Taking the changes of construction land in Wan’an County over the years as the research object,the quantity and spatial characteristics of construction land in Wan’an County were analyzed,and the overall situation a...Taking the changes of construction land in Wan’an County over the years as the research object,the quantity and spatial characteristics of construction land in Wan’an County were analyzed,and the overall situation and regional differences of construction land utilization in Wan’an County were revealed.From the aspects of main influencing factors such as land use structure,land use intensity,land input intensity and output benefit,an evaluation indicator system was established to evaluate the economical and intensive use level of construction land in Wan’an County.The results show that the score of the economical and intensive use level of construction land in Wan’an County was 56.92,which was the lowest among all the districts and counties in Ji’an City.Based on the evaluation results,the corresponding economizing and intensive strategies were put forward,and the safeguard measures for its implementation were explored.The purpose is to provide some support for the preparation of territorial spatial planning,the delineation of urban development boundaries,and the potential exploitation of construction land stock,hoping to improve the utilization efficiency and benefit of construction land in Wan’an County,and promote the economic growth of Wan’an County to the stage of high-quality development.展开更多
The establishment of evaluation index system is the key to the evaluation of intensive land use.On the basis of expounding connotation,characteristics and the principle of establishing evaluation index system,and as f...The establishment of evaluation index system is the key to the evaluation of intensive land use.On the basis of expounding connotation,characteristics and the principle of establishing evaluation index system,and as for the problems existing in Evaluation Regulation(Trial)of Intensive Land Use in Development Area,regarding the evaluation index system of intensive land use in the development area,in the light of the connotation of intensive land use in development area,coupled with the practical situation of the land use in China's development area,after referring to the research achievements of domestic and abroad scholars,some suggestions are put forward in order to improve and perfect the evaluation index system of intensive land us in development area.展开更多
In this paper, the artificial neural network(ANN) model was used to evaluate the degree of intensive urban land use in Nanjing City, China. The construction and application of the ANN model took into account the compr...In this paper, the artificial neural network(ANN) model was used to evaluate the degree of intensive urban land use in Nanjing City, China. The construction and application of the ANN model took into account the comprehensive, spatial and complex nature of urban land use. Through a preliminary calculation of the degree of intensive land use of the sample area, representative sample area selection and using the back propagation neural network model to train, the intensive land use level of each evaluation unit is finally determined in the study area. Results show that the method can effectively correct the errors caused by the limitations of the model itself and the determination of the ideal value and weights when the multifactor comprehensive evaluation is used alone. The ANN model can make the evaluation results more objective and practical. The evaluation results show a tendency of decreasing land use intensity from the core urban area to the periphery and the industrial functional area has relatively low land use intensity compared with other functional areas. Based on the evaluation results, some suggestions are put forward, such as transforming the mode of urban spatial expansion, strengthening the integration and potential exploitation of the land in the urban built-up area, and strengthening the control of the construction intensity of protected areas.展开更多
Using spatial data integration and database technology,analyzing and integrating the assessment results in all the development zones at different time in Hunan Province,the paper is intended to construct the database ...Using spatial data integration and database technology,analyzing and integrating the assessment results in all the development zones at different time in Hunan Province,the paper is intended to construct the database and managerial system for the assessment results of land use intensity in development zones,thus formulating"one map"of Hunan Development zones and realizing the integrated management and application of the assessment results in all the development zones at any time of Hunan above the provincial level.It has been proved that the system has good application effect and promising development in land management for land management departments and development zones.展开更多
Low carbon intensive use of urban land is an important trend to achieve regional high quality development.In this study,with Kaifeng municipal district as an example,the catastrophe progression model was used to estim...Low carbon intensive use of urban land is an important trend to achieve regional high quality development.In this study,with Kaifeng municipal district as an example,the catastrophe progression model was used to estimate and analyze the low-carbon intensive use level of urban land in Kaifeng City from 2011 to 2020,and the obstacle factors in the process of low-carbon intensive land use in Kaifeng City were revealed by using the obstacle degree model.The results showed that during the study period,the low-carbon intensive use of land in Kaifeng City showed a slow,fluctuating and declining trend,and the overall situation was in a generally intensive state.The land input level and land output level were on the rise,while the low-carbon level of land and the degree of land use were on the decline.Currently,the main obstacle factors restricting the low-carbon intensive use of land in Kaifeng City were the carbon structure coefficient of land use,energy consumption per square kilometer,carbon emissions per square kilometer,carbon emissions per capita,and non-agricultural land use efficiency.In the future,it is necessary to further improve the land use structure and promote the high-quality development of Kaifeng City.展开更多
