Role of urban remnant evergreen broad-leaved forests on natural restoration of artificial forests in Chongqing metropolis

The effects of urban remnant natural evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF) on the restoration of artificial pine forests surrounding it were studied with reference to species composition,biodiversity,dominant species and stand structure on Mt. Tieshanping in Chongqing metropolis,Southwest China. The seeds from the remnant EBLF naturally facilitate the restoration process of artificial Pinus massoniana forests near it. The similarity of species composition between the artificial Pinus massoniana forests and the remnant EBLF and biodiversity index of the artificial Pinus massoniana forests decrease as the distance from the remnant EBLF increases. Castanopsis carlesii var. spinusa is the dominant species in the ground vegetation,shrub layer and sub-tree layer of the Pinus massoniana forests near the remnant EBLF. However,the natural restoration processes of those farther away from the remnant EBLF are restricted for the absence of seed source of the inherent components of the remnant EBLF,and the anthropogenic measures should be taken to facilitate the restoration process.

Comparative Study of Carbon Storage and Allocation Characteristics of Mature Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest

Evergreen broad-leaved forest is an important forest type in China.This paper analyzes the allocation characteristics of vegetation and soil carbon pool of evergreen broad-leaved forest,to understand the current status of research on the carbon storage of evergreen broadleaved forest as well as shortcomings.In the context of global climate change,it is necessary to carry out the long-term research of evergreen broad-leaved forest,in order to grasp the formation mechanism of evergreen broad-leaved forest productivity,and the impact of climate change on the carbon sequestration function of evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem.

Carbon Reserve Characteristics of Arbor Layer in Mid-subtropical Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest

In this paper, secondary forest of Pinus massoniana , coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest and broad-leaved evergreen forest were taken as research objects, to explore carbon reserve of arbor layer and its spatial distribution characteristics. At different succession stages, the sequence of organic carbon content in each organ was secondary forest of P. massoniana > coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest> broad-leaved evergreen forest. Carbon reserve of arbor layer was the highest in broad-leaved evergreen forest, which was 129.34 t/hm 2, followed by coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest (95.83 t/hm 2), and the minimum was 85.27 t/hm 2 in secondary forest of P. massoniana . In each stand type, the sequence of carbon reserve of each organ in arbor layer was trunk>root>branch>leaf>bark. Carbon reserve of arbor layer mainly concentrated in trunk, and the proportion to carbon reserve of arbor layer declined from secondary forest of P. massoniana to broad-leaved evergreen forest, while it had increasing relationship in root. In secondary forest of P. massoniana , coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest and broad-leaved evergreen forest, individual with the diameter more than 20 cm accounted for the majority of carbon reserve in the arbor layer.

Biomass Characteristics of the Arbor Layer in Different Stands of the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest

In this paper, the Pinus massoniana forest in the early stage of succession, the coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest in the middle stage of succession, and the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the late stage of succession were studied, and the biomass and its spatial distribution characteristics of the tree layer in different succession stages of the ecosystem were discussed. The results showed that the biomass of the arbor layer was the highest in the evergreen broad-leaved forest, which was 292.51 t/ hm2, followed by the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, which was 206.87 t/hm2, and the Pinus massoniana forest, which was 171.76 t/hm2. The biomass of trunks accounted for the largest proportion in the total biomass of the arbor layer, which reduced from the Pinus massoniana forest to the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The proportion of the biomass of roots in the total biomass of the arbor layer increased from the Pinus massoniana forest to the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The biomass of the diameter class above 20 cm in the Pinus massoniana forest, the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and the evergreen broad-leaved forest accounted for a large proportion of total biomass.

Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest

The balance, accumulation rate and temporal dynamics of belowground carbon in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest are obtained in this paper, based on long-term observations to the soil organic matter, input and standing biomass of litter and coarse woody debris, and dissolved organic carbon carried in the hydrological process of subtropical climax forest ecosystem—monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, and its two successional forests of natural restoration—coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and Pinus massoniana forest, as well as data of root biomass obtained once every five years and respiration measurement of soil, litter and coarse woody debris respiration for 1 year. The major results include: the belowground carbon pools of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and Pinus massoniana forest are 23191 ± 2538 g·m?2, 16889 ± 1936 g·m?2 and 12680 ± 1854 g·m?2, respec- tively, in 2002. Mean annual carbon accumulation rates of the three forest types during the 24a from 1978 to 2002 are 383 ± 97 g·m?2·a?1, 193 ± 85 g·m?2·a?1 and 213 ± 86 g·m?2·a?1, respectively. The belowground carbon pools in the three forest types keep increasing during the observation period, suggesting that belowground carbon pools are carbon sinks to the atmosphere. There are seasonal variations, namely, they are strong carbon sources from April to June, weak carbon sources from July to September; while they are strong carbon sinks from October to November, weak carbon sinks from December to March.

Community Dynamics of Seed Rain in Mixed Evergreen Broad-leaved and Deciduous Forests in a Subtropical Mountain of Central China

Seed dispersal is a key process within community dynamics. The spatial and temporal variations of seed dispersal and the interspecific differences are crucial for understanding species coexistence and community dynamics. This might also hold for the mixed evergreen broadleaved and deciduous forests in the mountains of subtropical China, but until now little existing knowledge is available for this question. In 2001, we chose to monitor the seed rain process of our mixed evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous forest communities in Mount Dalaoling National Forest Park, Yichang, Hubei Province, China. The preliminary analyses show obvious variations in seed rain density, species compositions and timing of seed rain among four communities. The average seed rain densities of the four communities are 2.43 ± 5.15, 54.13 ±182.75, 10.05 ±19.30 and 24.91 ± 58.86 inds/m^2, respectively; about one tenth the values in other studies in subtropical forests of China. in each community, the seed production is dominated by a limited number of species, and the contributions from the others are generally minor. Fecundity of evergreen broadleaved tree species is weaker than deciduous species. The seed rain of four communities begins earlier than September, and stops before December, peaking from early September to late October. The beginning date, ending date and peak times of seed rain are extensively varied among the species, indicating different types of dispersal strategies. According to the existing data, the timing of seed rain is not determined by the climate conditions in the same period, while the density of seed rain may be affected by the disturbances of weather variations at a finer temporal resolution.

2010-2014年哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸数据集

亚热带森林是我国分布面积最大的森林类型,在调控全球气候变化和维持大气碳平衡中具有重要作用。土壤通过呼吸作用排放的碳是大气CO_(2)的主要来源,土壤碳库的细微变化也会显著影响大气CO_(2)的浓度,因此目前亚热带森林土壤碳储量的大小及动态变化特征受到广泛关注。云南哀牢山是我国重要的亚热带森林分布区。本研究依托云南哀牢山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,利用全自动多通道观测系统开展了亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸的连续测定,经过严格的数据质量控制和评估,将2010-2014年的土壤呼吸的监测数据收集与整理,包括土壤5 cm温度(Ts)、土壤10 cm含水量(SWC)和土壤呼吸(Rs),并形成日、月和年尺度三类数据集。本数据集对于揭示气候变化对亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤生态过程的影响、正确评估土壤有机碳排放和森林生态系统管理具有重要意义,也为进一步研究气候变暖等全球变化对土壤呼吸组分尤其是土壤有机碳排放的影响提供经验和理论基础。

Long-term response of living forest biomass to extensive logging in subtropical China

Forest disturbance and recovery are critical ecosystem processes,but the temporal patterns of disturbance have not been studied in subtropical China.Using a tree-ring analysis approach,we studied post-logging above-ground(ABG)biomass recovery dynamics over a 26-year period in four plots with different degrees of logging disturbance.Before logging,the ABG biomass ranged from 291 to 309 t ha-1.Soon after logging,the plots in primary forest,secondary forest,mixed forest and singlespecies forest had lost 33,91,90 and 100%of their initial ABG biomass,respectively.Twenty-six years after logging,the plots had regained 147,62,80 and 92%of their original ABG biomass,respectively.Over the 26 years following logging,the mean CAI(Current annual increment)were 10.1,5.5,6.4 and 10.8 t ha^-1 a^-1 and the average MAI(Mean annual increment)8.7,2.5,5.6 and 7.8 t ha^-1 a^-1 for the four forest types,respectively.The results indicate that subtropical forests subjected to moderate logging or disturbances do not require intensive management and single-species plantings can rapidly restore the above-ground biomass to levels prior to heavy logging.

