Thiram is a dithiocarbamate compound widely used for industrial processes and agriculture. Animal studies reveal that this compound may afftct the male reproductive system. Aim of this study was to test, using sensiti...Thiram is a dithiocarbamate compound widely used for industrial processes and agriculture. Animal studies reveal that this compound may afftct the male reproductive system. Aim of this study was to test, using sensitive testicular parameters, whether thiram directly affects germinal cells. For this purpose, B6C3F1 mice were intraperitoneally injected with thiram in oil (single dose:75 mg/kg; repeated five daily doses: 25 mg/kg).Although both treatments were toxic, none of the parameters examined, i.e., testis weighi, spermatid head number,specific enzyme levels at different times after treatment (14, 28, 35, 56 days) showed significant variations from the controls, On the contrary, in the positive controls (treated with chlorambucil), a marked reduction of sperm head number as well as a deerease of lactate dehydrogenasex and sorbitol dehydrogenase activity letels were evidenced at day 28, with a tendency to recover at day 35. Under these conditions thiram did not cause cytotoxicity on differentiating spermatogonia and on late spermatocyte stages of mice gonads展开更多
Purpose:We examine considerations regarding the positive contributions of evidence accountability and challenges that frustrate educators in gaining access to the needed product information.Design/Approach/Methods:We ...Purpose:We examine considerations regarding the positive contributions of evidence accountability and challenges that frustrate educators in gaining access to the needed product information.Design/Approach/Methods:We review the research literature on the multiple characteristics of evidence relative to consumer(practitioner)interests.We then examine,through a"case illustration"of an initiative in a large school district,a second challenge for evidence usage-conducting viable studies and interpreting outcomes from comprehensive interventions in complex educational systems.Findings:Despite attention being given to rigorous evidence,consumers report preferring peer recommendations and local pilot studies as sources.In our case illustration,we found that the availability of evidence from comprehensive formative evaluation studies was viewed by stakeholders as positively contributing to program implementation quality and sustainability over time.Originality/Value:We use a real-world"case illustration"of a complex initiative in a large,diverse school district to illustrate how current policies and expectations regarding evidence support for educational programs is filtered through multiple agendas and personal needs of key stakeholders.Consequently,evaluators acquire nontraditional roles that go beyond routine execution of rigorous studies.Given these factors,we offer recommendations for fostering more meaningful and objective interpretations and usage of evidence by local stakeholders.展开更多
Very recently,we have proposed that all culprit molecules of arteriosclerosis mightpossess a common and measurable inherent property,namely,a coaggregating ten-dency.Extensive kinetic measurements of these tendencies ...Very recently,we have proposed that all culprit molecules of arteriosclerosis mightpossess a common and measurable inherent property,namely,a coaggregating ten-dency.Extensive kinetic measurements of these tendencies in terms of △CAgC valueshave led to a new and surprising observation,i.e.,the cholesteryl ester with a longsaturated 18-carbon chain(CE-18)actually has a much smaller tendency towardcoaggregation than that of the ester with a“short”8-carbon chain(CE-8).Thisstate of affairs has been coined as the“chain-foldability effect”,i.e.,the 18-carbon展开更多
文摘Thiram is a dithiocarbamate compound widely used for industrial processes and agriculture. Animal studies reveal that this compound may afftct the male reproductive system. Aim of this study was to test, using sensitive testicular parameters, whether thiram directly affects germinal cells. For this purpose, B6C3F1 mice were intraperitoneally injected with thiram in oil (single dose:75 mg/kg; repeated five daily doses: 25 mg/kg).Although both treatments were toxic, none of the parameters examined, i.e., testis weighi, spermatid head number,specific enzyme levels at different times after treatment (14, 28, 35, 56 days) showed significant variations from the controls, On the contrary, in the positive controls (treated with chlorambucil), a marked reduction of sperm head number as well as a deerease of lactate dehydrogenasex and sorbitol dehydrogenase activity letels were evidenced at day 28, with a tendency to recover at day 35. Under these conditions thiram did not cause cytotoxicity on differentiating spermatogonia and on late spermatocyte stages of mice gonads
文摘Purpose:We examine considerations regarding the positive contributions of evidence accountability and challenges that frustrate educators in gaining access to the needed product information.Design/Approach/Methods:We review the research literature on the multiple characteristics of evidence relative to consumer(practitioner)interests.We then examine,through a"case illustration"of an initiative in a large school district,a second challenge for evidence usage-conducting viable studies and interpreting outcomes from comprehensive interventions in complex educational systems.Findings:Despite attention being given to rigorous evidence,consumers report preferring peer recommendations and local pilot studies as sources.In our case illustration,we found that the availability of evidence from comprehensive formative evaluation studies was viewed by stakeholders as positively contributing to program implementation quality and sustainability over time.Originality/Value:We use a real-world"case illustration"of a complex initiative in a large,diverse school district to illustrate how current policies and expectations regarding evidence support for educational programs is filtered through multiple agendas and personal needs of key stakeholders.Consequently,evaluators acquire nontraditional roles that go beyond routine execution of rigorous studies.Given these factors,we offer recommendations for fostering more meaningful and objective interpretations and usage of evidence by local stakeholders.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China Laboratory of Photochemistry and PhotophysicsInstitute of Photographic Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Very recently,we have proposed that all culprit molecules of arteriosclerosis mightpossess a common and measurable inherent property,namely,a coaggregating ten-dency.Extensive kinetic measurements of these tendencies in terms of △CAgC valueshave led to a new and surprising observation,i.e.,the cholesteryl ester with a longsaturated 18-carbon chain(CE-18)actually has a much smaller tendency towardcoaggregation than that of the ester with a“short”8-carbon chain(CE-8).Thisstate of affairs has been coined as the“chain-foldability effect”,i.e.,the 18-carbon