Based on the subdivision of industrial land in Chizhou Economic and Technological Development Zone,this paper builds the evaluation indicator system for the economical and intensive use of industrial land in the devel...Based on the subdivision of industrial land in Chizhou Economic and Technological Development Zone,this paper builds the evaluation indicator system for the economical and intensive use of industrial land in the development zone,to analyze the current situation of economical and intensive use of industrial land. The results show that the levels of economical and intensive use of industrial land vary in the development zone; the factors affecting the intensive degree of various industries also vary; the industry in Chizhou Economic and Technological Development Zone is still in the transition phase from inefficient use to low level of use to intensive use.展开更多
We establish the unsafe state indicator system reflecting the unsafe state of arable land within the scope of the city. Using analytic hierarchy process and entropy method,we determine the weight of indicator; using l...We establish the unsafe state indicator system reflecting the unsafe state of arable land within the scope of the city. Using analytic hierarchy process and entropy method,we determine the weight of indicator; using linear weighted method,we conduct comprehensive evaluation of unsafe operation of arable land resource system in Chengdu City during the period 1999-2010. Through the unsafe state analysis,we draw the following conclusion: the share of arable land area in total land area,effective irrigation area,the area of low-yielding field,application rate of chemical fertilizer per unit area of arable land,and application rate of pesticide per unit area of arable land,are the key factors for easing the unsafe state in the short term. Finally we put forth the following recommendations: strengthening profound understanding of the seriousness of unsafe state of arable land; strengthening the basic arable land protection; continuing to tap the quality enhancement potential of arable land; consistently implementing the guideline and policy of " Combination of Use and Maintenance" .展开更多
Based on the gist of anti-planning,evaluation standards and methods of intensive land utilization were re-examined according to the inverse planning procedures.Significant role of compulsory non-development zone(simil...Based on the gist of anti-planning,evaluation standards and methods of intensive land utilization were re-examined according to the inverse planning procedures.Significant role of compulsory non-development zone(similar to the traditional"non-construction land")among the planning fruits in the intensive utilization of urban land resources and relevant index weights in the evaluation system were re-weighed.In land evaluation,relevant control indexes of compulsory non-development zone were first calculated and evaluated,healthy and sustainable development coefficients of land were obtained and regarded as the core content of the whole evaluation system.展开更多
The land quality geochemical evaluation database was mainly based on soil geochemical surveys.During its construction process,geochemical survey data involving atmospheric dry(wet)sediments,irrigation water,fertilizer...The land quality geochemical evaluation database was mainly based on soil geochemical surveys.During its construction process,geochemical survey data involving atmospheric dry(wet)sediments,irrigation water,fertilizers and crops was simultaneously collected,analyzed and compiled into result maps using MAPGIS.ACCESS was used to manage standardized result data to establish an evaluation database.The database included a basic spatial database involving regional geography,topography,soil type and land use,a spatial evaluation database centered on the sampling layout of the work areas of soil,irrigation water,crops and other media,the distribution and changes of soil chemical elements,the classification of soil pollution and the classification of soil element environment and nutrients,and an evaluation database of various result maps such as land planning map,characteristic agricultural product planting plan suggestion map and fertilization suggestion map.The database realized the scientific and effective management of the samples and corresponding numerous laboratory analysis data,and provides basic information for the geochemical survey and evaluation of the land quality in the evaluation areas and the overall comprehensive research,and an important basis for promoting the adjustment of agricultural economic planning,the development of modern green agriculture and the development and utilization of high-quality characteristic land resources.展开更多