古田山中亚热带常绿阔叶林动态监测样地--群落组成与结构

亚热带常绿阔叶林是世界上主要植被类型之一，集中分布于我国，其中以中亚热带的常绿阔叶林最为典型。为了更好地研究常绿阔叶林森林生物多样性维持机理，按照CTFS（Centre for Tropical Forest Science）样地建设的标准，于2004年11月～2005年9月在浙江开化古田山国家级自然保护区建立了常绿阔叶林24hm^2永久样地。该文对样地内胸径≥1cm的木本植物进行了统计，初步分析了古田山森林样地（Gutianshan（GTS）forest plot）的群落组成与空间结构。群落的区系类型以热带成分比较多，在属的水平上53个是热带分布，44个是温带分布。共有159种，隶属于49科103属，总计140700株，以常绿树种为主（91个物种，占总优势度的90．6％，重要值为85．6％，占样地总个体数的85．9％）；样地群落有明显的优势物种和大量稀有种（Rare species，每hm^2个体数小于1）。甜槠（Castanopsis eyrei）、木荷（Schima superba）和马尾松（Pinus massoniana）在群落中占有主要优势；稀有种占总物种数的37．1％（59／159）；具有温带落叶阔叶林和热带雨林的相关特征，较好地代表了中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落。垂直结构由林冠层（63个种）、亚乔木层（70个种）和灌木层（26个种）组成。样地所有木本植物物种总径级分布呈倒“J”形，群落更新良好。几个优势种空间分布随着径级增大，聚集程度降低；并且它们的分布表现出与生境紧密关联，不同的物种表现出对生境不同的偏好。该文最后系统地比较了大样地方法与传统取样方法。

天童米槠-木荷群落主要树种的结构及空间格局

种群的结构和空间格局是植物群落的重要特征。以浙江天童米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)-木荷(Schima superba)群落为对象,应用永久样方法和每木调查法调查了群落种类组成和结构,并对10个主要常绿阔叶树种的种群结构和空间格局进行了分析,种群结构分析包括胸径级结构和垂直层次结构,空间格局分析包括各种不同垂直层次个体的空间分布格局和空间关联,并考虑了空间关联的尺度依赖。所选10个种总体RBA值达到81.9%,包含了群落的全部5个优势种,SDI指数除黑山山矾(Symplocosheishanensis)为正值外,其余9种皆为负值,各个种在垂直空间上占据了不同的位置。不同种之间以及同种不同层次之间表现出复杂多样的分布格局,体现出多级复合分布特征,但多数种整体上表现为集群分布或基本分布成分为个体群。空间关联在不同种之间、同种不同层次之间以及不同空间尺度上发生了分化,随尺度的增加,正关联增加而负关联减少。各个物种通过占据不同的水平和垂直空间,并采取不同的生活史对策,在群落中得以共存,从而导致了群落高的生物多样性的形成和维持。

2003-2017年浙江天童森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站气象数据集

常绿阔叶林是中国主要森林类型之一,其局域的气候观测数据是研究常绿阔叶林森林生态系统服务功能和关键生态过程的基础性数据资料,也是气象预报和自然灾害预警中的重要数据来源。浙江天童森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站位于中国东部亚热带常绿阔叶林核心保护区内,从2003年4月起,通过设置气象自动观测系统对站区气象进行长期连续监测。本数据集包含了2003-2017年天童站区的大气温度、大气湿度、降水、大气压、总辐射、净辐射、反射辐射、紫外辐射、光合有效辐射、日照时数和各土层土壤温度(0 cm、5 cm、10 cm、15cm、20 cm、40 cm、60 cm和100 cm)等18项气象观测指标,共计177条月尺度数据和15条年尺度数据。该数据集作为天童森林生态系统局域性气象数据,能够为局域森林生态过程研究、生态系统服务功能评估和天气灾害预警提供精准的数据支撑。

