Persistence of fertilization effects on soil organic carbon in degraded alpine wetlands in the Yellow River source region

In the restoration of degraded wetlands,fertilization can improve the vegetation-soil-microorganisms complex,thereby affecting the organic carbon content.However,it is currently unclear whether these effects are sustainable.This study employed Biolog-Eco surveys to investigate the changes in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties,and soil microbial functional diversity in degraded alpine wetlands of the source region of the Yellow River at 3 and 15 months after the application of nitrogen,phosphorus,and organic mixed fertilizer.The following results were obtained:The addition of nitrogen fertilizer and organic compost significantly affects the soil organic carbon content in degraded wetlands.Three months after fertilization,nitrogen addition increases soil organic carbon in both lightly and severely degraded wetlands,whereas after 15 months,organic compost enhanced the soil organic carbon level in severely degraded wetlands.Structural equation modeling indicates that fertilization decreases the soil pH and directly or indirectly influences the soil organic carbon levels through variations in the soil water content and the aboveground biomass of vegetation.Three months after fertilization,nitrogen fertilizer showed a direct positive effect on soil organic carbon.However,organic mixed fertilizer indirectly reduced soil organic carbon by increasing biomass and decreasing soil moisture.After 15 months,none of the fertilizers significantly affected the soil organic carbon level.In summary,it can be inferred that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer lacks sustainability in positively influencing the organic carbon content.

Spatial-temporal variations in near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River during the period 2002–2011 based on the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System(AMSR-E) data

Detecting near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycles in high-altitude cold regions is important for understanding the Earth＇s surface system, but such studies are rare. In this study, we detected the spatial-temporal variations in near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River（SRYR） during the period 2002–2011 based on data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System（AMSR-E）. Moreover, the trends of onset dates and durations of the soil freeze-thaw cycles under different stages were also analyzed. Results showed that the thresholds of daytime and nighttime brightness temperatures of the freeze-thaw algorithm for the SRYR were 257.59 and 261.28 K, respectively. At the spatial scale, the daily frozen surface（DFS） area and the daily surface freeze-thaw cycle surface（DFTS） area decreased by 0.08% and 0.25%, respectively, and the daily thawed surface（DTS） area increased by 0.36%. At the temporal scale, the dates of the onset of thawing and complete thawing advanced by 3.10（±1.4） and 2.46（±1.4） days, respectively; and the dates of the onset of freezing and complete freezing were delayed by 0.9（±1.4） and 1.6（±1.1） days, respectively. The duration of thawing increased by 0.72（±0.21） day/a and the duration of freezing decreased by 0.52（±0.26） day/a. In conclusion, increases in the annual minimum temperature and winter air temperature are the main factors for the advanced thawing and delayed freezing and for the increase in the duration of thawing and the decrease in the duration of freezing in the SRYR.

Variation and relationship between soil moisture and environmental factors in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016

This study analyzed soil moisture,soil erosion,and vegetation in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016.We found that soil moisture showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2009 but decreased from 2009 to 2016.The surface soil moisture was severely affected by seasonal changes in the source region of the Yangtze River,especially in the soil from 0 to 40 cm.However,seasonal variation of soil moisture deeper than 40 cm was different from that in the upper layer.Soil moisture below 40 cm wasn't affected by the seasonal variation.Soil moisture from 0 to 50 cm and the average thickness of wind deposition showed a positive correlation in the study area from 2005 to 2016.For environmental protection in the source region of the Yangtze River,wind deposition played a role in water retention.Similarly,a positive correlation also existed between the average thickness of wind erosion and soil moisture.Deep-soil moisture was the key factor for vegetation structure on the Qinghai?Tibet Plateau.The results are also helpful for further understanding the variation of soil moisture on the Tibetan Plateau and providing a scientific basis for effectively protecting and controlling the ecological environment in the future.

Soil hydraulic conductivity and its influence on soil moisture simulations in the source region of the Yellow River——take Maqu as an example

Saturated hydraulic conductivity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity which are influenced by soil are two important factors that affect soil water transport.In this paper,data supplied by the Chinese Academy of Sciences are used to determine true unsaturated hydrology values.Furthermore,in combination with observed,model simulation and experimental data,an improved saturated hydraulic conductivity parameterization scheme is carried out in CLM4.5 at a single point in the summer.The main results show that:(1)After improving saturated hydraulic conductivity in CLM4.5 through a parameterization modification,it is found that shallow layer soil moisture increases compared to the initial value;and(2)The numerical values of unsaturated hydraulic conductivities in the model are obviously larger than experimental values.By substituting the BrooksCorey soil water characteristic curve into the Mualem model,the value of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is modified;(3)By using the modified value,it is found that the attenuating magnitude of simulated soil moisture caused by each rainfall event is reduced.The soil moisture variation in shallow layers(5,10 and 20 cm)could be better displayed.