Through the matching relationship between land use types and carbon emission items, this paper estimated carbon emissions of different land use types in Nanjing City, China and analyzed the influencing factors of carb...Through the matching relationship between land use types and carbon emission items, this paper estimated carbon emissions of different land use types in Nanjing City, China and analyzed the influencing factors of carbon emissions by Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) model. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Total anthropogenic carbon emission of Nanjing increased from 1.22928 ×10^7 t in 2000 to 3.06939 × 10^7 t in 2009, in which the carbon emission of Inhabitation, mining & manufacturing land accounted for 93% of the total. 2) The average land use carbon emission intensity of Nanjing in 2009 was 46.63 t/ha, in which carbon emission intensity of Inhabitation, mining & manufacturing land was the highest(200.52 t/ha), which was much higher than that of other land use types. 3) The average carbon source intensity in Nanjing was 16 times of the average carbon sink intensity(2.83 t/ha) in 2009, indicating that Nanjing was confronted with serious carbon deficit and huge carbon cycle pressure. 4) Land use area per unit GDP was an inhibitory factor for the increase of carbon emissions, while the other factors were all contributing factors. 5) Carbon emission effect evaluation should be introduced into land use activities to formulate low-carbon land use strategies in regional development.展开更多
Taking Chongqing as example, the paper ascertains the influencing factors of cultivation land intensive use from aspects of land conditions, family conditions and land operation conditions and theoretically expects th...Taking Chongqing as example, the paper ascertains the influencing factors of cultivation land intensive use from aspects of land conditions, family conditions and land operation conditions and theoretically expects the influencing relations of factors to the intensive uses. Collecting the land conditions, family conditions and land operation conditions through surveys, analyzes each influencing factors in a statistical description way. Constructing the empirical model, calculates the relations of land intensive use to the influencing factors with SPSS. The calculation results show a significant inverse correlation between land intensive use and land area, the space between land and counties, family members, the number of migrant workers, types of cultivation land, land transfer conditions. There is a significant positive correlation between land use and family average income, land investment. Based on these, the paper puts forwards corresponding suggestions and countermeasures of highlighting the land intensive using levels.展开更多
This paper first analyzes the current situation of land use in Ma'anshan City,and points out some problems in Ma'anshan's construction land use such as obvious contradiction between supply and demand,irrat...This paper first analyzes the current situation of land use in Ma'anshan City,and points out some problems in Ma'anshan's construction land use such as obvious contradiction between supply and demand,irrational land supply,and low level of economical and intensive land use. Then it summarizes Ma'anshan's practice in intensively using land and tapping land potential,and finally brings forward the relevant recommendations.展开更多
Land degradation is one of the serious environmental problems that can lead to poverty, and is especially prominent in eco-fragile areas in developing countries and increases the risk of environmental safety. North He...Land degradation is one of the serious environmental problems that can lead to poverty, and is especially prominent in eco-fragile areas in developing countries and increases the risk of environmental safety. North Hebei Province belongs to an ecologically fragile region in North China, which has great impact on the eco-safety of Beijing and Tianjin. Using Landsat TM data and GIS, this paper evaluates land degradation in North Hebei province of China from the the 1960′s to 1987 and 2000. Land use/cover change pattern from 1987 to 2000, its regional difference and forest change characteristics will also be analyzed; soil erosion intensity and arable land suitability were also evaluated. Results revealed that land use/cover pattern in this study area did not change greatly from 1987 to 2000. The structure and function of regional land ecosystem was at a level of local improvement and integral deterioration. Land above medium soil erosion intensity reached 21 percent, which was also the area with a serious soil erosion and land degradation problem. Soil erosion and land degradation intensity of grassland was the biggest. For the present arable land, the proportion of high suitability was 13 percent.展开更多
In this study, the interdependency is presented between the characteristics of the buildings and the relative economic value, in order to plan economic policies and preconditions for improving the quality of the Europ...In this study, the interdependency is presented between the characteristics of the buildings and the relative economic value, in order to plan economic policies and preconditions for improving the quality of the European buildings heritage through access, by an holistic approach, to the necessary f'mancial resources. The economic value of a real estate asset is closely connected to the construction features and their performance over time (lifecycle). Safer, more comfortable and productive buildings for inhabitants are at the same time more operationally efficient and economically convenient for the owners. Solidity characteristics and static resistance to earthquakes, eco-efficiency and other constructive qualities of the building will provide benefits in the long term, and they are directly related the LCC (life cycle cost) including specific construction and/or maintenance costs. Moreover, these characteristics have an impact on the "market value" and on the "mortgage lending value" of properties, as well as on the possibility of financing the purchase through access to more affordable mortgages, and to make really feasible conversions even in the absence of public financial resources. This study introduces a new approach for conversions involving whole buildings or city areas. This research identifies the economic sustainability of a project by combining principles and suitable methodologies, together with performance and other characteristics. These aspects constitute the essential prerequisite for obtaining mortgages from banks and/or financial resources from international investors.展开更多