常绿阔叶林壳斗科植物的空间分布格局及其影响因素

以广西壮族自治区的十万大山、花坪、岑王老山国家级自然保护区为研究区域,设置9个100 m×100 m固定样地,将每个样地划分为25个20 m×20 m的样方,再将样方划分为16个5 m×5 m的小样方;采用空间代替时间(即径级结构代替树龄结构)的方法,用胸径(D_(BH))将壳斗科(Fagaceae)树种个体划分为小树(1.0 cm≤D_(BH)<5.0 cm)、中树(5.0 cm≤D_(BH)<20.0 cm)、大树(D_(BH)≥20.0 cm)3个径级阶段;选取样地中胸径D_(BH)≥1.0 cm的所有壳斗科个体为研究对象,进行每木检尺,记录树种名称,测定胸径、树高、冠幅、枝下高等测树因子以及每棵树的位置坐标;以空间聚集程度为评价指标,以海拔、经度、纬度、年降水量、春季降水、夏季降水、年均温、年均最高温、年均最低温、1月份均温、7月份均温为影响因素,采用克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯检验法(Kruskal-Wallis test,K-W检验)、Ripley L函数结合完全随机模型(CSR)、线性回归分析方法、皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性分析法,分析壳斗科不同径级树种的空间分布格局及各因素对其分布的影响。结果表明:①壳斗科小树、中树、整个类群的分布格局主要是聚集分布,而大树主要表现为随机分布;随径级的增加,壳斗科树种的聚集程度由大到小依次为小树、中树、整体、大树。②小树、中树、整个类群在10 m空间尺度上的聚集程度(L_(10)),与年降水、年均温、年均最高温、年均最低温、1月份均温、7月份均温均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),且小树阶段的空间聚集程度更易受气温、降水的影响;大树的聚集程度(L_(10)),与年均温、年均最高温、年均最低温、1月份均温均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);壳斗科各径级树种的聚集程度,与纬度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与海拔呈负相关。壳斗科树种的空间分布格局主要受扩散限制和气候因素的影响,并且不同径级树种与同一气候因子间的相关性趋势一致,但程度存在差异。

2008-2017年天童不同演替阶段典型常绿阔叶林植物物种组成和生物量数据集

森林演替规律是森林植被的基本属性之一,是深入认识森林群落、正确管理和合理利用森林的基础。典型常绿阔叶林(typical evergreen broad-leaved forest)是中国东部中亚热带地区的地带性植被。由于人为和自然干扰,现存植被多处于不同的次生演替阶段。群落物种组成是反映森林生态系统生物要素特征的重要指标,是开展常绿阔叶林结构、功能和动态研究的基础。按照国家生态系统监测网络监测规范,浙江天童森林生态系统国家野外观测研究站在2008-2017年对典型常绿阔叶林演替系列3个不同演替阶段固定样地,包括演替前期的常绿灌丛样地、演替中后期的木荷林样地和演替顶级的栲树林样地,进行了3次群落调查,记录所有木本植物个体的物种名、胸径/基径、高度等信息。本数据集包含了不同演替阶段森林群落植物物种组成数据,包括种名、多度、平均胸径/基径和生物量等。本数据集可为亚热带典型常绿阔叶林演替规律、群落构建机制、植被恢复等方面研究和应用提供数据支撑。

