The evaporative cooling,which assists the refrigeration machinery air-conditioning systems test-rig,has been designed.Its structure and working principle were described,and the performance test was conducted and analy...The evaporative cooling,which assists the refrigeration machinery air-conditioning systems test-rig,has been designed.Its structure and working principle were described,and the performance test was conducted and analyzed.The test shows that making full use of the evaporative cooling "free cooling" in Spring and Autumn seasons can fully meet the requirements of air-conditioned comfort through the switch of the function in different seasons.Taking into account the evaporative cooling fan and pump energy consumption,compared with the traditional mechanical refrigeration system,more than 80 percent of energy can be saved,and the energy efficiency ratio of the Unit(EER)is as high as 7.63.Using the two stages of indirect evaporative cooling to pre-cool the new wind in summer,under the conditions of the same air supply temperature requirements,0.83 kg/s chilled water saved can be equivalent to the traditional mechanical refrigeration system,and when the new wind ratio up to 50 percent,more than 10 percent load was reduced in mechanical refrigeration system.The overall EER increased about 35 percent.展开更多
Greenhouse technology is an efficient and viable option, especially for the sustainable crop production in the regions of adverse climatic conditions. High summer temperature is one of the worst effects on greenhouse ...Greenhouse technology is an efficient and viable option, especially for the sustainable crop production in the regions of adverse climatic conditions. High summer temperature is one of the worst effects on greenhouse crop production throughout the year. The main purpose of this paper is to present some technologies and studies for greenhouse cooling in summer. In the paper, some applicable and practical cooling technologies have been discussed. The choice of efficient cooling method depends on many aspects, such as local climate, agronomic condition, design and covering materials. To achieve desirable benefits, the combination of different cooling methods is necessarily used. Analysis of earlier studies revealed that a naturally ventilated greenhouse with larger ventilation areas (15% - 30%), provided at the ridge and side covered with insect-proof nets of 20 - 40 mesh size with covering material properties of NIR (near infrared radiation) reflection during the day and FIR (far infrared radiation) reflection during night was suitable for greenhouse production throughout year in some special regions. Evaporation cooling is the most effective cooling method for controlling the temperature and humidity inside a greenhouse. However, its suitability is restricted to the respective region and climate when the humidity level is high. The entry of unwanted radiation or light can be controlled by the use of shading. Researches show that shade net application with different perforated mesh size and their evaluation with respect to local climate and region are necessary to get cooling benefits in summer.展开更多
A high-performance liquid chromatography analysis method with an evaporative light-scattering detector has been developed for the separation and quantitative analysis of free fatty acids in biological matrices. Core-s...A high-performance liquid chromatography analysis method with an evaporative light-scattering detector has been developed for the separation and quantitative analysis of free fatty acids in biological matrices. Core-shell reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation of 10 free fatty acids is achieved within 10.5 min using a methanol/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid) eluent gradient. After optimization, the drift tube and nebulization temperature of the evaporative light-scattering detector was set at 35°C, nitrogen flow-rate at 1.1 standard liter per minute and column temperature at 25°C. All calibration curves showed good regression (r2 > 0.9975). A validation procedure following the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines was implemented to certify the method. Relative standard deviations did not exceed 1.5% and 4.25% for repeatability and reproducibility respectively.展开更多
Evaporative cooling(EC)is an ancient technique that is usually suitable for hot and dry climatic conditions due to the potential of water vapor evaporation.In this study,three kinds of evaporative cooling systems such...Evaporative cooling(EC)is an ancient technique that is usually suitable for hot and dry climatic conditions due to the potential of water vapor evaporation.In this study,three kinds of evaporative cooling systems such as direct EC(DEC),indirect EC(IEC),and Maisotsenko cycle EC(MEC)were locally developed at lab-scale.The performance of the systems was evaluated and compared for agricultural storage and livestock air-conditioning application in Pakistan.The experiments were performed for climatic conditions of Multan city(Pakistan)and the data were collected for hourly and daily basis.According to the results,it was observed that the DEC system has the ability to reduce the temperature of ambient air to an average of 8.5℃.Whilst IEC and MEC systems were able to drop the temperature of ambient air to an average of 6.8℃and 8.9℃,respectively.As per the results,the DEC system remained behind to provide desired conditions for livestock and agricultural product storage applications due to excessive humidity.On the other hand,the IEC and MEC systems can achieve the desired conditions for livestock application,but could not provide feasible conditions for various fruits and vegetable storage.The study concludes that hybrid EC systems can be developed to provide desired conditions for a wide range of applications under varying climatic conditions.展开更多
基金Xi'an Polytechnic University Graduate Innovational Foundation(chx080608)
文摘The evaporative cooling,which assists the refrigeration machinery air-conditioning systems test-rig,has been designed.Its structure and working principle were described,and the performance test was conducted and analyzed.The test shows that making full use of the evaporative cooling "free cooling" in Spring and Autumn seasons can fully meet the requirements of air-conditioned comfort through the switch of the function in different seasons.Taking into account the evaporative cooling fan and pump energy consumption,compared with the traditional mechanical refrigeration system,more than 80 percent of energy can be saved,and the energy efficiency ratio of the Unit(EER)is as high as 7.63.Using the two stages of indirect evaporative cooling to pre-cool the new wind in summer,under the conditions of the same air supply temperature requirements,0.83 kg/s chilled water saved can be equivalent to the traditional mechanical refrigeration system,and when the new wind ratio up to 50 percent,more than 10 percent load was reduced in mechanical refrigeration system.The overall EER increased about 35 percent.
