An efficient computer algorithm for minimisation of exclusive-OR logic function is presented. The algorithm is n/(1 + (n-1)2-n) times faster than fast Reed-Muller transform algorithm for minimizing an exclusive-OR fun...An efficient computer algorithm for minimisation of exclusive-OR logic function is presented. The algorithm is n/(1 + (n-1)2-n) times faster than fast Reed-Muller transform algorithm for minimizing an exclusive-OR function with n input variables.展开更多
A method is presented for optimizing multiple-output exclusive-OR logic circuits. The effect of common gates on the optimization of logic circuits is studied. The concepts of common function, residue function and rema...A method is presented for optimizing multiple-output exclusive-OR logic circuits. The effect of common gates on the optimization of logic circuits is studied. The concepts of common function, residue function and remainder term are introduced. A computer method for searching the optimum polarity is proposed. This method can be used to design the logic circuit which needs the minimum number of exclusive-OR gates.展开更多
The text of the Quran is principally dependent on the Arabic language.Therefore,improving the security and reliability of the Quran’s text when it is exchanged via internet networks has become one of the most difcult...The text of the Quran is principally dependent on the Arabic language.Therefore,improving the security and reliability of the Quran’s text when it is exchanged via internet networks has become one of the most difcult challenges that researchers face today.Consequently,the diacritical marks in the Holy Quran which represent Arabic vowels(i,j.s)known as the kashida(or“extended letters”)must be protected from changes.The cover text of the Quran and its watermarked text are different due to the low values of the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR),and Normalized Cross-Correlation(NCC);thus,the location for tamper detection accuracy is low.The gap addressed in this paper to improve the security of Arabic text in the Holy Quran by using vowels with kashida.To enhance the watermarking scheme of the text of the Quran based on hybrid techniques(XOR and queuing techniques)of the purposed scheme.The methodology propose scheme consists of four phases:The rst phase is pre-processing.This is followed by the second phase where an embedding process takes place to hide the data after the vowel letters wherein if the secret bit is“1”,it inserts the kashida but does not insert the kashida if the bit is“0”.The third phase is an extraction process and the last phase is to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme by using PSNR(for the imperceptibility),and NCC(for the security of the watermarking).Experiments were performed on three datasets of varying lengths under multiple random locations of insertion,reorder and deletion attacks.The experimental results were revealed the improvement of the NCC by 1.76%,PSNR by 9.6%compared to available current schemes.展开更多
文摘An efficient computer algorithm for minimisation of exclusive-OR logic function is presented. The algorithm is n/(1 + (n-1)2-n) times faster than fast Reed-Muller transform algorithm for minimizing an exclusive-OR function with n input variables.
文摘A method is presented for optimizing multiple-output exclusive-OR logic circuits. The effect of common gates on the optimization of logic circuits is studied. The concepts of common function, residue function and remainder term are introduced. A computer method for searching the optimum polarity is proposed. This method can be used to design the logic circuit which needs the minimum number of exclusive-OR gates.
基金funded by MOHE(FRGS:R.K130000.7856.5F026),Received by Nilam Nur Amir Sjarif.
文摘The text of the Quran is principally dependent on the Arabic language.Therefore,improving the security and reliability of the Quran’s text when it is exchanged via internet networks has become one of the most difcult challenges that researchers face today.Consequently,the diacritical marks in the Holy Quran which represent Arabic vowels(i,j.s)known as the kashida(or“extended letters”)must be protected from changes.The cover text of the Quran and its watermarked text are different due to the low values of the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR),and Normalized Cross-Correlation(NCC);thus,the location for tamper detection accuracy is low.The gap addressed in this paper to improve the security of Arabic text in the Holy Quran by using vowels with kashida.To enhance the watermarking scheme of the text of the Quran based on hybrid techniques(XOR and queuing techniques)of the purposed scheme.The methodology propose scheme consists of four phases:The rst phase is pre-processing.This is followed by the second phase where an embedding process takes place to hide the data after the vowel letters wherein if the secret bit is“1”,it inserts the kashida but does not insert the kashida if the bit is“0”.The third phase is an extraction process and the last phase is to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme by using PSNR(for the imperceptibility),and NCC(for the security of the watermarking).Experiments were performed on three datasets of varying lengths under multiple random locations of insertion,reorder and deletion attacks.The experimental results were revealed the improvement of the NCC by 1.76%,PSNR by 9.6%compared to available current schemes.
