Executive functioning in TBI from rehabilitation to social reintegration: COMPASS^(goal), a randomized controlled trial(grant: 1I01RX000637-01A3 by the VA ORD RR&D, 2013–2016)

Background: Traumatic brain injury is a major health problem that frequently leads to deficits in executive function. Self-regulation processes, such as goal-setting, may become disordered after traumatic brain injury, particularly when the frontal regions of the brain and their connections are involved. Such impairments reduce injured veterans' ability to return to work or school and to regain satisfactory personal lives. Understanding the neurologically disabling effects of brain injury on executive function is necessary for both the accurate diagnosis of impairment and the individual tailoring of rehabilitation processes to help returning service members recover independent function.Methods/design: The COMPASSgoal(Community Participation through Self-Efficacy Skills Development) program develops and tests a novel patient-centered intervention framework for community reintegration psychosocial research in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury. COMPASSgoal integrates the principles and best practices of goal self-management. Goal setting is a core skill in self-management training by which persons with chronic health conditions learn to improve their status and decrease symptom effects. Over a three-year period, COMPASSgoal will recruit 110 participants with residual executive dysfunction three months or more post-injury. Inclusion criteria combine both clinical diagnosis and standardized scores that are >1 SD from the normative score on the Frontal Systems Rating Scale. Participants are randomized into two groups: goal-management(intervention) and supported discharge(control). The intervention is administered in eight consecutive, weekly sessions. Assessments occur at enrollment, post-intervention/supported discharge, and three months post-treatment follow-up.Discussion: Goal management is part of the "natural language" of rehabilitation. However, collaborative goal-setting between clinicians/case managers and clients can be hindered by the cognitive deficits that follow brain injury. Re-training returning veterans with brain injury in goal management, with appropriate help and support, would essentially treat deficits in executive function. A structured approach to goal self-management may foster greater independence and self-efficacy, help veterans gain insight into goals that are realistic for them at a given time, and help clinicians and veterans to work more effectively as true collaborators.

Assessment of Stress Cognitive Control and Executive Function with Stress Control Rating Scale (ECOSTRESS) and Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) (In Portuguese People in Situations of Unemployment and Economic Insufficiency)

This article reviews the constructs of stress, appraisal, coping, according to a transactional perspective, and executive function, and presents a stress control rating scale (ECOSTRESS), which design is founded in these constructs. This psychometric tool is useful in the assessment of cognitive control of stress, correlated with the function of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. It has been validated for its use in the assessment of Portuguese people in situations of stress related to unemployment and economic insufficiency. Also, within the context of the cognitive control of stress, it is highlighted the usefulness of low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA).

Failure to identify an acute exercise effect on executive function assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Purpose： Acute exercise has been linked to the facilitation of executive function, but little is known regarding executive function assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test （WCST）. The present research consisted of two experiments aimed to determine whether acute aerobic exercise influences successive WCST performance. Methods： In Study 1, 27 young adults were randomly assigned to the exercise or reading control group and then instiucted to perform the WCST before and after assigned treatment. In exercise group, participants completed a single bout aerobic exercise with moderate intensity for 20 min on a stationary bike. A similar experimental protocol was replicated in Study 2 with 24 late middle-aged adults to look for age differences during adulthood and control for a potential ceiling effect at young adult age. Results： Although a significant time effect was observed in young adults, both studies revealed that there was no main effect for treatment or an interaction between treatment and time on any of the WCST indices. Conclusion： Acute aerobic exercise failed to influence executive function as assessed by the WCST, revealing that this classical neuropsy- chological test tapping executive function may not be sensitive to acute exercise. Our findings suggest that acute exercise does not broadly affect the entire family of executive functions, or its effect on a specific aspect of executive function may be task-dependent, as proposed by Etnier and Chanj~ （2009）.

