Spatial pattern of urban-rural integration in China and the impact of geography

Urban-rural integration (URI) is a global challenge that is highly related to inequalities, poverty, economic growth, and other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Existing research has evaluated the extent of URI and explored its influencing factors, but urban-rural linkages are seldom incorporated in evaluation systems, and geographical factors are rarely recognized as the influencing factors. We construct a URI framework including regional economy, rural development, urban-rural linkage, and urban-rural gap. Based on a dataset consisting of 1,669 counties in China in 2020, we reveal the spatial pattern of URI and find a high correlation between the spatial pattern of URI and the relief degree of land surface (RDLS). Using structural equation modeling, we discover that topography has direct ( − 0.18, p < 0.001) and indirect ( − 0.17, p < 0.001) effects on URI. The indirect negative effects are mediated through the infrastructure, and the combination of localized advantages and modern technical conditions could mitigate the negative impact of topography. Finally, we identify 742 counties as lagging regions in URI, which can be clustered into eight types. Our findings could facilitate policy designing for those countries striving for integrated and sustainable development of urban and rural areas.

Peri-urban Development:Discussion with Land Use Zoning,Statutory Provision,and Issues inside Katahari Rural Municipality,Nepal

The peri-urban area is a transitional zone between the city and its hinterlands characterized by mixed land use and intensive flows of resources,people,goods,and services from and to the city center.These zones are generally misguided and haphazardly developed without a proper planning framework.The peri-urban area at present will be the urban area in the future;therefore,it needs planning intervention in its initial stage of growth.Katahari,a peri-urban area of Biratnagar metropolitan city,is developing a spontaneous lack of land use plans.Recently,the Government of Nepal has encouraged the local government to implement land use plans in the provided framework,policy,and guidelines.This study,in this context,attempts to analyze and identify land use issues and potential zones for Katahari rural municipality that also supports planning urban development in the future.The study is based on primary and secondary data and information supported by maps and figures.It is concluded that Katahari has been developed as a multi-function center adjoining the Biratnagar metropolitan city,and future expansion of the city will cover a wide range of rural municipalities.The postal highway that passes through it has attracted a wide range of urban functions.Agriculture,residential,commercial,and industrial are the main land use category at present and needs development control through providing land use zoning and related planning instruments through the increasing role of the stakeholder and the government agencies in the decision-making processes and implementation of spatial development frameworks to regulate peri-urban development in the area which will guide the future planning for liability,economic viability,social inclusion,and environmental sustainability in the area.Spill-over development activities of Biratnagar,have increased the number of economic activities,population growth,and mixed-use development.

Analyzing land use characteristics of rural settlements on the urban fringe of Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, China

The objective of this paper is to analyze land use characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe so as to provide references for optimizing the regional distribution of rural settlements, consolidating rural settlements, and coordinating urban-rural integrated development. The methods of spatial statistical analysis, buffer analysis, Ripley's K function, kernel density analysis based on GIS(Geographic Information System) were used to analyze the characteristics of scale, spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of the rural settlements in Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing Municipality of China. The fractal dimension formula was also developed to reflect fractal feature of the rural settlements. The results show that, the scale of rural settlements in Liangjang New Area takes on distinct characteristics of spatial differentiation along with changes in elevation, gradient, location, geohazards distribution, and the like. The fractal characteristic of rural settlements has obvious regional variations subject to the 6 factors of location in the Liangjiang New Area. Overall, the worse the terrain conditions are, the larger the fractal dimension values become. The better the locationconditions, the larger the fractal dimension values are. The spatial pattern in the township scale presents three kinds of distribution as being aggregated, uniform and random. In contract, the spatial pattern in the plaque scale displays a banding distribution from a general view with several aggregation zones centering on each town center. From the results, we can see that the characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe are more complicated. For such kind of rural settlements in special regions, in the rural land consolidation more attention should be paid to improve the rural living environments and public services, as well as to promote the harmonious relationship between the urban and rural areas.