2008-2018年天童常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段凋落物月和年回收量数据集

凋落物生产是森林生态系统物质循环的重要组成部分,在维持森林土壤肥力、促进生态系统养分循环中起着重要作用。凋落物生产量也是衡量森林生产力等生态系统功能和碳平衡的重要指标。本数据集采自浙江天童森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站木荷林辅助观测场和栲树林综合观测场。上述两样地群落演替类型分属于常绿阔叶林演替中后期和顶级阶段。每个观测样地投影面积50 m×50 m,样地内各设27个0.5 m2凋落物框,分凋落物组分(枯枝、枯叶、花(果实)、树皮和杂物)进行收集和统计。数据集包含了两个样地2008–2018年凋落物各组分及总量的月和年回收量,已经过原始纸质记录比对、同期数据动态趋势比较等数据质量控制和评估。本数据集可以为理解常绿阔叶林演替进程中生态系统结构与功能的变化提供基础信息,也能为研究区域气候变化对森林生态系统的影响和常绿阔叶林分布区碳平衡评价提供数据支撑。

江西大茅山金盆山常绿阔叶林的Q-型聚类分析

用Q-型聚类分析法对取自大茅山和金盆山的34个常绿阔叶林进行了分类.结果表明,用Q-型聚类分析法所划分的类型与按优势种划分的类型既有相似之点,又有不同之处.但是聚类分析法可以对样地进行更为详细的分类,不但可把取自不同地区而优势种相同的归为一类,也可把它们划分开来;同时还可把优势种不同而地区相同的样地归并到一起.这反映了与地区的经纬度、海拔高度等生境条件相联系的区系组成的变化.根据聚类分析结果把34个样地划分出15个类型.本文还详细介绍了Q-型聚类分析法.

古田山茶湾样地甜槠-木荷林根萌特征分析

根萌是植物营养繁殖的重要策略之一,森林植物的根萌现象影响着植物群落的更新动态和演替方向.在对古田山茶湾1hm2固定样地胸径≥1cm的木本植物调查的基础上,分析了该样地木本植物的根萌现状及根萌与母树的相关性,结果表明:样地内根萌植物共有68种,隶属于48属26科,占群落总物种的67.3%.其中根萌萌生能力较强的物种有林冠层中的石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)、甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、木荷(Schima superba),亚乔木层中的灰白蜡瓣花(Corylopsis glandulifera)、隔药柃(Eurya muricata)、浙江红花油茶(Camellia checkiangoleosa),灌木层中的窄基红褐柃(Eurya rubiginosa)、宜昌荚蒾(Vibernum erosum)、映山红(Rhododendron simsii);对优势根萌物种和母树的相关性分析表明:考虑根萌因素后,各物种重要值发生小幅度增减,但各垂直层次的优势种排名次序基本不变;乔冠层物种在母树Ⅰ~Ⅲ级生长阶段、亚乔木层和灌木层物种在母树Ⅰ~Ⅱ级生长阶段均表现出根萌能力逐渐增强的趋势,在其他生长阶段,不同物种表现出不同的变化趋势;优势根萌物种在样地中的分布与样地内相关母树的分布情况基本吻合,多数根萌物种的分布表现出聚集现象.

亚热带常绿林不同冠层小枝叶面积-叶生物量关系研究

叶面积与叶生物量的关系对于理解植物叶片的碳收益和投资权衡策略具有重要意义。收益递减假说认为植物的叶面积与叶生物量成显著异速生长关系,其异速生长指数<1.0,但该假说是否适用于不同生活型(常绿与落叶)亚热带木本植物不同冠层高度(上下冠层)当年生小枝的叶片仍不清楚。以江西亚热带常绿阔叶林的69种常绿与落叶木本植物当年生小枝上的叶为研究对象,采用标准化主轴回归估计(standardized major axis estimation,SMA)方法检验不同冠层高度和生活型叶面积与叶生物量的异速生长关系。结果显示:(1)当年生小枝叶生物量在不同冠层高度和生活型的植物中无显著差异(P>0.05),叶面积在常绿和落叶植物中有显著差异(P<0.05),常绿和落叶植物的比叶重存在显著差异(P<0.05),而落叶植物的比叶重在不同冠层高度存在显著差异(P<0.05),同一冠层,常绿植物比叶重显著高于落叶植物(P<0.05);(2)69种植物的叶面积与叶生物量异速生长指数具有物种特异性,60.9%的物种叶面积与叶生物量呈等速生长关系;(3)不同冠层和生活型植物的叶面积与叶生物量呈等速生长关系,但其异速生长常数在不同冠层高度与生活型间存在差异。这些结果表明冠层高度和生活型未改变叶面积-生物量之间的等速生长关系,不支持"收益递减"假说。