Performance-Associated Factors of Elderly Patients with a Low Education Level, with Acquired Language Alterations in Tests to Explore Executive Functions

Introduction. Secondary alterations of executive functions occur in brain injuries together with the primary neuropsychological symptoms, irrespective of the location of the damage and the affected neural networks. Such secondary alterations of executive functions in the presence of language alterations, which is the most frequent primary neuropsychological alteration, in addition to exacerbating the linguistic processing deficit, may be associated to multiple factors inherent to the brain injury or the injured patient. Purpose. To describe the secondary neuropsychological alterations of executive functions in elderly patients with low education levels with acquired language disorders and determine general factors of the injury and of the injured patient (etiology, location, time of recovery from the injury, age, education level), associated to such secondary alterations of the Attentional Control System. Patients and Methods. The study was conducted on 68 elderly patients with a low education level with language acquired disorders, of both sexes, ranging between 60 and 80 years of age. The executive functions explored included cognitive flexibility, impulsivity control and inhibition of irrelevant automatisms, with the Trail Making Test, the Porteus Maze Test and series of loops. Statistical processing involved a Distribution of Frequencies and Multiple Ordinal Regression. Results and Conclusions. The statistical analysis found secondary neuropsychological alterations of the executive functioning in the elderly patients with language disorders of the study that are associated to the location and the time of recovery from the injury and are irrespective of age, education level and etiology of the injury.

Disrupted functional connectivity of default mode network and executive control network in patients with vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia

Objective： To investigate functional connectivity within default mode network （DMN） and ex-ecutive control network （ECN） in vascular cognitive im-pairment, no dementia （VCIND）. Methods： Twenty-eight VCIND patients and sixteen healthy controls were recruit-ed. A seed-based connectivity analysis was performed us-ing data from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI）. Based on previous fndings, posteriorcingulate cortex （PCC） and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex （DLPFC） were chosen as regions of interest to study these networks.One-sample t-test and two-sample t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results： Compared with thecontrols, the VCIND group exhibited increased functional activity in such DMN regions as the left inferior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and medial frontal gyrus. The VCIND group had decreased functional connectivity of DMN at right superior frontal gyrus, left mid-cingu-late area, the medial part of left superior frontal gyrus, and bilateral medial frontal gyrus. The VCIND group also showed decreased functional connectivity of ECN pri-marilyat left inferior parietal gyrus, right angular gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, and right middle frontal cor-tex. Conclusions： Increased functional connectivity with-in DMN and decreased functional connectivity within ECN suggested dysfunction of these two networks, which mightbe associated with the cognitive defcitsin patients with VCIND. These fndingsmay help usunderstandthe pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of VCIND.

Comparison in executive function in Chinese preterm and full-term infants at eight months

Executive function （EF） is increasingly recognized as being responsible for adverse developmental outcomes in preterm-born infants. Several perinatal factors may lead to poor EF development in infancy, and the deficits in EF can be identified in infants as young as eight months. A prospective cohort study was designed to study the EF in Chinese preterm infants and examine the relationship between EF in preterm infants and maternal factors during perinatal period. A total of 88 preterm infants and 88 full-term infants were followed from birth to eight months （corrected age）. Cup Task and Planning Test was applied to assess the EF of infants, and the Bayley Scale of Infant Development （BSID-III） was used to evaluate cognitive （MDI） and motor abilities （PDI） of infants. In comparison with full-term infants, the preterm infants performed more poorly on all measures of EF including working memory, inhibition to prepotent responses, inhibition to distraction, and planning, and the differences remained after controlling the MDI and PDI. Anemia and selenium deficiency in mothers during pregnancy contributed to the differences in EF performance. However, maternal depression, hypertension, and diabetes during pregnancy were not related to the EF deficits in preterm infants. Future research should focus on the prevention of anemia and selenium deficiency during pregnancy and whether supplementing selenium in mothers during pregnancy can prevent further deterioration and the development of adverse outcomes of their offspring.

Relationship among Eating Behavior, Effortful Control, and Working Memory in Female Young Adults

The management of eating behavior plays an important role in health maintenance. In this study, we investigated the relationship between eating behavior and effortful control in female young adults. Participants completed the questionnaire measures of effortful control and eating behaviors and Stroop cognitive interference task. The results showed that restrained eating was positively correlated with activation control;emotional eating was negatively correlated with inhibitory control and attentional control;external eating was negatively correlated with inhibitory, activation, and attentional control. The scores for activation control and restrained eating were higher for participants with a low Stroop error rate than for those with a high Stroop error rate. These results indicate that restrained eating has a different association with effortful control than doing emotional and external eating.

A Literature Review: The Comparison Between Bilingualism and Trilingualism in Inhibitory Control

Inhibitory control is a core component of individuals’executive function.The relationship between language acquisition and inhibitory control has been a focus of interest in researches.Still,whether the trilingual have stronger inhibitory control over the bilingual just as bilingualists outperform monolinguists in inhibitory control is a controversial issue in cognitive linguistics and psychology.After searching for the existed researches both in Chinese and English concerning this topic,the authors summarize the consensuses reached nowadays.This paper also points out three reasons explaining the existed divergences,namely task differences,a subject-enrolling paradox,and definition inconsistencies.

