Application of Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) for Determination of Evaporation Losses in Reservoirs

This article adopts Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) for prediction of Evaporation Losses (EL) in reservoirs. LSSVM is firmly based on the theory of statistical learning, uses regression technique. The input of LSSVM model is Mean air temperature (T) (?C), Average wind speed (WS)(m/sec), Sunshine hours (SH)(hrs/day), and Mean relative humidity(RH)(%). LSSVM has been used to compute error barn of predicted data. An equation has been developed for the determination of EL. Sensitivity analysis has been also performed to investigate the importance of each of the input parameters. A comparative study has been presented between LSSVM and artificial neural network (ANN) models. This study shows that LSSVM is a powerful tool for determination EL in reservoirs.

Water Losses in Arid and Semi-Arid Zone:Evaporation, Evapotranspiration and Seepage

The primary purpose of this study was to assess water losses by evapotranspiration, evaporation and seepage in arid zone.Normally, evaporation and seepage are the main causes of water losses.For modeling water losses,a combination of Genetic Programming(GP),Penman-Monteith(PM) and Penman combination model for measurement of evapotranspiration,evaporation and seepage has been developed.The results were found to be varying depending on how the evaporation and seepage phenomena are modeled.These results show that that there is an improvement in reducing evapotranspiration,evaporation and seepage losses in arid and semi-arid region.

Evaluating the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment based on stable isotopes data

In order to cope with drought and water shortages,the working people in the arid areas of Northwest China have developed a drought-resistant planting method,namely,gravel-sand mulching,after long-term agricultural practices.To understand the effects of gravel-sand mulching on soil water evaporation,we selected Baifeng peach(Amygdalus persica L.)orchards in Northwest China as the experimental field in 2021.Based on continuously collected soil water stable isotopes data,we evaluated the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment using the line-conditioned excess(lc-excess)coupled Rayleigh fractionation model and Craig-Gordon model.The results show that the average soil water content in the plots with gravel-sand mulching is 1.86%higher than that without gravel-sand mulching.The monthly variation of the soil water content is smaller in the plots with gravel-sand mulching than that without gravel-sand mulching.Moreover,the average lc-excess value in the plots without gravel-sand mulching is smaller.In addition,the soil evaporation loss rate in the plots with gravel-sand mulching is lower than that in the plots without gravel-sand mulching.The lc-excess value was negative for both the plots with and without gravel-sand mulching,and it has good correlation with relative humidity,average temperature,input water content,and soil water content.The effect of gravel-sand mulching on soil evaporation is most prominent in August.Compared with the evaporation data of similar environments in the literature,the lc-excess coupled Rayleigh fractionation model is better.Stable isotopes evidence shows that gravel-sand mulching can effectively reduce soil water evaporation,which provides a theoretical basis for agricultural water management and optimization of water-saving methods in arid areas.

Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change by Reducing Evaporation Losses: Sediment Removal from the High Aswan Dam Reservoir

Scientists in Egypt are particularly interested in the sustainable management of water and land resources. Global climate change will have a dramatic impact on the Egyptian water and land resources as well as its coastline and agriculture. Egypt is likely to become one of the most vulnerable countries in the world in the next several decades. Many climate scenarios predict that climate change will severely affect rainfall in the Nile basin and the flow of the Nile River in general and the High Aswan Dam Reservoir (HADR) in particular. Global warming and the higher temperatures will lead to higher evaporation rates, which, in turn, will result in less water availability at the HADR. Egypt’s Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation predicts that the evaporation losses will, compared to the mean annual evaporation rates for the last 30 years, be approximately 3% to 10% higher by the year 2100. Since the construction of the High Aswan Dam fifty years ago, high sediment loads are a tremendous problem. 6.6 Billion Cubic Meter (km3) of sediments were deposited in the HADR during this period. The sediment has raised the lakebed level as well as the water level and caused a larger surface area. These developments have decreased the storage capacity of HADR and have increased the evaporation rate. The presented paper investigates the impact of lowering the lakebed by removing sediments from the HADR with a distinct emphasis on evaporation losses. A digital elevation model for the HADR was developed to describe the hydrological characteristics and to assess the consequences of removing sediment deposits. The results show that the removal of sediments will reduce evaporation losses by about 1.1 km3 projected for 2100, which represents 6.5% of the total projected evaporation losses.