柯-青冈常绿阔叶林优势树种叶片性状变异及适应策略

厘清叶片功能性状的变异及性状间的权衡关系,对揭示植物对环境变化的响应及适应策略具有重要意义。以中亚热带柯(Lithocarpus glaber)-青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)常绿阔叶林为对象,测量了1 hm^(2)固定监测样地内6个优势树种的叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、干物质含量(LDMC)、叶片厚度(LT)、叶片碳(LC)、叶片氮(LN)、叶片磷(LP)含量和叶片碳氮比(LC∶LN)8个功能性状,采用多重比较、主成分分析(PCA)法分析了群落叶片功能性状的生活型、种内和种间变异及性状间关系。结果表明:(1)群落内叶片功能性状种内、种间差异显著,变异中等(CV:0.02—0.59),其结构性状的可塑性较化学性状保守,变异格局符合“性状空间变异分割假说”;针叶树种的LA、SLA显著低于阔叶树种,常绿树种的LC和LDMC最小,而落叶树种的SLA、LN和LP最大以及LT和LC∶LN最小。(2)群落叶片功能性状变异主要来源于生活型和种间变异,种内变异亦有显著贡献;生活型对多数性状的贡献率较大,其对LDMC、LC∶LN的贡献分别高达93.11%和91.76%;种间变异(LDMC除外)对结构性状的贡献率均高于化学性状;种内变异对LP的贡献率(23.66%)较种间变异高。(3)叶片性状之间多表现出显著相关关系,针叶树和阔叶树在PCA排序图中聚集于不同区域,叶经济型谱在柯-青冈群落中具有适用性。不同树种通过叶片结构、化学性状之间的权衡策略来适应环境变化,从而实现群落物种共存。结果可为理解森林群落物种的环境适应策略、预测群落动态变化和制定植被恢复措施提供科学依据。

1992-2015年鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林乔木物种组成数据集

植物物种组成影响着森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环、生产力、碳固存、生物多样性保育及生态系统服务功能,是森林生态系统结构、功能和动态的基础。群落物种组成是中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)和国家生态系统观测研究网络(CNERN)陆地生态系统生物要素长期定位观测的重要指标。季风常绿阔叶林(monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest)是中国南亚热带地区的地带性植被,是对环境变化敏感的植被类型之一。按照CERN和CNERN监测规范,鼎湖山森林生态系统定位研究站在1992–2015年对季风常绿阔叶林永久样地共进行了7次群落调查,每次调查记录所有胸径≥1 cm的木本植物个体物种名、胸径、高度等信息。本数据集通过整理和统计,列出了群落包括物种名、多度、生物量和重要值等物种组成重要数据,并包含了详细的数据集构建过程信息。建立和共享本数据集是为深入探究环境变化对森林群落多样性、群落结构、碳固存等相关议题提供本地数据,为该地区的森林经营管理及生态系统功能评价提供基础资料。

2009-2013年哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林碳水通量观测数据集

本研究以哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统为研究对象,利用涡度相关技术,开展亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统碳水通量长期定位观测。哀牢山生态站作为国家野外台站和中国生态系统研究网络的基础观测站点,基于中国通量观测研究网络(ChinaFLUX)数据处理体系,整理了2009–2013年哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林通量和常规气象数据。本数据集可以为我们评价生态系统对气候变化贡献、预测全球区域性气候变化趋势、开展亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统碳水通量交换特征、亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统结构与功能、物质和能量循环、生物资源可持续利用、气候变化区域碳收支管理政策等方面研究提供数据支撑。