Regional Geochemical Characteristics and Influence Factors of Soil Elements in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China

Soil heavy metal pollution is one of the main environmental problems in Pearl River Delta Economic?Zone of China. Based on multi-purpose regional geochemical survey, regional eco-geochemical assessment, local eco-geochemical assessment and comprehensive appraisal, the eco-geochemical survey and assessment in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone of 41,698 km2?were completed. Samples from soils were collected in accordance with the two-layer grid method. Totally 54 elements and indicators for soils were determined. Compared to deep soils, the sampled surface soils are enriched in OrgC, N, P, Cd, S,Hg, Ag, B, Au, S and poor with As, Ni, I, Co, Cr, V, MgO, Sc, Al2O3, Fe2O3?etc. The characteristics of geochemical reference value of element in soil that inherited soil parent material and regional elements combined features reflected that the elements enriched in the soil was interrelated with acid rock, sandstone and shale. The spatial distribution characteristics of element regional geochemistry were conditional by regional environmental geological conditions,and effected by human activities. The Pearl River Delta plain is a typical geochemical landscape area with regional anomaly of multiple-elements. The north, western and eastern parts of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone are quite different in geochemical features due to regional geological background, soil parent materials, geomorphic characteristics and human activities. Environment quality evaluation results show that the grade I and grade II soil accounted for 19.9% and 57.3% of the total area. Many samples that widely distributed in the economic developed of Pearl River Delta Plain area reached the third-grade of national soil environment standard. The soil enriched in Cd, Hg, As, and the area ratio accounting for 22.8% of the total area. It is mainly controlled by the geochemical background, the Pearl River Delta formation evolution process, especially the marine transgression process lead to Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb enrichment in Pearl River Delta plain. At the same time, under the influence of higher pressure of human activities, all kinds of exogenous input material carrying heavy metal pollutants on soil environmental quality also could not to ignore.

Effects of soil profile and characteristic of exciting force on propagation of ground vibrations

Ground-borne vibrations caused by vibration sources such as road traffic and construction exhibit complicated properties during propagation from the vibration source to the inside of a building. In the present paper, a numerical analysis technique for the system of vibration source and propagation path of ground vibration is developed in order to systematically determine the propagation properties of the vibration as part of developing a predictive technique for exposure evaluations by vibrations in three directions at receiving points of vibration in the human body. First, the exciting forces in three directions for input into the numerical computation are inversely-estimated by using the measured acceleration rec- ords of the measurement points, which are near the vibration source. The thin-layered element method is used for numerical computation of the ground vibration. Then, the calculation results for the ground vibration obtained by using the estimated exciting force are compared with the measured results, and the influence of the stratified structure of the ground on the exciting force and the propagation properties of the ground vibration are studied. From these results, in a prediction of the ground vibration in three directions, it is emphasized that it is necessary to consider the influence of horizontal exciting force, although attention has been paid to only the vertical exciting force for simulating ground vibration.

Changes in the depths of seasonal freezing and thawing and their effects on vegetation in the Three-River Headwater Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Frozen ground degradation plays an important role in vegetation growth and activity in high-altitude cold regions.This study estimated the spatiotemporal variations in the active layer thickness(ALT)of the permafrost region and the soil freeze depth(SFD)in the seasonally frozen ground region across the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR)from 1980 to 2014 using the Stefan equation,and differentiated the effects of these variations on alpine vegetation in these two regions.The results showed that the average ALT from 1980 to 2014 increased by23.01 cm/10 a,while the average SFD decreased by 3.41 cm/10 a,and both changed intensively in the transitional zone between the seasonally frozen ground and permafrost.From 1982-2014,the increase in the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and the advancement of the start of the vegetation growing season(SOS)in the seasonally frozen ground region(0.0078/10 a,1.83 d/10 a)were greater than those in the permafrost region(0.0057/10 a,0.39 d/10 a).The results of the correlation analysis indicated that increases in the ALT and decreases in the SFD in the TRSR could lead to increases in the NDVI and advancement of the SOS.Surface soil moisture played a critical role in vegetation growth in association with the increasing ALT and decreasing SFD.The NDVI for all vegetation types in the TRSR except for alpine vegetation showed an increasing trend that was significantly related to the SFD and ALT.During the study period,the general frozen ground conditions were favorable to vegetation growth,while the average contributions of ALT and SFD to the interannual variation in the NDVI were greater than that of precipitation but less than that of temperature.

