Development and application of ex-situ presulfurization technology for hydrotreating catalysts in China

The development and application of ex-situ presulfurization(EPRES)technology for hydrotreating catalysts has been reviewed in the present article.The studies in laboratory scale and commercial practice indicated that the adoption of the EPRES catalyst in industrial application can significantly enhance the degree of presulfurization of metal oxide components,shorten the start-up period,and effectively reduce the environmental impact as well as the danger of start-up procedure in industrial hydrotreating unit.This catalyst has been proved to be versatile for different types of hydrogenation reactions.Different types of active site models are also discussed for better understanding the nature of presulfur-ized catalysts.

Assessing the conservation impact of Chinese indigenous chicken populations between ex-situ and in-situ using genome-wide SNPs

Conservation programs require rigorous evaluation to ensure the preservation of genetic diversity and viability of conservation populations. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of two indigenous Chinese chicken breeds, Gushi and Xichuan black-bone, using whole-genome SNPs to understand their genetic diversity, track changes over time and population structure. The breeds were divided into five conservation populations(GS1, 2010, ex-situ;GS2, 2019, ex-situ;GS3, 2019, in-situ;XB1, 2010, in-situ;and XB2, 2019, in-situ) based on conservation methods and generations. The genetic diversity indices of three conservation populations of Gushi chicken showed consistent trends, with the GS3 population under in-situ strategy having the highest diversity and GS2 under ex-situ strategy having the lowest. The degree of inbreeding of GS2 was higher than that of GS1 and GS3. Conserved populations of Xichuan black-bone chicken showed no obvious changes in genetic diversity between XB1 and XB2. In terms of population structure, the GS3 population were stratified relative to GS1 and GS2. According to the conservation priority, GS3 had the highest contribution to the total gene and allelic diversity in GS breed, whereas the contribution of XB1 and XB2 were similar. We also observed that the genetic diversity of GS2 was lower than GS3, which were from the same generation but under different conservation programs(in-situ and ex-situ). While XB1 and XB2 had similar levels of genetic diversity. Overall, our findings suggested that the conservation programs performed in ex-situ could slow down the occurrence of inbreeding events, but could not entirely prevent the loss of genetic diversity when the conserved population size was small, while in-situ conservation populations with large population size could maintain a relative high level of genetic diversity.

Intrinsic Kinetics of Hydrorefining Catalyst in <i>Ex</i>-<i>Situ</i>Presulfurization

The intrinsic kinetics of hydrorefining catalyst in ex-situ presulfurization was investigated using a fixed-bed penetrating method. A mathematical model was built to express the intrinsic kinetics of presulfurization using an unreacted shrinking core model for catalyst grains and one-dimension unhomogeneous model for beds, and then the significance of the new model was tested. Results show that the presulfurization with hydrorefining catalyst was a nonstationary process, as the reaction rate changed with time, and this first-order reaction displayed high activation energy. In this dynamic mathematical model, a correction coefficient f0 was introduced into the common power-function-formed rate equation, which indicated the effects of solid diffusion on reaction. The model with high significance was able to improve the presulfurization rate and the raw material utilization ratio, thus providing theoretical guidance for achieving high presulfurization effects.

CdTe/Si复合衬底Ex-situ退火研究

复合衬底CdTe/ZnTe/Si的晶体质量是导致随后外延的HgCdTe外延膜高位错密度的主要原因之一,因此如何提高复合衬底CdTe/Si晶体质量是确保硅基碲镉汞走上工程化的关键所在。降低复合衬底CdTe/Si位错密度方法一般有:生长超晶格缓冲层、衬底偏向、In-situ退火和Ex-situ退火等,本文主要研究Ex-situ退火对复合衬底CdTe/Si晶体质量的影响。研究表明复合衬底经过Ex-situ退火后位错密度最好值达4.2×105cm-2,双晶半峰宽最好值达60arcsec。

Bamboo resources,utilization and ex-situ conservation in Xishuangbanna,South-eastern China

This paper describes the geographical distribution, utilization, cultural value and ex-situ conservation of bamboo resources in Xishuangbanna, Yunan Province, China. Sixty species of bamboo in 19 genera are recorded in Xishuangbanna. The area of natural bamboo forest is 14319 ha, accounting for 5.92% of whole area of Xishuangbanna. The abundant resource of bamboo plays an important role in the economics and culture of national minorities in Xishuangbanna. Xishuangbanna Tropic Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS）, started to introduce bamboo species in 1961 and established the ex-situ conservation reserve （8 ha） of bamboo in 1981. Up to now, 211 species in 27 genera collected from tropic and sub-tropic of China and South-east Asia have been planted in the bamboo reserve, of which 11 species have bloomed and seeded, and their seeds were cultivated in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Gardens, CAS, China.