文摘Taking the changes of construction land in Wan’an County over the years as the research object,the quantity and spatial characteristics of construction land in Wan’an County were analyzed,and the overall situation and regional differences of construction land utilization in Wan’an County were revealed.From the aspects of main influencing factors such as land use structure,land use intensity,land input intensity and output benefit,an evaluation indicator system was established to evaluate the economical and intensive use level of construction land in Wan’an County.The results show that the score of the economical and intensive use level of construction land in Wan’an County was 56.92,which was the lowest among all the districts and counties in Ji’an City.Based on the evaluation results,the corresponding economizing and intensive strategies were put forward,and the safeguard measures for its implementation were explored.The purpose is to provide some support for the preparation of territorial spatial planning,the delineation of urban development boundaries,and the potential exploitation of construction land stock,hoping to improve the utilization efficiency and benefit of construction land in Wan’an County,and promote the economic growth of Wan’an County to the stage of high-quality development.
文摘The establishment of evaluation index system is the key to the evaluation of intensive land use.On the basis of expounding connotation,characteristics and the principle of establishing evaluation index system,and as for the problems existing in Evaluation Regulation(Trial)of Intensive Land Use in Development Area,regarding the evaluation index system of intensive land use in the development area,in the light of the connotation of intensive land use in development area,coupled with the practical situation of the land use in China's development area,after referring to the research achievements of domestic and abroad scholars,some suggestions are put forward in order to improve and perfect the evaluation index system of intensive land us in development area.
基金Under the auspices of Special Financial Grant and General Financial Grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2015T80127,2014M561040)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41371172,41401171,41471143)A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(No.164320H101)
文摘In this paper, the artificial neural network(ANN) model was used to evaluate the degree of intensive urban land use in Nanjing City, China. The construction and application of the ANN model took into account the comprehensive, spatial and complex nature of urban land use. Through a preliminary calculation of the degree of intensive land use of the sample area, representative sample area selection and using the back propagation neural network model to train, the intensive land use level of each evaluation unit is finally determined in the study area. Results show that the method can effectively correct the errors caused by the limitations of the model itself and the determination of the ideal value and weights when the multifactor comprehensive evaluation is used alone. The ANN model can make the evaluation results more objective and practical. The evaluation results show a tendency of decreasing land use intensity from the core urban area to the periphery and the industrial functional area has relatively low land use intensity compared with other functional areas. Based on the evaluation results, some suggestions are put forward, such as transforming the mode of urban spatial expansion, strengthening the integration and potential exploitation of the land in the urban built-up area, and strengthening the control of the construction intensity of protected areas.
文摘Using spatial data integration and database technology,analyzing and integrating the assessment results in all the development zones at different time in Hunan Province,the paper is intended to construct the database and managerial system for the assessment results of land use intensity in development zones,thus formulating"one map"of Hunan Development zones and realizing the integrated management and application of the assessment results in all the development zones at any time of Hunan above the provincial level.It has been proved that the system has good application effect and promising development in land management for land management departments and development zones.
基金Basic Scientific Research Business Expense Project of Scientific Research and Development of Henan Academy of Sciences(210601043).
文摘Low carbon intensive use of urban land is an important trend to achieve regional high quality development.In this study,with Kaifeng municipal district as an example,the catastrophe progression model was used to estimate and analyze the low-carbon intensive use level of urban land in Kaifeng City from 2011 to 2020,and the obstacle factors in the process of low-carbon intensive land use in Kaifeng City were revealed by using the obstacle degree model.The results showed that during the study period,the low-carbon intensive use of land in Kaifeng City showed a slow,fluctuating and declining trend,and the overall situation was in a generally intensive state.The land input level and land output level were on the rise,while the low-carbon level of land and the degree of land use were on the decline.Currently,the main obstacle factors restricting the low-carbon intensive use of land in Kaifeng City were the carbon structure coefficient of land use,energy consumption per square kilometer,carbon emissions per square kilometer,carbon emissions per capita,and non-agricultural land use efficiency.In the future,it is necessary to further improve the land use structure and promote the high-quality development of Kaifeng City.