Tracing environmental lead sources on the Ao mountain of China using lead isotopic composition and biomonitoring

Atmospheric lead （Pb） and other trace metals can transport over long distance and deposit on remote alpine ecosystems. In this work, the soil profiles, litter and dominant mosses along a large altitude were collected on Ao Mountain, Central China, to obtain the spatial distributions of Pb in these materials, decipher the possible factors controlling the distribution, and quantitatively distinguish the natural versus anthropogenic sources of Pb through the Pb isotopic tracing and biomonitoring. The results show that soil Pb concentrations （mg/kg） decreased significantly with depth, and they were markedly higher in the 0 （42.6 ＋ 2.7） and A （36.4 ＋ 2.2） horizons than in the litter （7.20 ~ 1.9） and mosses （28.o ~ 3-9）- The Pb enrichment in the surface soils （0 and A horizons）, litter and mosses existed in the relatively high altitudes, which was attributed to the influences from atmospheric wet deposition, plants, soil Dhvsicochemical DroDerties and human activitv. ThePb isotopic ratios identified the Pb sources as originating mainly from Chinese coal combustion, mining and smelting. Atmospheric Pb from southeastern, southwestern and northwestern regions could be deposited in the alpine ecosystem by long distance atmospheric transport. The anthropogenic Pb reached over 50% in the 0 and A horizons, and over 70% in the litter and mosses, which corresponded to the concentrations of 26.9, 17.7, 5.92 and 21.2 mg/kg, respectively. The results indicate that the mutual effects of climate and regional human activity could increase the Pb accumulation in remote alpine ecosystems.

用CEOF分析中蒙地温场的空间分布及时变特征

对 195 4— 1999年中蒙 0 .8m地温资料进行CEOF分析 ,发现地温场存在沿纬向的 4条波动结构 ,与我国的 4条纬向地震活动带一一相合 ;青藏高原边缘的“中印缅热点”和“中阿巴热点”及台湾东部的扰动先于其它地区 ,是我国地热涡的扰动源区。

Combining CLUE-S and SWAT Models to Forecast Land Use Change and Non-point Source Pollution Impact at a Watershed Scale in Liaoning Province, China

Non-point source(NPS) pollution has become a major source of water pollution. A combination of models would provide the necessary direction and approaches designed to control NPS pollution through land use planning. In this study, NPS pollution load was simulated in urban planning, historic trends and ecological protection land use scenarios based on the Conversion of Land Use and its Effect at Small regional extent(CLUE-S) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) models applied to Hunhe-Taizi River Watershed, Liaoning Province, China. Total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) were chosen as NPS pollution indices. The results of models validation showed that CLUE-S and SWAT models were suitable in the study area. NPS pollution mainly came from dry farmland, paddy, rural and urban areas. The spatial distribution of TN and TP exhibited the same trend in 57 sub-catchments. The TN and TP had the highest NPS pollution load in the western and central plains, which concentrated the urban area and farm land. The NPS pollution load would increase in the urban planning and historic trends scenarios, and would be even higher in the urban planning scenario. However, the NPS pollution load decreased in the ecological protection scenario. The differences observed in the three scenarios indicated that land use had a degree of impact on NPS pollution, which showed that scientific and ecologically sound construction could effectively reduce the NPS pollution load in a watershed. This study provides a scientific method for conducting NPS pollution research at the watershed scale, a scientific basis for non-point source pollution control, and a reference for related policy making.