A plant nutrition strategy for ex-situ conservation based on "Ecological Similarity"

This paper reviewed a large scale conservation work of rare and endangered plants currently conducted in main botanical gardens in China, and the existed, predictable and neglected problems on plant growth and reproduction in ex-situ conservation process. Considered the status quo in plant ex conservation, a nutritional strategy on the plant conservation was proposed based on ＇Ecological Similarity＇. Its main idea was that the ex-situ conservation plants coming from natural ecosystem were compulsively allocated in the agro-ecosystems and would return to natural ecosystem ultimately. Therefore, research on plant nutrition of the ex-situ conservation plants should neither just pursue yield and quality as that in agro-ecosystems nor merely stay on intrinsic natures without human intervening. We should give attentions to both of their attributes as in natural ecosystems and in agro-ecosystems, i.e., taking full advantage of plant nutritional measures as in agro-ecosystems to solve actual survival problems of the ex-conservation plants, and ensuring the final goal of returning to nature and playing its ecological role.

预硫化耐硫变换催化剂在大型煤化工扩能改造项目中的应用

介绍KC系列预硫化耐硫变换催化剂在煤化工装置扩能改造项目中的应用情况。结果表明,该系列催化剂适用于轴径向变换炉串联等温变换炉的变换工艺,可大大节省开工时间,改造完成后催化剂床层阻力降和变换率均得到较大改善,吨氨煤耗明显降低,氨产量显著提升。

Ex-situ liver surgery without veno-venous bypass

AIM:To evaluate the results of hepatic resection with ex-situ hypothermic perfusion and without veno-venous bypass.METHODS:In 3 patients with liver tumor,the degree of the inferior vena cava and/or main hepatic vein involvement was verified when the liver was dissociated in the operation.It was impossible to resect the tumors by the routine hepatectomy,so the patients underwent ex-situ liver surgery,vein cava replacement and hepatic autotransplantation without veno-venous bypass.All surgical procedures were carried out or supervised by a senior surgeon.A retrospective analysis was performed for the prospectively collected data from patients with liver tumor undergoing ex-situ liver surgery,vein cava replacement and hepatic autotransplantation without veno-venous bypass.We also compared our data with the 9 cases of Pichlmayr's group.RESULTS:Three patients with liver tumor were analysed.The first case was a 60-year-old female with a huge haemangioma located in S1,S4,S5,S6,S7 and S8 of liver;the second was a 64-year-old man with cholangiocarcinoma in S1,S2,S3 and S4 and the third one was a 55-year-old man with a huge cholangiocarcinoma in S1,S5,S7 and S8.The operation time for the three patients were 6.6,6.4 and 7.3 h,respectively.The anhepatic phases were 3.8,2.8 and 4.0 h.The volume of blood loss during operation were 1200,3100,2000 mL in the three patients,respectively.The survival periods without recurrence were 22 and 17 mo in the first two cases.As for the third case complicated with postoperative hepatic vein outflow obstruction,emergency hepatic vein outflow extending operation and assistant living donor liver transplantation were performed the next day,and finally died of liver and renal failure on the third day.Operation time(6.7 ± 0.47 h vs 13.7 ± 2.6 h) and anhepatic phase(3.5 ± 0.64 h vs 5.7 ± 1.7 h) were compared between Pichlmayr's group and our series(P = 0.78).CONCLUSION:Ex-situ liver resection and liver autotransplantation has shown a potential for treatment of complicated hepatic neoplasms that are unresectable by traditional procedures.

Implementing an innovated liver ex-situ machine perfusion technology:The 2018 Joint International Congress of ILTS,ELITA and LICAGE

The 2018 Joint International Congress of ILTS,ELITA and LICAGE were held in Lisbon,Portugal on May 23–26,2018.The exciting and innovative program brought together 1144 experts in liver transplantation(LT)such as surgeons,physicians or basic scientists from 61 countries.The presentations included 110 invited speakers,181 oral presentations,and 545 posters.This editorial highlights some of the most innovative and impactful presentations in