Countermeasures for Intensive Use of Land from the Perspective of Urban-Rural Integration

This paper analyzes problems of excessive emphasis on expansion of urban land,improper village and town construction,and low land utilization efficiency in urban-rural integration construction.In line with characteristics and principle of intensive land use of urban-rural integration,it puts forward integration of urban-rural land layout,practically exploring connotation,and improving land intensification in many ways.Based on these,it presents countermeasures for intensive use of land from the perspective of urban-rural integration,including stressing function of overall planning of land use in integration and control of urban-rural regional development,raising population,ecological and economic bearing capacity of land on the condition of protecting arable land and focusing on intensive use of land,and promoting healthy,sustainable and coordinated development of industrialization,urbanization and urban-rural integration.

The Evolution of Urban and Rural Construction Land Based on Spatial Econometrics:A Case Study of Bijie City

Based on the theory of spatial econometrics,we test and process the urban and rural construction land data during the base period of planning and late period of planning in Bijie City.And we conduct comparative analysis of the spatial pattern and evolution characteristics of urban and rural construction land in 41 towns of Bijie City before and after the planning.According to Getis-ord G i coefficient test results,the cold spot area of urban and rural construction land in northeast of Bijie City will gradually disappear,and the key point of hot spot area will be gradually transferred from the central region to the central and eastern regions.The results show that under the guidance of the overall land use planning in Bijie City,the urban and rural construction land will show strong spatial autocorrelation;agglomeration benefits and scale merit will appear clearly,in line with the actual situation of current development of Bijie City.

The Division of Labor and Cooperation between Market and Government in the Unified Urban and Rural Construction Land Market

In the process of establishing the unified market of construction land between city and countryside,both of the market mechanism and the government mechanism are indispensable to the allocation of resources,but they are both powerless in some ways. This paper starts from the related theory of economics,and draws a conclusion that the unified market of construction land between urban countryside will be established unless the market mechanism and the government mechanism work collaboratively. Finally,the paper puts forward the recommendations for ensuring the coordination between market mechanism and government mechanism: reforming the agricultural land property rights system; reforming the existing land law system; establishing the modern land tax system; transforming the government functions.

Effects of land use change on the spatiotemporal variability of soil organic carbon in an urban-rural ecotone of Beijing,China

Understanding the effects of land use changes on the spatiotemporal variation of soil organic carbon （SOC） can provide guidance for low carbon and sustainable agriculture. In this paper, based on the large-scale datasets of soil surveys in 1982 and 2009 for Pinggu District -- an urban-rural ecotone of Beijing, China, the effects of land use and land use changes on both temporal variation and spatial variation of SOC were analyzed. Results showed that from 1982 to 2009 in Pinggu District, the following land use change mainly occurred： Grain cropland converted to orchard or vegetable land, and grassland converted to forestland. The SOC content decreased in region where the land use type changed to grain cropland （e.g., vegetable land to grain cropland decreased by 0.7 g kg-1; orchard to grain cropland decreased by 0.2 g kg-l）. In contrast, the SOC content increased in region where the land use type changed to either orchard （excluding forestland） or forestland （e.g., grain cropland to orchard and forestland increased by 2.7 and 2.4 g kg-1, respectively; grassland to orchard and forestland increased by 4.8 and 4.9 g kg-1, respectively）. The organic carbon accumulation capacity per unit mass of the soil increased in the following order： grain cropland soil〈vegetable land/grassland soil〈orchard soil〈forestland soil. Therefore, to both secure supply of agricultural products and develop low carbon agriculture in a modern city, orchard has proven to be a good choice for land using.

Welfare effects of rural-urban land conversion on different aged land-lost farmers:exemplified in Wuhan city

Rural-urban land conversion is a universal phenomenon in the rapid process of economic development and urban growth.The welfare of farmers who lost their farmland attracted a widespread concern within the society and academia.However,further research about differentiated policies according to the characteristics of different farmer groups is still need to be conducted.This article divides the land-lost farmers into three age groups:younger than 45,45-65,and more than 65.It proposes a welfare index system including eight functional areas based on different age groups of affected farmers,taking four districts of Wuhan City as case study area.Fuzzy mathematics method is used to derive the aggregated welfare effect index.Our analysis show that the overall welfare levels of land-lost farmers of all age groups declined,but with a varying degree,with the level of welfare in those farmers who are 45-65 years old,younger than 45 years old,and older than 65 years old decreased by 18.7%,16.6%,and 12.7%,respectively.The direction and degree of effects on the functional activity index varies among different groups.Economic conditions,living environment,health,and social participation of all age groups decrease while social security and housing conditions increase.On the other hand,development opportunities,social communication,and leisure have different changing directions in different age stages.These results call for differentiated and tailor-made compensation policies for land-lost farmers,towards improving the welfare levels of all farmers and reduce the disparity among them.

