软件Endnote X9对文献进行剔重处理,借助VOSviewer 1.6.18可视化功能进行文献计量分析,绘制关键词聚类、时序图谱,并结合国内堤防建设情况与发文量数据基于Excel软件进行灰色关联度分析。结果表明:1)堤防生态服务功能评价的主要方法为层次分析法;2)堤防生态服务功能评价的内容可划分为防洪安全、生态环境、生态景观及堤防管理;3)堤防生态服务功能评价领域的研究仍待完善。本研究从评价方法、内容方面对国内堤防生态服务功能评价领域进行客观分析,可为该领域未来发展趋势提供思路。