Influence of Wind Deviation Angle on n-Hexane Evaporation Loss of Internal Floating-Roof Tanks

With the increasing attention to environmental protection,it is still necessary to strictly control the oil evaporation loss from the IFRT(internal floating-roof tank)to the atmosphere.Upon using n-hexane as a representative of light oil,the effects of the WDAs(wind deviation angles)on airflow distribution,the wind speed,the n-hexane vapor concentration,and the evaporation loss rate in the IFRT were investigated,and the mass transfer of the vapor-air was analyzed.The results are shown as follows:when the WDA is 0°,the vapor concentration in the gas space above the floating deck is the lowest;when the WDA is 22.5°,the oil evaporation loss rate is the largest;when the WDA is 45°,the vapor concentration is the highest,but the evaporation loss rate is the smallest.It is recommended to arrange the vent to the wind direction with an angle of 45°to reduce the evaporation loss and protect the atmospheric environment.

Estimation of evaporation losses based on stable isotopes of stream water in a mountain watershed

Water stable isotopes(δ^(2) H andδ^(18)O)can record surface water evaporation,which is an important hydrological process for understanding watershed structure and function evolution.However,the isotopic estimation of water evaporation losses in the mountain watersheds remains poorly explored,which hinders understanding spatial variations of hydrological processes and their relationships with the temperature and vegetation.Here we investigatedδ^(2) H,δ^(18)O,and d-excess values of stream water along an altitude gradient of 2130 to 3380 m in Guan’egou mountain watershed at the east edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China.The meanδ^(2) H(-69.6‰±2.6‰),δ^(18)O(-10.7‰±0.3‰),and dexcess values(16.0‰±1.4‰)of stream water indicate the inland moisture as the major source of precipitation in study area.Water stable isotopes increase linearly with decreasing altitudes,based on which we estimated the fractions of water evaporation losses along with the altitude and their variations in different vegetations.This study provides an isotopic evaluation method of water evaporation status in mountain watersheds,the results are useful for further understanding the relationship between hydrological processes and ecosystem function under the changing climate surrounding the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Metabolic rate and evaporative water loss in the silky starling （Sturnus sericeus）

To better understand the physiological characteristics of the silky starling（Sturnus sericeus）, its body temperature（Tb）, basal metabolic rate（BMR）, evaporative water loss（EWL） and thermal conductance（C） elicited by different ambient temperatures（Ta）（5-30 ℃） were determined in the present study. Our results showed that they have a high Tb（41.6±0.1 ℃）, a wide thermal neutral zone（TNZ）（20-27.5 ℃） and a relatively low BMR within the TNZ（3.37±0.17 mL O2/g·h）. The EWL was nearly stable below the TNZ（0.91±0.07 mg H2O/g·h） but increased remarkably within and above the TNZ. The C was constant below the TNZ, with a minimum value of 0.14±0.01 mL O2/g·h·℃. These findings indicate that the BMR, Tb and EWL of the silky starling were all affected by Ta, especially when Ta was below 20℃ and the EWL plays an important role in thermal regulation.

The stoichiometric approach in determining total evaporative water loss and the relationship between evaporative and non-evaporative heat loss in two resting bird species: passerine and non-passerine