Soil quality and sustainable land use in urban-rural marginal area: a case study of Kaifeng

By using the basic theories of physical geography, land resources and ecology, this article analyzes the soil quality of the rural-urban marginal area in Kaifeng. Computer techniques, based on soil samples analysis, are used to study soil quality changes in the Kaifeng’s rural-urban marginal area. While focusing on nutrient circle key links of input and output in soil, relying on numerous practical survey data, this article reveals clearly the impact of land use change on soil quality.

RS and GIS-based Analysis of Landscape Pattern Changes in Urban-rural Ecotone:A Case Study of Daiyue District,Tai' an City,China

Based on RS data of Daiyue District,Tai'an City in 2000,2005 and 2010,changes of land use types in urban-rural ecotone of Tai'an City from 2000 to 2010 were analyzed.Ecological theories,ArcGIS techniques and landscape structure analysis software Fragstats were applied to select relevant landscape pattern indexes and analyze changes of landscape structure,and compare changes in two durations(2000-2005,2005-2010).The results showed that area of natural landscapes in the study area declined from 2000 to 2010,construction land expanded,land use types were mainly transferred from natural landscapes to man-made landscapes.In terms of landscape level,number of patches(NP),patch density(PD),patch shape index(SHAPE),Shannon's diversity index(SHDI) and Shannon's evenness index(SHEI) increased,the largest patch index(LPI) declined.In terms of type level,arable land were influenced by the most human interventions,large-scale patches turned fragmented,and landscape dominance degraded;woodland landscapes were concentrated in mountainous areas,waterscape indexes showed slight changes.Dominance of regional dominant landscape types degraded,landscape fragmentation and landscape heterogeneity increased,and landscape stability declined.

Evaluation of Overall Coordination of Urban and Rural Land Use in Xiangtan City

Based on regional characteristics of Xiangtan City and in line with relevant principle of overall coordination of urban and rural land use,this paper builds an evaluation system for overall urban and rural land use in Xiangtan City. With weight of each index determined by Analytic Hierarchy Process,it makes quantitative analysis of overall urban and rural land use of Xiangtan City in recent 8 years. Finally,it proposes feasible recommendations for overall coordinated development of urban and rural land use in Xiangtan City according to current land use situations.

Reform of Rural Land System from the Perspective of New Urbanization

In view of artificially high urbanization rate of China and possible causes,survey and data analysis methods were used to discuss reform of household registration system,and path for promoting rural land system reform. Results show that it is required to eliminate bottlenecks of land system in the advance of new urbanization process. In line with land system bottlenecks of new urbanization,it is recommended to take following measures.( i) Promoting land right confirmation centered land system reform.( ii) Weakening rural land ownership and stressing land use right.( iii) Establishing urban and rural integrated land market and putting an end to low cost urbanization road.( iv) Realizing asset value of rural construction land and tackling the problem of insufficient construction land.( v) Reforming the land expropriation system and increasing the share of gain in land value to farmers.( vi) Implementing different land policies to promote coordinated development of regional social economy.( vii) Establishing land circulation access system to ensure unchanged land use purpose and high efficient use.

Optimization of Training Program for Land Resource Management Major under the Background of Urban and Rural Integration

With constant deepening of development outlook of urban and rural integration,education circle starts to attach great importance to reform of personnel training program.Since scarcity of land resource and key role of land management in urban and rural integration,it is urgent to optimize the personnel training program for land resource management major.From aspects of optimum objectives,principles,program and implementation effect,this paper discusses training program for land resource management major under the background of urban and rural integration.It is expected to provide reference for cultivating land resource management personnel suitable for development of urban and rural integration.