文摘Greenhouse technology is an efficient and viable option, especially for the sustainable crop production in the regions of adverse climatic conditions. High summer temperature is one of the worst effects on greenhouse crop production throughout the year. The main purpose of this paper is to present some technologies and studies for greenhouse cooling in summer. In the paper, some applicable and practical cooling technologies have been discussed. The choice of efficient cooling method depends on many aspects, such as local climate, agronomic condition, design and covering materials. To achieve desirable benefits, the combination of different cooling methods is necessarily used. Analysis of earlier studies revealed that a naturally ventilated greenhouse with larger ventilation areas (15% - 30%), provided at the ridge and side covered with insect-proof nets of 20 - 40 mesh size with covering material properties of NIR (near infrared radiation) reflection during the day and FIR (far infrared radiation) reflection during night was suitable for greenhouse production throughout year in some special regions. Evaporation cooling is the most effective cooling method for controlling the temperature and humidity inside a greenhouse. However, its suitability is restricted to the respective region and climate when the humidity level is high. The entry of unwanted radiation or light can be controlled by the use of shading. Researches show that shade net application with different perforated mesh size and their evaluation with respect to local climate and region are necessary to get cooling benefits in summer.
基金financially supported by“Laval Agglomération”and the“Conseil Départemental de la Mayenne”.
文摘A high-performance liquid chromatography analysis method with an evaporative light-scattering detector has been developed for the separation and quantitative analysis of free fatty acids in biological matrices. Core-shell reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation of 10 free fatty acids is achieved within 10.5 min using a methanol/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid) eluent gradient. After optimization, the drift tube and nebulization temperature of the evaporative light-scattering detector was set at 35°C, nitrogen flow-rate at 1.1 standard liter per minute and column temperature at 25°C. All calibration curves showed good regression (r2 > 0.9975). A validation procedure following the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines was implemented to certify the method. Relative standard deviations did not exceed 1.5% and 4.25% for repeatability and reproducibility respectively.
基金funded by Bahauddin Zakariya University,Multan,Pakistan under the Director Research/ORIC grant entitled“Development and performance evaluation of prototypes of direct and indirect evaporative cooling-based air-conditioning systems”。
文摘Evaporative cooling(EC)is an ancient technique that is usually suitable for hot and dry climatic conditions due to the potential of water vapor evaporation.In this study,three kinds of evaporative cooling systems such as direct EC(DEC),indirect EC(IEC),and Maisotsenko cycle EC(MEC)were locally developed at lab-scale.The performance of the systems was evaluated and compared for agricultural storage and livestock air-conditioning application in Pakistan.The experiments were performed for climatic conditions of Multan city(Pakistan)and the data were collected for hourly and daily basis.According to the results,it was observed that the DEC system has the ability to reduce the temperature of ambient air to an average of 8.5℃.Whilst IEC and MEC systems were able to drop the temperature of ambient air to an average of 6.8℃and 8.9℃,respectively.As per the results,the DEC system remained behind to provide desired conditions for livestock and agricultural product storage applications due to excessive humidity.On the other hand,the IEC and MEC systems can achieve the desired conditions for livestock application,but could not provide feasible conditions for various fruits and vegetable storage.The study concludes that hybrid EC systems can be developed to provide desired conditions for a wide range of applications under varying climatic conditions.