Coordinating control of multiple rigid bodies based on motion primitives

This paper studies the problem of coordinated motion generation for a group of rigid bodies. Two classes of coordinated motion primitives, relative equilibria and ma- neuvers, are given as building blocks for generating coordi- nated motions. In a motion-primitive based planning frame- work, a control method is proposed for the robust execution of a coordinated motion plan in the presence of perturba- tions. The control method combines the relative equilibria stabilization with maneuver design, and results in a close- loop motion planning framework. The performance of the control method has been illustrated through a numerical sim- ulation.

Development and Prospect of Zoning Mode in the Three Rounds of Overall Land Use Planning of China

Zoning system is the basic mode of establishment of overall land use planning. In this study,the zoning mode and practice in the three rounds of overall land use planning that have been carried out in China were analyzed and summarized firstly,and then some obvious problems existing in the implementation of the zoning mode were analyzed. Finally,countermeasures and suggestions were put forward to provide necessary reference for further development and improvement of the zoning mode and the development of overall land use planning at all levels in China.

Effect of an Ecological Executive Skill Training Program for School-aged Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder： A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Background： As medication does not normalize outcomes of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD）, especially in real-life functioning, nonpharmacological methods are important to target this field. This randomized controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of a comprehensive executive skill training program for school-aged children with ADHD in a relatively large sample. Methods： The children （aged 6-12 years） with ADHD were randomized to the intervention or waitlist groups. A healthy control group was composed of gender- and age-matched healthy children. The intervention group received a 12-session training program lbr multiple executive skills. Executive function （EF）, ADHD symptoms, and social functioning in the intervention and waitlist groups were evaluated at baseline and the end of the final training session. The healthy controls （HCs） were only assessed once at baseline. Repeated measures analyses of variance were used to compare EF, ADHD symptoms, and social function between intervention and waitlist groups. Results： Thirty-eight children with ADH D in intervention group, 30 in waitlist group, and 23 healthy children in healthy control group were included in final analysis. At posttreatment, intervention group showed significantly lower Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function （BRIEF） total score （135.89 ±16.80 vs. 146.09 ± 23.92, P = 0.04） and monitoring score （18.05 ± 2.67 vs. 19.77 ± 3.10, P = 0.02）, ADHD-IV overall score （41.11 ± 7.48 vs. 47.20 ± 8.47, P 〈 0.01 ）, hyperactivity-impulsivity （HI） subscale score （ 18.92 ± 5.09 vs. 21.93 ± 4.93, P = 0.02）, and inattentive subscale score （22.18 ±3.56 vs. 25.27± 5.06, P 〈 0.01 ）, compared with the waitlist group. Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed significant interactions between time and group on the BRIEF inhibition subscale （F = 5.06, P 0.03）, working memory （F- 4.48, P = 0.04）, A DH D-IV overall score （F = 21.72, P 〈 0.01）, HI subscale score （F = 19.08, P 〈 0.01）, and inattentive subscale score （F- 12,40, P 〈 0.01 ）. Multiple-way analysis of variance showed significant differences on all variables of BRIEF, ADHD-rating scale-IV, and WEISS Functional Impairment Scale-Parent form （WFIRS-P） among the intervention and waitlist groups at posttreatment and HCs at baseline. Conclusions： This randomized controlled study on executive skill training in a relatively large sample provided some evidences that the training could improve EF deficits, reduce problematic symptoms, and potentially enhance the social thnctioning in school-aged children with ADHD.

发展性阅读障碍者的执行功能缺陷:特点及研究展望

已有研究发现,发展性阅读障碍不仅局限于语言学的认知缺陷,领域一般性认知技能的缺陷也是导致发展性阅读障碍的重要成因,尤其是执行功能缺陷。执行功能与读者的解码、语法等技能存在密切关系,主要包括工作记忆、认知灵活性和抑制控制三个子成分。工作记忆、认知灵活性和抑制控制均与阅读存在密切相关,这些子成分的缺陷或发展不足使得执行功能无法正常发挥作用,进而导致个体在阅读中存在困难。现有研究还存在一些问题亟待进一步考察,如子成分之间相互作用对阅读的影响,以及执行功能子成分缺陷与发展性阅读障碍之间的因果关系等。未来研究还需重视发展性阅读障碍儿童执行功能上的干预训练,并结合认知神经科学技术等多种技术为发展性阅读障碍的矫治提供更多有益的参考。