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shan-dong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.

Study of Urban and Rural Construction Land Change Based on Small Scale in Dafang

This paper is to examine the urban and rural construction land data of Dafang between basic year and final year based on country scale and spatial econometrics,and analyze its spatial pattern and change feature. According to the results,the construction lands in all the villages of Dafang County showed strong spatial autocorrelation and significant spatial cluster. After the analysis of local Moran's I,the construction lands in 381 villages of 36 counties presented strong activity. The original small-scale villages were gradually enlarging,which will not only gradually benefit local development,but also be in accordance with the strategy of " one city,one district,eight parks".

Discussion on Mode of Key Link in Increase and Decrease Connection of Urban and Rural Construction Land

With the methods of qualitative analysis, induction and deduction, modes of key links in increase and decrease connection of urban and rural construction land are proposed in view of the involved three key links, namely reclamation of rural construction land, fund raising and management of connection turnover index, based on the comprehensive analysis of political connotation in increase and decrease of urban and rural construction land. The modes include "village relocation and combination", "hollow village" reconstruction, high-rise stereo, village relocation in the mountain and related capital raising and turnover index management and the applicable regions of various modes are analyzed and studied. The research result provides reference for the reasonable operation of increase and decrease link of urban and rural construction land.

Promoting Poverty Alleviation through the Project of Linkage of Urban Construction Land Increase with Rural Construction Land Decrease——A Case Study of Binchuan County in Yunnan Province

The policy of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease is an important task for poverty alleviation. It not only promotes the intensive use of land and the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,but also plays an essential role in poverty alleviation development and the relocation of poverty alleviation. It provides a strong guarantee for winning the project of poverty alleviation. Taking the project of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease in Binchuan County in Yunnan Province,combined with the current situation of poverty alleviation and relocation in Binchuan County,the implementation of related policies of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease,and path of relocation poverty alleviation,this paper introduced problems in the implementation of policies of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease in Binchuan County,and came up with recommendations for the project of poverty alleviation through linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease.

Model and Strategy of Urban and Rural Construction Land Market Integration

At present,one of the important contents of China s rural land system reform is to build a unified construction land market in urban and rural areas.The unified construction land market in urban and rural areas will produce higher economic and social benefits.It is imperative to promote the integration of urban and rural construction land market to improve the income of farmers,invigorate the stock of rural collective construction land and improve the efficiency of land use.This paper analyzes the current situation of urban and rural construction land market,the two models and typical cases of urban and rural construction land market integration,the restrictive factors and practical difficulties of urban and rural construction land market integration,and puts forward some suggestions and measures.This provides a theoretical basis for accelerating the integration of urban and rural construction land market,and hopes to provide a certain reference for the integration of urban and rural construction land market.

Study on the Construction of China's Unified Urban-rural Construction Land Market

State-owned urban construction land market in China has evolved and been improved gradually, but use system of rural collective construction land has lagged far behind, so the urban-rural construction land market in China has been split with a result that use effi ciency of land resources is poor and collective land property rights of peasants are damaged. On the basis of analyzing problems of the current construction land market and also the causes, modern land property theory and institutional change of neoinstitutional economics are applied to study dynamical mechanism and development path of the construction land market, to construct the unifi ed construction land market system of China, and to propose corresponding guarantee policies, so as to achieve the effective allocation of construction land and maximization of social welfare.

The Use of Remote Sensing and Landscape Metrics to Analyze Land Use Evolution in Rural Areas of the Municipality of Passo Fundo/RS(Brazil)

The use of remote sensing in the design of land use mapping allows analyses of landscape evolution during a certain period of time which helps studies in a global scope.The objective of this study is to identify and analyze changes in characteristics of rural land use in the municipality of Passo Fundo,located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul,Brazil,during the years 2001 and 2020,through images taken from the Landsat TM-7 and TM-8 satellites.Methodologically,satellite images were classified by supervised methods,generating thematic maps,and taking into account the following groups:tillage(growing area),forest,exposed soil and water resources.Results demonstrated that the process of connecting agricultural crop patches went from 5.495 in 2001 to a figure of 10.812 in 2020,thus having an increase of 96%.