Toughening of BMI Based Graphite Laminates by Ex-situ Concept

High-performance bismaleimdes (BMI) matrix composites reinforced by graphite fibers were prepared and toughened with a thermoplastic component (PAEK) by using the Ex-situ concept. Experimental matrix was designed for overall toughening of the base resin, periodically interleaving thermoplastic films into each plies (Ex-situ concept) and for varying the film compositions. The highest impact damage resistance characterized by compression after impact (CAI) was obtained for the laminates toughened on the Ex-situ concept, especially, when two-component cast films of a special ration of PAEK/BMI 60∶40 were interleaved though the thermoplastic concentration for the overall toughening, interleaving the pure thermoplastic films and the two-component films was comparable. There were two peaks found in the DSC trace of the laminates toughened implying a phase separation process occurred. The glass transition temperature of the laminates toughened was slightly reduced due to the low-temperature PAEK. Morphological study revealed a typical granular structure just in the interplay region as a result of spinodal decomposition and coarsening process. This was in agreement of the result of DSC investigation.

Ex-situ Conservation of the some Medicinal Plants of Georgia

The present work concerns with ex-situ Conservation issues study of the three economical species Cyclamen vernum Sweet is a synonym of Cyclamen coum subsp.caucasicum(K.Koch)O.Schwarz(Primulaceae)Helleborus caucasicus A.Braun(Ranuculaceae)and Paeonia caucasica Schipcz)Schipcz.Is synonym of Paeonia dauricasubsp.Coriifolia(Rupr.)D.Y.Hong distribution in Georgia.These species are under strong anthropogenic stress,Its populations are collected in nature as a decorative and traditional medicinal properties.It is of urgent necessity to take conservation measures for these species through both ex-situ and in-situ protection methods.For this purpose it is of critical importance to collect data on the distribution of the above species and vitality and fertility of their populations.Processes of seed production and seed multiplication have been studied.The ex-situ base of the seed and live collection bank was created.The work is done in Great Britain within the framework of the“Millennium”Seed Bank Partnership of Kew Botanical Garden.The seeds are placed in the National Seed Bank,duplicates together with Herbarium sample are sent in the millennium seed bank.The live collection obtained from seeds is placed on the collection plot of Plant Conservation Department of the National Botanical Garden of Georgia.

Study on T700/Cyanate/PS/Epoxy Composites with ex-situ Toughening Technique

Composites were prepared with polysulfone through ex-situ toughening technique. The dynamic parameters of cyanate/epoxy resin were studied by differential scanning calorimetric（DSC） analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis（DMA）. Microstructual toughening mechanism was studied through scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The particle microstructure in interlaminar region of composites toughened through ex-situ toughening technique revealed that a reaction induced phase decomposition and phase inversion happened in the interlaminar region. The thermosetting particles were surrounded by the PS phase, which could signifi cantly improve the delamination resistance of composites. The compression after impact（CAI） can be signifi cantly improved from 180 MPa to 260 MPa by using ex-situ toughening while the mechanical properties are not affected.

加氢装置碳钢高压空冷器预硫化过程泄漏分析

针对加氢装置碳钢高压空冷器催化剂预硫化时泄漏失效问题,调研不同制造厂高压空冷器管接头的焊接方法、焊接材料、预热和焊后热处理等焊接工艺,分析不同焊接工艺与失效的关系、以及不同标准的差异,并对加氢装置生产运行和催化剂预硫化两种工况进行对比,分析了加氢装置碳钢高压空冷器在预硫化时发生湿硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂的原因,提出碳钢高压空冷器设计、焊接工艺、使用的要求,具有实践指导意义。

A review on the synthesis of transition metal nitride nanostructures and their energy related applications

Transition metal nitrides(TMN)have recently grabbed immensely appealing as ideal active materials in energy storage and catalysis fields on account of their remarkable electrical conductivity,excellent chemical stability,wide band gap and tunable morphology.Both pure TMN and TMN-based materials have been extensively studied concerned with their preparation approaches,nanostructures,and favored performance in various applications.However,the processes towards synthesis of TMN are numerous and complex.Choosing appropriate method to obtain target TMN with desired structure is crucial,which further affects its practical application performance.Herein,this review offers a timely and comprehensive summary of the synthetic ways to TMN and their application in energy related domains.The synthesis section is categorized into in-situ and ex-situ based on where the N element in TMN origins from.Then,overviews on the energy related applications including energy storage,electrocatalysis and photocatalysis are discussed.In the end,the problems to be solved and the development trend of the synthesis and application of transition metal nitrides are prospected.

