Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Urban-rural Construction Land in Rural Industrialized Areas in China:Case Studies in Changyuan City and Xinxiang County of Henan Province

Since China’s reform and opening up in 1978,the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization in China had led to dramatic changes in the pattern of urban-rural land use.In this paper,we focused on the rural industrialized areas in central China(Xinxiang County and Changyuan City of Henan Province).We used the average nearest neighbor index,spatial statistical analysis,and a structural equation model to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of urban-rural construction land based on multisource spatial data and survey data.The results showed that:1)from 1975 to 2019,the spatial distribution of urban-rural construction land in rural industrialized areas had evolved from homogeneous distribution to local agglomeration.In terms of comparative analysis of cases,the spatial distribution of urban-rural construction land in Changyuan City had shown a trend from diffusion to agglomeration,and Xinxiang County had overall shown a spatial change from homogenization to agglomeration and then to regional integration development.2)The hot spots with increased urban-rural construction land significantly expanded,and they had a high degree of spatial overlap with industrial development.Among them,Xinxiang County was concentrated in central and marginal areas,and Changyuan was mainly concentrated in central urban areas.3)From the evolution of spatial proximity of urban-rural construction land,rural industrialized areas generally decline,showing the characteristics of internal differentiation in the rate of change.4)Industrial development,social economy,the policy environment,and urban development played a positive role in promoting the expansion of urban-rural construction land in rural industrialized areas.To promote the optimal use of regional land and the integrated development of urban-rural areas,we should combine the advantages of regional endowment,formulate development strategies according to local conditions,and adjust the way that land is used in a timely manner.

Spatio-temporal Evolution of the Rural Regional System and Its Evolution Mechanism in Huang-Huai-Hai Area of China

The problem of rural development arises from the evolution of rural regional system.It is urgent to deepen the research on the evolution process and mechanism of rural regional system.However,there are relatively few studies on rural development from the perspective of the evolution process,driving mechanism and evolution mechanism of rural regional system.Therefore,this study took Huang-Huai-Hai Area for example,started with the systematicness of the rural regional system,the spatio-temporal pattern and driving mechanism of rural regional system evolution,and further summarized and refined the evolution mechanism of the rural regional system.The methods of spatial pattern analysis,gray correlation degree and geographical detection were adopted.The results showed that the problems in rural areas were often dominated by one factor and produced by the joint action of many factors.Factors such as county urbanization,county economy,county public service,agricultural mechanization,surrounding cities and convenient transportation will affect the evolution of rural regional systems.Based on the evolution of the elements in the rural regional system,the evolution types of rural regional system can be divided into decline type,equilibrium type and growth type.This study can provide a reference for understanding the process of rural rise and fall and can also guide rural revitalization and rural sustainable development.

Apatite fission track thermochronology in the Kuluketage and Aksu areas,NW China:Implication for tectonic evolution of the northern Tarim

Tarim Precambrian bedrocks are well exposed in the Kuluketage and Aksu areas, where twenty four samples were taken to reveal the denudation history of the northern Tarim Craton. Apatite fission track dating and thermal history modeling suggest that the northern Tarim experienced multi-stage cooling events which were assumed to be associated with the distant effects of the Cimmerian orogeny and India-Eurasia collision in the past. But the first episode of exhumation in the northern Tarim, occurring in the mid-Permian to Triassic, is here suggested to be induced by docking of the Tarim Craton and final amalgamation of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The cooling event at ca. 170 Ma may be triggered by the Qiangtang-Eurasia collision. Widespread Cretaceous exhumation could be linked with docking of the Lhasa terrane in the late Jurassic. Cenozoic reheating and recooling likely occurred because of the northpropagating stress, however, this has not affected the northern Tarim much because the Tarim is characterized by rigid block-like motion.