基金Supported by Special Research Fund for the Nonprofit Industry of the Ministry of Land and Resources(201111010)
文摘Based on the subdivision of industrial land in Chizhou Economic and Technological Development Zone,this paper builds the evaluation indicator system for the economical and intensive use of industrial land in the development zone,to analyze the current situation of economical and intensive use of industrial land. The results show that the levels of economical and intensive use of industrial land vary in the development zone; the factors affecting the intensive degree of various industries also vary; the industry in Chizhou Economic and Technological Development Zone is still in the transition phase from inefficient use to low level of use to intensive use.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program(2006BAJ05A132007BAD89B15)
文摘We establish the unsafe state indicator system reflecting the unsafe state of arable land within the scope of the city. Using analytic hierarchy process and entropy method,we determine the weight of indicator; using linear weighted method,we conduct comprehensive evaluation of unsafe operation of arable land resource system in Chengdu City during the period 1999-2010. Through the unsafe state analysis,we draw the following conclusion: the share of arable land area in total land area,effective irrigation area,the area of low-yielding field,application rate of chemical fertilizer per unit area of arable land,and application rate of pesticide per unit area of arable land,are the key factors for easing the unsafe state in the short term. Finally we put forth the following recommendations: strengthening profound understanding of the seriousness of unsafe state of arable land; strengthening the basic arable land protection; continuing to tap the quality enhancement potential of arable land; consistently implementing the guideline and policy of " Combination of Use and Maintenance" .
文摘Based on the gist of anti-planning,evaluation standards and methods of intensive land utilization were re-examined according to the inverse planning procedures.Significant role of compulsory non-development zone(similar to the traditional"non-construction land")among the planning fruits in the intensive utilization of urban land resources and relevant index weights in the evaluation system were re-weighed.In land evaluation,relevant control indexes of compulsory non-development zone were first calculated and evaluated,healthy and sustainable development coefficients of land were obtained and regarded as the core content of the whole evaluation system.
基金Supported Sub-project of"Land Quality Geochemical Survey of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei-Lugeng Area"Project of Tianjin Geological Survey Center of China Geological Survey(DD20160325-03).
文摘The land quality geochemical evaluation database was mainly based on soil geochemical surveys.During its construction process,geochemical survey data involving atmospheric dry(wet)sediments,irrigation water,fertilizers and crops was simultaneously collected,analyzed and compiled into result maps using MAPGIS.ACCESS was used to manage standardized result data to establish an evaluation database.The database included a basic spatial database involving regional geography,topography,soil type and land use,a spatial evaluation database centered on the sampling layout of the work areas of soil,irrigation water,crops and other media,the distribution and changes of soil chemical elements,the classification of soil pollution and the classification of soil element environment and nutrients,and an evaluation database of various result maps such as land planning map,characteristic agricultural product planting plan suggestion map and fertilization suggestion map.The database realized the scientific and effective management of the samples and corresponding numerous laboratory analysis data,and provides basic information for the geochemical survey and evaluation of the land quality in the evaluation areas and the overall comprehensive research,and an important basis for promoting the adjustment of agricultural economic planning,the development of modern green agriculture and the development and utilization of high-quality characteristic land resources.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41301633)National Social Science Foundation of China(No.10ZD&030)+1 种基金Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(No.2012M511243,2013T60518)Clean Development Mechanism Foundation of China(No.1214073,2012065)
文摘Through the matching relationship between land use types and carbon emission items, this paper estimated carbon emissions of different land use types in Nanjing City, China and analyzed the influencing factors of carbon emissions by Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI) model. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Total anthropogenic carbon emission of Nanjing increased from 1.22928 ×10^7 t in 2000 to 3.06939 × 10^7 t in 2009, in which the carbon emission of Inhabitation, mining & manufacturing land accounted for 93% of the total. 2) The average land use carbon emission intensity of Nanjing in 2009 was 46.63 t/ha, in which carbon emission intensity of Inhabitation, mining & manufacturing land was the highest(200.52 t/ha), which was much higher than that of other land use types. 3) The average carbon source intensity in Nanjing was 16 times of the average carbon sink intensity(2.83 t/ha) in 2009, indicating that Nanjing was confronted with serious carbon deficit and huge carbon cycle pressure. 4) Land use area per unit GDP was an inhibitory factor for the increase of carbon emissions, while the other factors were all contributing factors. 5) Carbon emission effect evaluation should be introduced into land use activities to formulate low-carbon land use strategies in regional development.