冻土区土壤甲烷排放的研究进展及发展趋势

作为全球碳循环系统及陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,冻土区土壤甲烷排放在土壤碳库与气候变化之间的反馈联动机制中扮演着关键性角色,并因此成为全球气候变化研究中的前沿热点问题。冻土区土壤甲烷排放的气源主要为微生物产甲烷活动和冻土层、天然气水合物中的气体释放作用,其中,微生物气源的研究较为成熟,而冻土层和天然气水合物气源甲烷的排放研究目前尚停留在定性分析阶段。在影响因子方面,文献计量学统计结果中出现频次最多的关键词依次为土壤温度、湿度和水位条件、有机质含量、地表植被条件等,这些要素可以对甲烷产生、传输和氧化吸收等多个环节产生影响。模型计算法是当前冻土区土壤甲烷排放评估预测的主要方法,包括早期的统计计算模型和近年来出现的基于土壤甲烷排放成因机理的过程模型,相关计算结果有效地支撑了全球气候变化评估研究。通过对冻土区土壤甲烷排放研究成果的梳理和总结,发现当前对冻土区土壤甲烷排放的气源和单因子影响作用认识较为明确,不同尺度的监测和评估方法也较为成熟。但是,对多气源作用下的冻土区土壤甲烷复合排放研究仍然较为薄弱,尤其是在冻土层和天然气水合物的甲烷释放方面,还缺少相关的定量计算研究。与此同时,在影响因子研究方面,也缺少多因素作用下的成因机理和驱动机制分析。因此,可以通过多方法、多因素综合监测研究,利用产甲烷微生物的元基因组分析、多气源土壤甲烷排放的同位素示踪等新技术和新方法,结合卫星遥感等大尺度观测结果,完善冻土区土壤甲烷排放的过程模型。此外,作为全球的“第三极”,青藏高原区域碳循环系统的变化将对亚洲,乃至全球气候变化产生重大影响。因此,还应进一步加强对青藏高原中纬度高原冻土区土壤甲烷排放的相关研究,为区域碳排放的定量评估和全球气候变化的研究提供理论支撑。

基于GPR探测的长江源地区冰川与冻土厚度研究

长江源地区的冰川变化揭示了青藏高原气候变化趋势。冰下地形探测作为冰川发育和运动过程研究的基础,对长江地区水土保持和淡水资源储量研究具有指导意义。长江科学院在长达10 a的江源科考基础上,分别于2022年、2023年采用探地雷达(GPR)技术对长江正源沱沱河发源地格拉丹东主峰的冰川厚度进行精准探测,并对查旦湿地冻土厚度上限进行了探测研究。结合多种冰川和冻土地质模型的GPR波场模拟结果,提高了GPR技术在长江源地区冰川和冻土探测的有效性和精准度。探测结果表明,格拉丹东主峰冰川厚度和查旦湿地冻土厚度上限均有不同程度降低,冰川厚度和冻土厚度上限观测是一个常年积累的结果,后续仍需持续进行观测,积累更多数据,分析变化趋势,以估算探测区域内冰储量,研究气候变化对冰川的影响效果。

Response of runoff to climate change and its future tendency in the source region of Yellow River

This study examines the hydrological and meteorological data of the source region of the Yellow River from 1956 to 2010 and future climate scenarios from regional climate model （PRECIS） during 2010-2020. Through analyzing the flow variations and revealing the climate causes, it predicts the variation trend for future flows. It is found that the annual mean flow showed a decreasing trend in recent 50 years in the source region of the Yellow River with quasi-periods of 5a, 8a, 15a, 22a and 42a; the weakened South China Sea summer monsoon induced precipitation decrease, as well as evaporation increase and frozen soil degeneration in the scenario of global warming are the climate factors, which have caused flow decrease. Based on the regional climate model PRECIS prediction, the flows in the source region of the Yellow River are likely to decrease generally in the next 20 years.

干旱区土壤无机碳碳汇作用及其对固碳减排贡献研究进展

【研究目的】干旱区土壤无机碳作为全球碳循环举足轻重的组成部分,其碳汇效应不容忽视。【研究方法】本文查阅了大量国内外干旱区土壤无机碳的相关文献,重点对土壤无机碳汇确认、碳库组成、来源识别,以及碳汇影响因素进行了系统性归纳总结。【研究结果】干旱区无机碳汇效应伴随着干旱区负通量研究得到确认,但其碳库组成十分复杂,包括了液相碳库与固相碳库。其中液相储库主要以可溶性碳酸盐形式赋存于干旱区地下水体;固相储库则为以固相碳酸盐矿物的形式赋存在土壤中,依据不同成因来源分为成岩碳酸盐与成土碳酸盐,后者又细分为碳质成土碳酸盐与硅质成土碳酸盐。成土碳酸盐中的硅质成土碳酸盐具备真正长期稳定的碳汇效应。无机碳汇的影响因素复杂,包括了自然的气候、土壤性质与深度、生物作用、成土母质、土壤有机质等因素,以及土地利用与土地覆盖、农业管理措施等人为因素。【结论】干旱区土壤无机碳对全球碳循环研究极其重要,当前研究主要聚焦在土壤无机碳来源分辨,碳汇效应强度确认与固碳潜力量化,以及影响因素明确与人为干预的可能性评估等方面。在实现“双碳目标”驱动下,查清干旱—半干旱地区土壤无机碳源汇过程与影响因素必将是未来的研究热点,也是解决“碳失汇”科学难题的突破点,极大地推动全球碳循环研究。