Spatiotemporal evolution of land transportation networks and accessibility in inland mountainous areas 1917-2017:A case study of Southwest China

Located in the western hinterland,Southwest China is a typical mountainous area covered by plateaus,mountains and hills.Its ruggedness hinders regional internal and external connections,and its poor transportation infrastructure has long constrained the socioeconomic development of Southwest China.Based on the GIS transportation database,this paper explored the spatiotemporal evolution and characteristics of the land transportation networks and the accessibility of Southwest China from 1917 to 2017.Regional accessibility in Southwest China has significantly improved,and transportation infrastructure has gradually integrated the transportation circles of the52 central cities.The transportation network has followed an evolutionary process from a"hub-spoke pattern"to a"network pattern",while the construction of a high-speed railway(HSR)has brought about significant spatial polarization.We argue that innovation in transportation technology is one of the most effective factors for promoting a significant change in regional accessibility.In addition,the spatial distribution and evolution of accessibility in Southwest China presents a verticalcharacteristic that distinguishes it from the plains,as the spillover effects of new transportation infrastructure on accessibility improvement are partly offset by the mountainous terrain.Additionally,in Southwest China,there is significant"path dependence"in the evolution of the transportation network,since a large portion of the population is concentrated along transportation corridors in mountainous areas.

Granulite Genesis and Tectonic Evolution in Tongbai Area:Single Zircon Evaporation Ages and Nd Isotopic Geochemistry

According to the age measurements of single zircon evaporation method, combined with the study of Nd isotopic geochemistry in Tongbai area, the protolith age of basic granulites is about 1 010 Ma; the protolith age of intermediate acid granulites is probably more than 904 Ma, which is close to the age of the basic granulites. The basic granulites would be the nature occurrence of basic magma underplating beneath the base of lower crust in the North Qinling crustal vertical growth event at about 1 000 Ma. However, the intermediate acid granulites were the result of the mixing fusion between the lower crust material and the underplating basic magma, which shows a strong crust mantle interaction. The 470-480 Ma are the peak metamorphic ages of the basic and intermediate acid granulites, which related to the crust bi direction shortening and crust thickening due to the Erlangping back arc basin southward subduction and the paleo Qinling oceanic plate northward subduction.

Early-Middle Paleozoic Andes-type Continental Margin in the Chifeng Area, Inner Mongolia: Framework, Geochronology and Geochemistry and Implications for Tectonic Evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Three tectonic units have been recognized in the Chifeng area, Inner Mongolia, from north to south, including the Qiganmiao accretionary prism, Jiefangyingzi arc belt and Sidaozhangpeng molasse basin, which formed an Andeantype active continent margin during the early to middle Paleozoic. The Qiganmiao accretionary prism is characterized by a mélange that consists of gabbro, two-mica quartz schist and basic volcanic rock blocks and heterogeneously deformed marble matrix. Two zircon U-Pb ages of 446.0±6.3 Ma and 1104±27 Ma have been acquired and been interpreted as the metamorphic and forming ages for the gabbro and two-mica quartz schist, respectively. The prism formed during the early to middle Paleozoic southward subduction of the Paleo Asian Ocean(PAO) and represents a suture between the North China craton(NCC) and Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB). The Jiefangyingzi arc belt consists of pluton complex and volcanic rocks of the Xibiehe and Badangshan Formations, and Geochronology analysis indicates that the development of it can be divided into two stages. The first stage is represented by the Xibiehe Formation volcanic rocks, which belong to the subalkaline series, enriched LREE and LILE and depleted HFSE, with negative Eu anomalies, and plot in the volcanic arc field in discrimination diagrams. These characters indicate that the Xibiehe Formation results from to the continental arc magmatic activity related to the subduction of the PAO during 400–420 Ma. Magmatism of the second stage in 380–390 Ma consists of the Badangshan Formation volcanic rocks. Geochemistry analysis reveals that rhyolite, basaltic andesite and basalt of the Badangshan Formation were developed in continental margin arc setting. Moreover, the basaltic andesite and basalt display positive Sr anomalies, and the basalt have very low Nb/La values, suggesting that fluid is involved in magma evolution and the basalts were contaminated by continental crust. The sequence of Sidaozhangpeng molasse basin is characterized by proximity, coarseness and large thickness, similar to the proximity molasses basin. According to our field investigation, geochronological and geochemical data, combined with previous research in this area, a tectonic evolutionary model for Andes-type active continental margin of the CAOB has been proposed, including a development of the subduction-free PAO before 446 Ma, a subduction of the PAO and arc-related magmatism during 446–380 Ma, and formation of a molasse basin during 380–360 Ma.