论海洋自然保护地分类分区管控的中国方案

海洋自然保护地分类分区管控既有空间规划的自然科学依据,又有区域治理的社会科学依据,且与精细化建设之间具有手段与目的的关系。分类施策、分区治理,精细化建设,是我国海洋自然保护地分类分区管控的改革方向。海洋自然保护地分类分区管控以新型海洋自然保护区制度、海洋公园制度接替海洋特别保护区制度,与国土空间规划制度、生态保护红线制度等衔接,并将生态功能保护区作为我国新时代自然保护地体系中的类型之一。分类分区管控基于陆海统筹战略提出分区差异化管控、精细化建设的中国方案,并通过完善立法保障其实现。

基于人工智能技术的机器人运动控制系统设计

设计一种基于人工智能技术的机器人运动控制系统,确保机器人更好地理解人类的意图,并提供更加人性化的服务。该系统通过运动数据采集与传输组件连接机器人的轴电机,采集机器人当前运动数据后,将其传输到控制器组件内,控制器组件依托X86架构工控机,使用PIC总线将采集到的机器人当前运动数据发送到基于人工智能技术的机器人运动路径规划模块内。该模块运用人工智能技术中的A*算法获取机器人轨迹路径规划结果后,依据该路径规划结果,将人工智能技术中的神经网络和模糊B样条基函数相结合,建立模糊B样条基函数神经网络控制器。该控制器输出机器人运动控制指令,并发送给伺服驱动器组件,伺服驱动器负责驱动机器人轴电机,控制机器人运动。实验结果表明:所设计系统具备较强的机器人路径规划能力,可在复杂路径情况下实现机器人运动控制,且控制精度和控制阶跃响应能力均较强。

6~10岁注意缺陷多动障碍男童的执行功能发展特点

目的:探讨不同年龄段、不同亚型注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)男童的核心执行功能(抑制控制、工作记忆、认知灵活性)发展特点。方法:从北京市某三甲医院招募17名ADHD男童、北京市某公立小学1~4年级学生中筛查出48名ADHD男童。其中6~8岁41人,9~10岁24人,ADHD-PI型48人,ADHD-C型17人,募集年龄相差不超过半岁的正常发育男童65名为正常对照,分别采用Stroop色词测验(SCWT)、Rey复杂图形测验(ROCFT)、连线测验(TMT)评估被试儿童的抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性。结果:整体分析显示,6~10岁ADHD男童的SCWT、ROCFT、TMT测试结果均显著差于正常男童(P<0.05);不同年龄段分析显示,6~8岁ADHD男童在核心执行功能任务中的测试结果均差于正常男童(P<0.05);9~10岁ADHD男童仅SCWT和ROCFT的测试结果差于正常男童(P<0.05);不同亚型分析显示,ADHD-PI和ADHD-C型在核心执行功能任务中的测试结果均显著差于正常男童(P<0.05);且与ADHD-PI型相比,ADHD-C型的SCWT测试结果更差(P<0.05)。结论:6~10岁ADHD男童存在核心执行功能缺陷,且低年龄段ADHD男童的核心执行功能损害范围更广;ADHD-C型的抑制控制缺陷重于ADHD-PI型。

基于多邻域蚁群算法的机器人路径规划

针对传统蚁群算法在机器人路径规划中路径不是最短距离、运行时间长以及收敛速度慢等问题,提出多邻域蚁群算法(multi-neighborhood ant colony algorithm,ACO-MN)。为了解决路径不是最短距离的问题,引入多邻域搜索,使得搜索邻域扩大,机器人的路径距离减小;为了解决运行时间长的问题,在快速判断的基础上运用象限概率和象限概率控制参数,使得算法运行加快;为了解决收敛速度慢的问题,结合步长和邻域夹角改进启发函数,使得算法在后期的收敛速度加快。最后,在不同大小、不同复杂程度的栅格地图下,将ACO-MN与传统蚁群算法和其他改进算法进行仿真对比实验。实验表明,在小规模简单环境下ACO-MN的收敛速度相比于传统蚁群算法加快了76.19%,在大规模复杂环境下ACO-MN的运行时间相比于其他改进算法缩短了49.84%,最短路径缩短了5.6%,验证了该算法的有效性和优越性。