Cocoon-shaped P3-type K0.5Mn0.7Ni0.3O2 as an advanced cathode material for potassium-ion batteries

Potassium ion batteries(PIBs)are emerging as potential next-generation energy storage systems on account of their low cost and high theoretical energy density.Nevertheless,they also face challenges of low specific capacity and suboptimal cycling stability.Herein,we synthesize a cocoon-like P3-type K_(0.5)Mn_(0.7)Ni_(0.3)O_(2)(KMNO)cathode material by a self-template method.The KMNO cocoons possess a hierarchical layered architecture composed of nanoparticle stacking,which can accelerate the transport kinetics of potassium ions,mitigate the stress caused by K^(+)intercalation and deintercalation,and improve structural stability.In addition,Ni can not only alleviate the Jahn-Teller distortion and suppress the phase transition to stabilize the structure,but also act as an electrochemically active element,providing the capacity of two electrons from Ni2+to Ni4+.Combining the advantages of structure and nickel substitution,the P3-type KMNO cocoons are used for electrochemical performance testing of PIB cathodes,delivering an excellent rate capability of 57.1 m A h g^(-1)at 500 m A g^(-1)and a remarkable cycling stability of 77.0%over 300 cycles at 100 m A g^(-1).Impressively,the KMNO cocoons//pitch-derived soft carbon assembled full battery exhibits superior electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of 79.7 m A h g^(-1)at 50 m A g^(-1).Moreover,ex-situ XRD also further reveals a solid solution phase reaction with a volume change of only 1.46%.This work furnishes a suitable approach to fabricating highperformance layered oxide cathodes for PIBs with outstanding cycling stability and rate capability.

加氢催化剂器外预硫化技术的工业应用

介绍了石油化工科学研究院开发的器外预硫化催化剂RS-1(S)和预硫化技术在长岭炼化股份有限责任公司低压组合床重整预加氢装置上的工业应用情况。标定结果表明,器外预硫化催化剂RS-1(S)的活性达到氧化态催化剂RS-1器内硫化的水平,工业应用取得了成功。在加氢系统使用器外预硫化催化剂开工,具有投资省、污染小、开工过程简单、开工时间短、开工成本低、安全可靠等特点。

加氢催化剂器外预硫化技术现状

介绍了现有加氢催化剂器外预硫化的技术路线、制备器外预硫化催化剂时所使用硫化剂的特点及研究器外预硫化技术时所需要重点考虑的问题。

噻吩加氢脱硫和四氢萘催化加氢反应中载体和助剂的影响

为了更好地认识加氢脱硫和催化加氢反应中的载体影响和助剂效应 ,在同样的催化剂制备方法及反应条件下 ,研究了噻吩加氢脱硫 (HDS)和四氢萘催化加氢 (HYD)反应 .结果表明 ,对于无助剂的Mo和W催化剂 ,载体对催化活性的影响顺序为TiO2 Al2 O3>ZrO2 >Al2 O3.助剂的添加改变了催化剂活性顺序 .Ni助剂催化剂的活性明显高于Co助剂催化剂 .ZrO2 担载的添加Ni的Mo和W催化剂分别获得了最佳的HDS和HYD活性 .然而 ,添加Pt的Mo和W催化剂其HDS和HYD活性仅是Pt与Mo(W)二者的加和 ,Pt与Mo(W )之间没有协同效应 .先将担载的Mo和W预硫化再将助剂引入体系的催化剂制备方法可以避免Ni和Co过早硫化形成类硫化镍 (或硫化钴 )物相 。

SK-1预硫化型柴油加氢精制催化剂的研制

通过硫化态前驱物四硫代钼酸铵用浸渍法制备了以Mo-Ni为主要活性组分的预硫化型加氢催化剂SK-1。在100mL柴油加氢精制装置上考察了SK-1催化剂的加氢反应性能。结果表明,在反应温度340℃、反应氢分压4．0 MPa、氢油体积比500∶1、体积空速2．0h^(-1)的缓和加氢工艺条件下,SK-1催化剂可使FCC柴油十六烷值提高10．2个单位,对FCC柴油脱硫率达到93．4%,脱氮率可达到78．4%,SK-1催化剂的综合性能略优于参比催化剂FC-1和CK-2,是一种新型的预硫化型加氢精制催化剂。

加氢处理催化剂器外预硫化技术研究与展望

预硫化是活化氧化态加氢处理催化剂的重要过程。本文着重综述了加氢处理催化剂器外预硫化技术的研究成果并与器内预硫化进行对比。讨论了应用于不同加氢处理技术特别是加氢脱硫过程获得的认识。阐述和分析了主要器外预硫化技术的优缺点以及相关的硫化机理、活性中心模型。最后介绍了作者单位开发的EPRES技术所取得的进展,其技术优势以及在中国的工业化应用。