Background: Evaporation is of significant ecological interest.Evaporation from an animal always results in a decrease in the temperature of the surface from which the evaporation occurs.Therefore,evaporation is a one-way transfer which causes heat loss from the organism.Biological evaporation always involves the loss of water which is a vital resource for nearly all biochemical processes.Evaporation is loss of heat via loss of body mass.Methods: The simultaneous determination of energy expenditure and loss of body mass in resting birds allows us to estimate evaporative heat loss.This method includes direct measurements of the energetic equivalent of the loss of body mass as the ratio between heat production,determined by the rate of oxygen consumption and the loss of body mass at various ambient temperatures.Results: The data indicate that evaporation was minimal at lower critical temperature and that the rate of evaporation increased at lower or higher temperatures.Obtained results indicate that passerine and non-passerine species have the ability to change their non-evaporative heat conductance the same number of times(approximately fourfold),and that their abilities in this respect are similar.Conclusions: The novelty of the study resides in the stoichiometric approach to determination of total evaporative water loss.The analysis shows that determinations by stoichiometric approach of total evaporative water loss yielded the values,which fit into the confidence intervals of all equations from literatures.The basal metabolic rate and nonevaporative thermal conductance are fundamental parameters of energetics and determine the level of physiological organization of an endothermic animal.

Moisture Absorption, Mass Loss and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing in Transient Condition

The water vapour resistance of clothing ensembles is not as commonly determined as dry thermal insulation. The measurement techniques are more complicated and the measurement values differ among laboratories. Due to complicated moisture transfer process through clothing ensemble, the moisture absorbed and evaporated varies in transient and steady state phases depending on properties, thickness of clothing, and environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to measure moisture gain inside hygroscopic underwear, and hydrophobic and permeable outer wear as a function of time, to investigate mass loss from ＂skin＂ as well as from the manikin, to quantify evaporative heat loss and total heat loss from the manikin, and to determine water vaponr resistance of clothing. Manikin Tore was used by wearing wet ＂skin＂ to simulate sweating condition. Moisture content in the inner garment gain shows an exponential relation against time. Moisture in the outer permeable layer shows little gain. On the contrary, mass loss directly from the wet skin decreases exponentially. The mass loss from the manikin is relatively stable throughout three test phases. The evaporative heat loss is about 2/3 of the total heat loss from the sweating manikin. While measuring the evaporative resistance of clothing ensembles with hygroscopic inner garment and permeable outer garment, unlike to measure ensembles with impermeable outer layer, one hour measurement time is enough to get relatively stable results. The variation between the 1^rt hour and the 3^nd hour is less than 5%. The length of transient period and measurement time is dependent on the permeability, thickness of clothing ensembles and environmental conditions.

EVAPORATION BEHAVIOR OF COMPONENTS IN Ti-15-3 MELT DURING ISM PROCESS

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Effects of Turfgrass Thatch on Water Infiltration, Surface Runoff, and Evaporation

The development of a (layer of) thatch in turfgrass causes important changes to near-surface eco-hydrological processes. In this study, we investigated the effects of turfgrass thatch, specifically Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) on water infiltration, surface runoff, and soil moisture evaporation. The thatches were collected from the field for controlled experiments using packed soil columns under various rainfall conditions. Results indicated that the presence of thatch delayed the onset of infiltration compared with situations without a thatch at the soil surface. Infiltration was delayed for a longer period in thicker red fescue thatch than thinner Kentucky bluegrass thatch. The presence of a thatch reduced runoff by holding more water locally during the rainfall period and allowing a longer period of time for infiltration. Additionally, evaporative water loss was reduced with the presence of thatch than that of bare soil. Our results highlight that the presence of thatch changes the near-surface hydrological processes, which may help improve turf management practices in terms of thatch control and irrigation scheduling.

Modeling High Aswan Dam Reservoir Morphology Using Remote Sensing to Reduce Evaporation

Egypt is considered as an extremely arid country with annual rainfall under 200 mm within coastal zones. High Aswan Dam Reservoir (HADR) experiences high evaporation losses of 15 BCM/year on average. Meanwhile, the water demand is increasing due to rapid population growth. Hence, measurements must be taken to decrease its evaporation losses. This can be achieved through controlling evaporation losses from the shallow lagoons, locally known as khors. The first step in the control process is to model the lake morphology using topographic data. Topographic maps are available for the time span before the construction of the High Aswan DAM (HAD), but they have not been updated. Hence, this study utilized satellite imagery since 1984 to develop a digital elevation model (DEM) that simulated the lake surface area. Correlated water levels were gained from the assembled hydrological database of HADR. This paper reports on the different alternatives for reducing the evaporation losses of two large khors, Kalabsha and El-Alaky, and two small khors, Korosko and Sara. It shows that the developed DEM allows estimation of the different hydrological features of HADR and its khors and recommends some measures to eliminate these khors to save up to 3 BCM by 2100 according to global climate model scenarios.