Runoff variation and its response to climate change in the Three Rivers Source Region

Runoff at the three time scales （non-flooding season, flooding season and annual period） was simulated and tested from 1958 to 2005 at Tangnaihai （Yellow River Source Region： YeSR）, Zhimenda （Yangtze River Source Region： YaSR） and Changdu （Lancang River Source Region： LcSR） by hydrological modeling, trend detection and comparative analysis. Also, future runoff variations from 2010 to 2039 at the three outlets were analyzed in A1B and B1 scenarios of CSIRO and NCAR climate model and the impact of climate change was tested. The results showed that the annual and non-flooding season runoff decreased significantly in YeSR, which decreased the water discharge to the midstream and down- stream of the Yellow River, and intensified the water shortage in the Yellow River Basin, but the other two regions were not statistically significant in the last 48 years. Compared with the runoff in baseline （1990s）, the runoff in YeSR would decrease in the following 30 years （2010-2039）, especially in the non-flooding season. Thus the water shortage in the mid- stream and downstream of the Yellow River Basin would be serious continuously. The runoff in YaSR would increase, especially in the flooding season, thus the flood control situation would be severe. The runoff in LcSR would also be greater than the current runoff, and the annual and flooding season runoff would not change significantly, while the runoff variation in the non-flooding season is uncertain. It would increase significantly in the B1 scenario of CSIRO model but decrease significantly in B1 scenario of NCAR model. Furlhermore, the most sensitive region to climate change is YaSR, followed by YeSR and LcSR.

人工草地建植对三江源区土壤有机碳组分及酶活性的影响

为揭示中国青藏高原三江源区建植人工草地对土壤活性有机碳组分含量和酶活性的影响,本研究以三江源区黑土滩为对照,选择利用黑土滩建植10年的燕麦(Avena sativa)、12年的垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和13年的青海草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis‘Qinghai’)三种草地为对象,系统分析各人工草地对土壤表层(0~20 cm)有机碳组分含量、酶活性的影响以及它们之间的相关关系。结果表明,相比于对照,建植人工草地均能增加土壤有机碳和颗粒有机碳的含量;3类草地中,燕麦草地中的土壤碳库管理指数最高,且蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性显著高于对照;碱性磷酸酶活性在垂穗披碱草草地中最高;冗余分析结果显示,碱性磷酸酶和过氧化物酶是影响土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的重要驱动因素。综上,为降低三江源区退化草地对土壤有机碳储量的负面影响,种植燕麦(10年)或可成为提高土壤固碳能力的有效措施之一。

Trace metal contamination in soils from mountain regions across China:spatial distribution,sources,and potential drivers

Trace metal contamination in soils is a threat with an uncertain limit to maintain planet safety,and the issue of trace metal contamination in mountain soils is still of low concerned.In this study,we assessed the contamination of six trace metals(Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn)in mountain soils across China and deciphered the potential drivers of their spatial distribution.The results showed that concentrations of Cd and Pb decreased significantly with soil depth,and their concentrations were markedly higher in northwest,south,and southwest China than elsewhere.Among the metals,Cd was the priority for control with moderate to heavy contamination,followed by Pb,whereas the other metals did not show evident contamination.The altitudinal pattern and isotopic tracing revealed that the significant enrichment and marked contamination of Cd and Pb in surface soils were primarily attributed to deposition through long-range transboundary atmospheric transport and condensation.Ore mining,nonferrous smelting,and coal and fuel combustion were identified as primary anthropogenic sources of the Cd and Pb.Soil organic matter content,pH,and soil forming processes directly determined the accumulation of trace metals in the soils,and orographic effects,including local climate,vegetation composition,and canopy filtering,regulated the spatial distribution of the metals.This study highlights the significance of soil Cd contamination in mountains,which are considered of low concern,and suggests that long-term monitoring of trace metal contamination is necessary to improve biogeochemical models that evaluate the responses of the mountain critical zone to future human-and climate-induced environmental changes.