默认网络和执行控制网络在运动改善老年人认知功能中的作用研究

目的:探讨运动对老年人默认网络和执行控制网络的影响,以及默认网络和执行控制网络在运动改善老年人认知功能中的作用。方法:选取北京老年脑健康促进计划(Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative,BABRI)数据库中34名老年人为研究对象,根据其运动频率分为运动组和对照组,其中运动组每周运动次数≥1次、每次运动时长>30 min、规律运动时间达1年以上,而对照组无运动习惯。采用简易精神状态量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)、画钟测验(clock drawing test,CDT)、符号数字模式测验(symbol digit modalities test,SDMT)、连线测验(trail making test,TMT)、词语流畅性测验(verbal fluency test,VFT)和波士顿命名测验(Boston naming test,BNT)分别评估老年人的总体认知能力、视空间能力、注意力、执行功能以及语言功能。采用功能性磁共振成像技术获取老年被试静息状态大脑活动,并通过独立成分分析获得默认网络和执行控制网络。最后对网络功能连接差异脑区与认知表现进行相关性分析。结果:1)运动组在MMSE、SDMT、TMT、VFT和BNT测验中的认知功能显著高于对照组,但两组CDT得分没有显著差异;2)运动组默认网络中背外侧额上回、左侧额上回中部、右侧前扣带回和额上回的功能连接与对照组相比显著增强;3)运动组执行控制网络中左侧下顶叶、左侧颞下回、额下回、左侧额上回内侧的功能连接与对照组相比显著增强;4)执行控制网络中左侧下顶叶与MMSE得分、SDMT得分呈显著正相关,与TMT-A、TMT-B连线时间呈显著负相关。结论:规律运动可以提高老年人的总体认知功能、注意力、执行功能和语言能力,运动对认知功能的改善可能与运动增强默认网络和执行控制网络中额叶、前扣带回和下顶叶的功能连接有关,下顶叶可能在其中发挥关键作用。

基于HRP+BSC的公立医院行政职能科室成本管控研究

目的分析样本医院行政职能科室预算执行率,结合平衡计分卡(Balanced Score Card,BSC)财务维度量化考核,实现预算绩效一体化的成本管控。方法采集2023年1—6月样本医院23个行政职能科室的预算和执行数据,计算预算执行率并清洗;用头脑风暴法等确定项目得分系数;用财务维度25分分别除以各科室预算总项目数,得到各科室每项目分值;用插值法计算各科室成本得分,再纳入绩效考核。结果(1)预算自身执行科室得分:每个项目应得分数乘以项目系数,再加总。(2)预算归口科室得分:自身执行项目得分总和+归口执行项目得分总和。(3)成本得分:无归口项目8个科室得分5.54~15.76分;有归口项目15个科室得分7.68~17.06分。结论以BSC和医院资源规划为理念的行政科室成本管控弥补了BSC定性量化不足,能对离散度大数据重点监控,为绩效考评提供了量化思路和方法。

北京“图则+规则”的详细规划用地功能管控路径

在梳理传统控规功能管控困境的基础上,剖析新时期北京控规的功能管控转型路径,总结北京控规改革中推进的“图则+规则”用地功能管控技术方法创新,并具体分析基于“图则”的分层级街区控规编制技术体系,以及基于“规则”的分阶段功能管理政策供给,为详细规划层面的用地功能管控技术创新提供参照。

心肺功能与小学儿童抑制控制的关系:基于fNIRS的研究

目的:明确心肺功能与小学儿童抑制控制的关系,比较强心肺功能组和弱心肺功能组儿童脑激活模式的差异,为揭示心肺功能影响儿童抑制控制的神经机制提供实证依据。方法:招募140名7~12岁儿童,采用20 m折返跑测试评估被试的心肺功能,基于被试心肺功能得分将其分成强心肺功能组和弱心肺功能组,然后采用Flanker任务评估被试的抑制控制功能,同时采用8通道功能性近红外脑光谱技术监测其前额叶皮层(PFC)氧信号变化。结果显示:与弱心肺功能组儿童相比,强心肺功能组儿童的Flanker反应时更短,表明任务表现更好;强心肺功能组儿童完成Flanker任务时右侧背外侧前额叶(R-DLPFC)和左侧背外侧前额叶(L-DLPFC)的氧合血红蛋白(oxy-Hb)浓度更高;进一步分析显示,R-DLPFC的激活在心肺功能与抑制控制之间起完全中介作用。结论:心肺功能通过影响R-DLPFC的激活可以增强抑制控制功能。