东昆仑库木库里盆地典型湖泊水量蒸发损失估算

湖泊水量蒸发损失估算对于应对干旱区水资源短缺及湖泊生态环境保护具有重要意义。计算分析了过去20 a东昆仑库木库里盆地典型湖泊实际蒸散发(ET)的时空变化特征,并基于经验公式估算了湖泊蒸发损失水量,同时利用随机森林模型,识别了影响湖泊水量蒸发损失变化的潜在因子。研究发现:(1)2001-2020年东昆仑库木库里盆地的阿牙克库木湖、阿其克库勒湖和鲸鱼湖的年ET整体呈现先增加后减少又缓慢增加的波动下降趋势,波峰和波谷均分别出现在2004年和2012年左右,空间上表现为ET整体下降而湖泊边缘呈上升趋势。(2)3个典型湖泊的ET在年内呈倒U形变化,其中阿牙克库木湖的ET在6月达到峰值,其他2个湖泊的ET均在7月达到峰值。(3)2001-2020年3个典型湖泊的蒸发水量均呈不显著的增加趋势,其中阿牙克库木湖的蒸发水量最高,平均约为10.33×10^(8)m^(3)·a^(-1),阿其克库勒湖的蒸发水量次之(4.54×10^(8)m^(3)·a^(-1)),鲸鱼湖的蒸发水量最低(3.33×10^(8)m^(3)·a^(-1))。(4)结合随机森林模型分析显示,湖泊面积是影响湖泊蒸发水量的重要因素,经向风速、最高气温和降水的增加等因素也是驱动蒸发变化的重要原因,累计贡献率超过45%。

自然通风湿式冷却塔节水方案的数值研究

为降低自然通风湿式冷却塔的耗水量,本文采用一种可用于回收其蒸发损失的空气冷凝器结构,并通过数值模拟方法对其节水特性展开研究。首先基于空气运动控制方程和水蒸气冷凝模型,建立了用于分析空气冷凝器节水特性的数学模型,其次分析了冷却空气流速、空气冷凝器的结构尺寸和材质等因素对该冷凝器节水特性的影响。研究结果表明:空气冷凝器的单位面积节水量随着冷却空气流速以及冷凝器宽度的增大而增大,但随着冷凝器长度和高度的增大而减小;空气冷凝器的材质和壁厚对其单位面积节水量没有显著影响,空气冷凝器可采用重量轻和成本低的薄壁PVC来加工制造。

基于二层规划的玛纳斯河灌区山区-平原水库群联合调度

在水资源总量约束情况下,为缓解玛纳斯河灌区水资源供需矛盾,充分发挥流域内水库群的节水潜力,利用二层规划模型对山区-平原水库群进行联合优化调度.上层优化目标为水库群联调过程中的蒸发渗漏损失最小,模型对平原水库的引水规则和山区水库的调水规则进行优化,增加山区水库的蓄水机会;下层优化目标为灌区缺水指数最小,通过对各水库供水规则的优化,提高各子灌区的供水保证率.结果显示:山区-平原水库群联合调度减少了流域水库群的水量损失.采用优化引调水规则后,水库群多年平均蒸发渗漏损失水量可减少0.22×108m3,与现状水库群运行调度相比减少12.09%;山区-平原水库群联合调度提高了灌区供水保证率.优化供水规则的实行,在现状年和规划年水资源总量控制模拟中,各子灌区灌溉保证率分别提高了6.83%,7.37%,13.00%和17.02%,13.49%,12.97%.利用山区水库和平原水库的蒸发渗漏差异进行水库群联合调度可以达到发挥研究区域水库群节水效益的目的,基于二层规划的玛纳斯河灌区山区-平原水库群联合调度对发挥该研究区域水库群节水效益和提高水资源利用效率具有正向作用.