基于随机森林的黄河源区土壤湿度降尺度研究

土壤湿度作为全球水循环的重要变量,影响大气和地表水分交换。为获取高精度高空间分辨率的土壤湿度数据,以黄河源区为研究区域,基于9 km空间分辨率的SMAP(soil moisture active passive)遥感地表土壤湿度(SSM)和随机森林模型,结合地表反照率、叶面积指数、归一化植被指数、地表温度、高程、土壤质地数据建立降尺度模型,获取黄河源区1 km空间分辨率的地表土壤湿度,分析不同时期(冻期、融期)土壤湿度变化规律及降尺度模型的效果,探讨土壤湿度的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)相较于站点观测资料,SMAP SSM在冻期高估了地表土壤湿度,在非冻期对土壤湿度高位数表现为低估。(2)降尺度后的土壤湿度数据(1 km×1 km)在精度上高于SMAP SSM。(3)在冻期,对划分冻融期的土壤湿度数据应用降尺度模型效果优于不划分冻融期的降尺度效果;而在非冻期,不划分冻融期应用降尺度模型效果更佳。(4)从土壤湿度空间分布上看,SMAP SSM与降尺度结果具有一致性,土壤湿度总体上呈现东高西低的特点。研究结果可为黄河源区土壤湿度时空变化研究提供理论依据,对源区水资源分布规律提供参考。

长江源区土壤水稳定同位素特征研究

本文通过采集长江源区土壤样品,对不同深度土壤水分稳定同位素变化特征及其空间分布特征进行分析,使用端元混合径流分割模型对土壤水的来源进行计算,结果表明:土壤温度在0~100 cm范围内呈下降趋势,土壤含水率在0~80 cm范围内呈下降趋势,80~100 cm范围内呈上升趋势;土壤水的δ^(2)H和δ^(18)O值在0~100 cm深度范围内波动变化,且变化趋势相似,土壤水的δ^(18)O及δ^(2)H值变化范围分别为-151.273‰~-63.605‰和-21.052‰~-8.676‰。土壤水的δ^(2)H和δ^(18)O在空间上总体呈西部富集,而东南部贫化的特点;蒸发线(EL)为δ^(2)H=7.23δ^(18)O-5.27(R^(2)=0.88);土壤水稳定同位素受到海拔梯度和土壤含水率的影响;降水对土壤水的贡献高于地下冰融水,且随着海拔梯度的增加,降水对土壤水分的贡献率呈现增加趋势,在4150~4777 m范围内降水对土壤水的贡献率为70%~94%;地下冰融水在海拔4150~4555 m范围内对土壤水的贡献率为8%~30%,在海拔4613~4777 m范围内贡献率下降,为6%~8%。本研究为深入了解长江源区土壤水分运动及稳定同位素研究提供了理论依据。

京津冀地区植被碳源/汇的时空变化特征及影响因素分析

植被净生态系统生产力(Net Ecosystem Productivity,NEP)在碳循环中起着关键作用,是生态系统碳预算的重要指标。基于MOD17A3数据、气象数据,结合土壤呼吸模型,对京津冀地区植被碳源/汇时空分布特征展开研究,并利用趋势分析、相关性分析等方法探究植被NEP与气象要素、植被归一化指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)及土地利用变化的关系。结果表明,1)2000-2022年京津冀地区NEP呈波动上升趋势,年增长率5.65g·m^(-2),年均NEP为108g·m^(-2),碳汇区面积也逐步增加,2022年占比达到最大值95.0%;NEP空间格局呈“北高南低”特征,与区域高程一致,并且有明显的空间异质性。2)近20年来,京津冀植被NEP呈上升趋势的面积占98.3%,且显著上升的区域占比为85.9%,在承德、张家口和北京较为集中,NEP为下降趋势的面积仅占1.72%;承德植被NEP呈显著上升的区域占比最多,为98.2%,而邯郸显著下降的区域占比最多,为1.03%。3)京津冀大部分地区植被NEP都与降水、气温呈正相关,与降水、气温的相关性均值分别为0.500、0.160,NEP与降水、气温呈显著正相关的面积占比分别为78.2%、13.9%,降水是影响京津冀地区NEP变化的关键气象因子;NDVI与NEP的平均相关系数为0.430,呈极显著正相关的面积占比为58.1%,其中正相关性较高的区域集中在京津冀西北部山区。土地利用变化结果显示近20年间京津冀林地面积大幅增加,3个研究时段内分别增加了31.4%、24.0%和11.9%,是驱动该地区植被NEP上升的重要因子。研究结果为京津冀地区植被碳源/汇的准确评估及“双碳”目标的实现提供了参考依据。