Structural attributes,evolution and petroleum geological significances of the Tongnan negative structure in the central Sichuan Basin,SW China

The Tongnan secondary negative structure in central Sichuan Basin has controls and influences on the structural framework and petroleum geological conditions in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area.To clarify the controls and influences,the deformation characteristics,structural attributes and evolution process of the Tongnan negative structure were investigated through a series of qualitative and quantitative methods such as balanced profile restoration,area-depth-strain(ADS)analysis,and structural geometric forward numerical simulation,after comprehensive structural interpretation of high-precision 3D seismic data.The results are obtained in three aspects.First,above and below the P/AnP(Permian/pre-Permian)unconformity,the Tongnan negative structure demonstrates vertical differential structural deformation.It experiences two stages of structural stacking and reworking:extensional depression(from the Sinian Dengying Formation to the Permian),and compressional syncline deformation(after the Jurassic).The multi-phase trishear deformation of the preexisting deep normal faults dominated the extensional depression.The primary depression episodes occurred in the periods from the end of Late Proterozoic to the deposition of the 1st–2nd members of the Dengying Formation,and from the deposition of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation–Middle–Upper Cambrian until the Ordovician.Second,the multi-stage evolution process of the Tongnan negative structure controlled the oil and gas migration and adjustment and present-day differential gas and water distribution between the Tongnan negative structure and the Gaoshiti and Moxi-Longnüsi structural highs.Third,the Ordovician,which is limitedly distributed in the Tongnan negative structure and is truncated by the P/AnP unconformity on the top,has basic geological conditions for the formation of weathering karst carbonate reservoirs.It is a new petroleum target deserving attention.

Tectono-thermal evolution of the Liwan Sag, deepwater area in the Zhujiang River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea

The Liwan Sag, with an area of 4 000 km-2, is one of the deepwater sags in the Zhujiang River（Pearl River） Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea. Inspired by the exploration success in oil and gas resources in the deepwater sags worldwide, we conducted the thermal modeling to investigate the tectono-thermal history of the Liwan Sag,which has been widely thought to be important to understand tectonic activities as well as hydrocarbon potential of a basin. Using the multi-stage finite stretching model, the tectonic subsidence history and the thermal history have been obtained for 12 artificial wells, which were constructed on basis of one seismic profile newly acquired in the study area. Two stages of rifting during the time periods of 49–33.9 Ma and 33.9–23 Ma can be recognized from the tectonic subsidence pattern, and there are two phases of heating processes corresponding to the rifting.The reconstructed average basal paleo-heat flow values at the end of the rifting events are -70.5 and -94.2 mW/m^2 respectively. Following the heating periods, the study area has undergone a persistent thermal attenuation phase since 23 Ma and the basal heat flow cooled down to -71.8–82.5 mW/m^2 at present.

Magmatic Evolution and Mineralization of Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposits in the Duolong Ore Concentration Area, Tibet

The Bangong Lake-Nujiang River metallogenic belt is located between the Qiangtang Block and Lhasa Block, and the Duolong ore concentration area is located in the western section of the Bangong Lake-Nujiang River metallogenic belt. Till now, several large and super large copper-gold deposits, such as Duobuza, Bolong, Dibaonamugang, Naruo and Rongna deposits have been discovered in this area, mainly porphyry copper-gold ones.