基金Supported by Youth Fund of Chongqing Municipal Association of Social Sciences ( 2007-JJ26)
文摘Taking Chongqing as example, the paper ascertains the influencing factors of cultivation land intensive use from aspects of land conditions, family conditions and land operation conditions and theoretically expects the influencing relations of factors to the intensive uses. Collecting the land conditions, family conditions and land operation conditions through surveys, analyzes each influencing factors in a statistical description way. Constructing the empirical model, calculates the relations of land intensive use to the influencing factors with SPSS. The calculation results show a significant inverse correlation between land intensive use and land area, the space between land and counties, family members, the number of migrant workers, types of cultivation land, land transfer conditions. There is a significant positive correlation between land use and family average income, land investment. Based on these, the paper puts forwards corresponding suggestions and countermeasures of highlighting the land intensive using levels.
基金Supported by Fund Project of Ma’anshan Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources:Analysis of Balance between Land Resources Supply and Demand in Ma’anshan City in 2015
文摘This paper first analyzes the current situation of land use in Ma'anshan City,and points out some problems in Ma'anshan's construction land use such as obvious contradiction between supply and demand,irrational land supply,and low level of economical and intensive land use. Then it summarizes Ma'anshan's practice in intensively using land and tapping land potential,and finally brings forward the relevant recommendations.
基金The authors would like to greatly thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40171001 and No.40571117)the grant of the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(approved # KZCX3-SW-338)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No:2003AA131170)which founded this research.
文摘Land degradation is one of the serious environmental problems that can lead to poverty, and is especially prominent in eco-fragile areas in developing countries and increases the risk of environmental safety. North Hebei Province belongs to an ecologically fragile region in North China, which has great impact on the eco-safety of Beijing and Tianjin. Using Landsat TM data and GIS, this paper evaluates land degradation in North Hebei province of China from the the 1960′s to 1987 and 2000. Land use/cover change pattern from 1987 to 2000, its regional difference and forest change characteristics will also be analyzed; soil erosion intensity and arable land suitability were also evaluated. Results revealed that land use/cover pattern in this study area did not change greatly from 1987 to 2000. The structure and function of regional land ecosystem was at a level of local improvement and integral deterioration. Land above medium soil erosion intensity reached 21 percent, which was also the area with a serious soil erosion and land degradation problem. Soil erosion and land degradation intensity of grassland was the biggest. For the present arable land, the proportion of high suitability was 13 percent.
文摘In this study, the interdependency is presented between the characteristics of the buildings and the relative economic value, in order to plan economic policies and preconditions for improving the quality of the European buildings heritage through access, by an holistic approach, to the necessary f'mancial resources. The economic value of a real estate asset is closely connected to the construction features and their performance over time (lifecycle). Safer, more comfortable and productive buildings for inhabitants are at the same time more operationally efficient and economically convenient for the owners. Solidity characteristics and static resistance to earthquakes, eco-efficiency and other constructive qualities of the building will provide benefits in the long term, and they are directly related the LCC (life cycle cost) including specific construction and/or maintenance costs. Moreover, these characteristics have an impact on the "market value" and on the "mortgage lending value" of properties, as well as on the possibility of financing the purchase through access to more affordable mortgages, and to make really feasible conversions even in the absence of public financial resources. This study introduces a new approach for conversions involving whole buildings or city areas. This research identifies the economic sustainability of a project by combining principles and suitable methodologies, together with performance and other characteristics. These aspects constitute the essential prerequisite for obtaining mortgages from banks and/or financial resources from international investors.