雾滴冷却对压气机边界层分离流动的影响研究

采用欧拉-拉格朗日坐标系对喷雾减温过程进行数值研究,研究喷雾条件下NASA stage 35的流场特性,以及雾滴冷却对边界层分离的影响,探究对边界层分离产生的黏性损失。结果表明,喷雾冷却使流场进口质量流量增加和温度降低。雾滴的蒸发使流体组份发生变化,流场的运动黏度增加,导致边界层分离延迟和边界层厚度变薄。在干空气条件下边界层在25%弦长发生分离。喷雾使边界层移动至29%弦长发生分离。尽管雾滴冷却下边界层分离产生的黏性损失增大,但是边界层分离延迟和变薄对叶型损失起主导作用,喷雾冷却工况下叶型损失减小3.68%。

基于最小二乘法的间冷开式循环水系统水量损失计算

某炼油厂循环水系统每天的计算水损失量与实际水损失量存在一定的偏差。针对该问题,对该套循环水系统水量损失的计算情况进行了校正。通过试验装置的水量损失数据与计算数据对比并利用最小二乘法进行拟合,拟合后的曲线最优区间变化斜率k控制在1.06~1.09且循环水最优区间变化截距b控制在14~19时,实际损失量与计算数值的偏差率可控制在5%以内;当k取值为1.07且b取值为15时,最大偏差率仅为4.77%,验证了该算法的可行性。

煤炭采制化过程全水分偏差来源及处理方法

煤的水分是重要的计质和计量指标。按水分损失机理,煤炭在采制化过程中的水分偏差来源包括破碎损失、蒸发损失和取样偏差。根据水分损失机理,提出了全水分偏差的处理方法:破碎损失和取样偏差应通过试验确定偏差值,对全水分结果进行补偿;蒸发损失应通过技术手段避免。按全水分偏差的处理方法在某项目进行实践,相比当前全水分偏差的处理方法,本文提出的全水分偏差处理方法全水分平均高0.7%。由于集样过程全水分偏差无法确定,全水分偏差处理方法优于当前全水分偏差处理方法。

艾司氯胺酮对腹腔镜减重手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 探讨艾司氯胺酮对腹腔镜减重手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响。方法 回顾性选取2021年2月—2023年1月在江苏省人民医院行腹腔镜减重手术的112例患者临床资料,根据麻醉诱导前不同干预方案将患者分为两组,每组56例。所有患者都给予全身麻醉,艾司氯胺酮组在麻醉诱导前使用艾司氯胺酮注射液,对照组在麻醉诱导前使用丙泊酚,比较两组疼痛评分、手术情况、苏醒期躁动评分。结果 艾司氯胺酮组的术后6 h视觉模拟评分法评分为(2.83±0.16)分,低于对照组的(4.32±0.21)分,差异有统计学意义(t=42.234,P<0.05)。艾司氯胺酮组与对照组手术时间对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。艾司氯胺酮组的术后拔管时间、术后停药到睁眼时间、术后苏醒时间、术后自主呼吸恢复时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。艾司氯胺酮组的术后苏醒期躁动评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 艾司氯胺酮在腹腔镜减重手术患者的应用能缓解疼痛,也可降低术后苏醒期躁动评分,有效预防苏醒期躁动的发生。

某企业合成树脂产线产污系数研究

结合实例对某企业乙烯基酯树脂生产线有机废气产污情况进行比对,方法包括系数法、实测法和公式法。系数法根据物料或产品产量及其产污系数计算工艺废气的VOCs产生量。实测法通过在正常工况下,对生产线废气排气筒进口进行监测获取污染物排放量数据,未检测特征污染物排放量。公式法参考美国EIIP文件,模拟化学过程,从而计算出不同污染物在投料、搅拌等不同阶段中产生的排放量。比对后,项目最终采用公式法进行产污量计算。