Sequence sedimentary evolution and reservoir distribution in the third and fourth members of Sinian Dengying Formation,Gaomo area,Sichuan Basin,SW China

Based on comprehensive analysis of cores,thin sections,logging and seismic data,the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of the third and fourth members of Sinian Dengying Formation(Deng 3 and Deng 4 members for short)in the Gaomo area of Sichuan Basin were investigated,and the favorable zones for reservoir development in the Deng 3 Member and Deng 4 Member were predicted.(1)Two Type I and one Type II sequence boundaries are identified in the Deng 3 and Deng 4 members.Based on the identified sequence boundaries,the Deng 3 and Deng 4 members can be divided into two third order sequences SQ3 and SQ4,which are well-developed,isochronal and traceable in this area;the SQ3 thins from west to the east,and the SQ4 thins from northwest to southeast.(2)The sedimentary environment from the depositional period of SQ3 to SQ4 has experienced the evolution from mixed platform to rimmed platform,and the platform rimmed system on the west side is characterized by the development of platform margin microbial mound and grain shoal assemblages.The intraplatform area is a restricted platform facies composed of a variety of dolomites,and there are local micro-geomorphic highlands of different scales and scattered intraplatform mounds and shoals.(3)The Deng 4 Member reservoirs,with obvious facies-controlled characteristic,are mainly distributed in the upper part of high-frequency upward shallow cycle and the high-stand systems tract of the third-order sequence vertically,and are more developed in the platform margin belt than in the intraplatform belt,and more developed in the Gaoshiti platform margin belt than in the west Suining platform margin belt on the plane.(4)Three types of favorable reservoir zones of Deng 4 Member have been finely delineated with 3D seismic data;among them,the mound and shoal facies zones developed in the ancient highlands of the intraplatform are the first choice for the next exploration and development of the Deng 4 Member.

Types,structural evolution difference and petroleum geological significance of Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate platforms in Gucheng-Xiaotang area,Tarim Basin,NW China

Based on the latest drilling cores,thin sections,and 3D seismic data,types,features,and evolution processes of Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate platforms in the Gucheng and Xiaotang areas are studied,and favorable exploration zones in this area are also discussed.There are two types of carbonate platforms developed in the Cambrian-Ordovician in the Gucheng-Xiaotang area,namely,carbonate ramp and rimmed platforms,and the evolution process of the platform in the Gucheng area is different from that in Xiaotang area.In the Early Cambrian,the study area was a homoclinal carbonate ramp.During the Middle to Late Cambrian,it evolved into a rimmed platform,with 5 phases of mound shoals developed.In the southern area,mound shoals were in progradational arrangement and the third and fourth stages of mound shoals suffering exposure and further developed abundant karst vugs.In the northern area,the mound shoals appeared in a superposition of aggradation-weak progradation,the third,fourth,and fifth stages of mound shoals suffered exposure and dissolution,and the platform slope developed gravity flow deposits.In the Early to Middle Ordovician,the southern area gradually evolved into a distally steepened carbonate ramp,where retrogradational dolomitic shoal developed;while the northern part experienced an evolution process from a weakly rimmed platform to a distally steepened carbonate ramp,and developed two or three stages of retrogradational mound shoals.The high-frequency oscillation of sea level and local exposure and dissolution were beneficial to the formation of mound or shoal reservoirs in platform margin and ramp,and the configuration of these reservoirs with low energy slope-basin facies source rocks could form good oil-gas enrichment zones.The dolomitic shoal in the Ordovician platform ramp is the practical exploration field for increasing reserve and production in the Gucheng area.The mound shoal at the Cambrian rimmed platform margin is the key exploration object in the Xiaotang area.In addition,the Cambrian slope gravity flow deposits can be taken as the favorable exploration fields in the study area.

Multiple Phases of Mafic Magmatism in Gyangze-Kangma Area: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of Eastern Tethyan Himalaya

A number of E-W trending subparallel mafic dikes of diabase composition occurred in Gyangze-Kangma area,eastern Tethyan Himalaya,southern Tibet.They intruded into the Tethyan Himalaya sedimentary sequence.Whether they belong to the;32 Ma Comei LIP（Zhu et al.,2009）or

URBAN LAND EVOLUTION IN SUZHOU AREA: FROM EARLY 1980S TO MIDDLE 1990S

Firstly the general category and pattern of urban land evolution is theorized on the basis of correlating researches. This offers a research framework and theoretical reference for the case study in Suzhou area. Then four features of urban land evolution in Suzhou Area are summarized, including amount, locality structure, function structure and spatial structure. It is contended that all these features resulted from the developing process that has been followed with specific institutional transformation of China in this period. And in general economic development and structure shift is the key factor contributing to urban land evolution. Meanwhile rural demographic urbanization and town residents re urbanization and landuse institution reform are other two important underlying causes. In comparison with classical Western model, such urban land evolution happening in Suzhou area is explicitly distinct due to many ‘abnormal’ characteristics. But it is ‘normal’ according to the underlying mechanism, which arguably illustrates the invalidity of empirical theoretical model.

Charnockite Formation and Early Precambrian Crust Evolution in Yishui Area, Shandong Province, China

Charnockite and granulite in Yishui area, Shandong Province are located in the middle part of the Tancheng Lujiang fault zone, eastern China. Field studies have shown that the charnockites, derived from the adjacent granulites, are classified as three types: enderbite, garnet enderbite and hypersthene trondhjemite. In addition, two generations of minerals are present in the charnockites: the relic minerals such as garnet, hypersthene and clinopyroxene, and the neocrystallized minerals such as plagioclase and K feldspar. The relic minerals occurring in the granulite facies stage were affected by the later partial melting. The relic minerals, irregular and usually ragged in shape, occupy the interstitial positions in the neocrystalline minerals. The neocrystalline minerals are usually euhedral subhedral crystals. The study of petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of charnokites concludes that the enderbite was formed by the anatexis of the two pyroxene plagioclase granulite, that the garnet enderbite was formed by the anatexis of sillimanite garnet gneiss, and that the hypersthene trondhjemite was formed by the anatexis of the leucocratic two pyroxene plagioclase granulite. The U Pb dating of the zircon indicates that the formation of the charnockite and granulite was related to the Archean Proterozoic upwelling of a mantle plume (hot spot) around 2 500 Ma, in Yishui area, Shandong Province.

Climate Evolution Recorded by Organic Carbon Stable I sotope since 5 kaB.P.in Poyang Lake Area, China

Based on the data of organic carbon stable isotope ratios and magnet ic susceptibility, climate evolution in the past 5 kaB.P. in Poyang Lake plain (in Jiangxi Province) has been reconstructed. The results of the research indicate that the climate evolution can be divided into nine stages in the past 5 kaB.P.. Comparisons of different regional environmental records suggest that the intens ity and the temporal spatial changes of monsoon in China mainly controlled the climate evolution.

Simulation of Old Urban Residential Area Evolution Based on Complex Adaptive System

On the basis of complex adaptive system theory, this paper proposed an agent-based model of old urban residential area, in which, residents and providers are the two adaptive agents. The behaviors of residents and providers in this model are trained with back propagation and simulated with Swarm software based on environment-rules-agents interaction. This model simulates the evolution of old urban residential area and analyzes the relations between the evolution and urban management with the background of Chaozhou city. As a result, the following are obtained ： （ 1 ） Simulation without government intervention indicates the trend of housing ageing, environmental deterioration, economic depression, and social filtering-down in old urban residential area. If the development of old urban residential area is under control of developers in market, whose desire is profit maximization, and factors such as social justice, historic and culture value will be ignored. （2） If the government carries out some policies and measures which will perfectly serve their original aims, simulation reveals that old urban residential area could be adapted to environment and keep sustainable development. This conclusion emphasizes that government must act as initiator and program maker for guiding residents and other providers directly in the development of old urban residential area.

Centurial Evolution of an Offshore Mud Deposition Area in the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary and Its Links to Environmental and Anthropogenic Activities

Large amounts of sediments originating from the Changjiang(Yangtze)River are deposited in the subaqueous delta and in the adjacent muddy area off the mouth and on the inner shelf of the East China Sea.The terrestrial sediments deposited in these areas not only contain information about the composition and environment of the source area,but they also record changes in anthropogenic activities.A sediment piston core(CJ0702)was extracted from the Changjiang subaqueous depocenter(31.00°N,122.67°E)in a water depth of 22.0 m.The core was subsampled at 1–2 cm intervals and analyzed for grain size,clay mineralogy,and major element geochemistry.Results indicate a relatively high sediment accumulation rate of approximately 3.11 cm yr−1.These parameters exhibited only minor cyclical fluctuations in the core,which resulted from many factors.During the past 120 years,the Changjiang River-derived sediment is the primary source of sediment in the offshore mud area without evidence for the Yellow River-derived sediment increasing.After the trunk stream shifted from the North Branch to South Branch,the variations of proxies are controlled by the periodic fluctuation possibly linked to El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO).In addition,anthropogenic heavy metal concentrations can be divided into three stages,which coincide well with economic development and environmental protection policies.

Simulation Test for Evolution Laws of Tensile Fractures in a Coal Mining Area

In order to study evolution laws of tensile fractures in a coal mining area, based on the classification of the fractures formed by mining, a physical simulation test was carried out to simulate the dynamic evolution process of tensile fractures in coal mining areas. The results showed that after the coal in the mining area was mined, the mining area underwent obvious movement and deformation and forms tensile fractures. As the min-ing working face was advanced, the tensile fractures underwent the dynamic process of generation, development and closure. The changing curves of density of tensile fractures with the increase of mining length of the working face liked a ladder （it increased slowly and then rapidly） and then had two peaks （the second peak was higher than the first peak）.

Spatial-temporal Evolution Analysis on Land Use Multifunctionality in the China-Vietnam Border Area

Exploring the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the border land use multifunctionality(LUMF)provides insights for taking advantage of border land use and optimizing border land use policies.Based on the improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)mode,this study identifies and evaluates the LUMFs in the China-Vietnam border area between 2000 and 2018 from the perspectives of agricultural production,social security,ecological service,landscape recreation,and national security.The results show that:1)The comprehensive land use functions in most counties and cities continued to be improved.2)The comprehensive land use function exhibits remarkable spatial divergence and aggregation characteristics.The high-value area of the agricultural production function and social security function evolves from the east to the west.In addition,the spatial evolution of ecological service function is complicated,without an obvious spatial divergence and aggregation pattern.The landscape recreation function shows different spatial differentiation characteristics in the early and middle stage,and forms a large cluster in the later stage.Finally,the spatial evolution pattern of the national security function is significant.3)Designing differentiated border land policies,improving border land use security,and establishing a long-term mechanism for ecological protection and ecological compensation can aid in optimizing the LUMF level in the border area.

Examining Rate of Built-Up Areas on the Vegetation Cover along River Riara Riparian within Kiambu Town, Kenya

Urban river riparian spaces and their natural systems are valuable to urban dwellers;but are increasingly affected and ruined by human activities and in particular, urbanization processes. In this research, land sat and sentinel satellite imagery apt for change detection in vegetation cover, both landsat and sentinel imagery, covering the period between 1970 and 2021 in epochs of 1973, 1984, 1993, 2003, 2015 and 2021 years were used to establish the correlation between vegetation cover and built-up area along River Riara river reserve. The images were analysed to extract the built-up areas along the river reserve, including the buildings, and the rate of human settlements, which influenced vegetation cover. Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were computed using the Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) and the Near Infra-Red (NIR) bands to show the rate of change over the years. Results indicate NDVI values were high, compared to NDBI values along river Riara in the years 1973 and 1993 implying that there was more vegetation cover then. However, in the year 2021, the NDVI indicated the highest value at 0.88, with the complementary NDBI indicating the highest NDBI value at 0.47. This represents a significant increase in built-up areas since 2015 more than in previous epochs. Either, there was a significant increase in NDBI values, from 0.24 in 1993 to 0.47 in 2021. More so, the R-squared value at 0.80 informed 80% relationship between NDBI and NDVI values indicating a negative correlation.