Chromia-forming alloys have good resistance to oxidizing agents such as O2, CO2, … It is accepted that the protection of these alloys is always due to the chromia layer formed at the surface of the alloys, which acts...Chromia-forming alloys have good resistance to oxidizing agents such as O2, CO2, … It is accepted that the protection of these alloys is always due to the chromia layer formed at the surface of the alloys, which acts as a barrier between the oxidizing gases and the alloy substrates, forming a diffusion zone that limits the overall reaction rate and leads to parabolic kinetics. But this was not verified in the study devoted to Inconel®625 the oxidation in CO2 that was followed by TGA, with characterizations by XRD, EDS and FIB microscopy. Contrary to what was expected and accepted in similar studies on other chromia-forming alloys, it was shown that the diffusion step that governs the overall reaction rate is not located inside the chromia layer but inside the alloy, precisely inside a zone just beneath the interface alloy/chromia, this zone being depleted in chromium. The chromia layer, therefore, plays no kinetic role and does not directly protect the underlying alloy. This result was demonstrated using a simple test that consisted in removing the chromia layer from the surface of samples partially oxidized and then to continue the thermal treatment: insofar as the kinetics continued without any change in rate, this proved that this surface layer of oxide did not protect the substrate. Based on previous work on many chromia-forming alloys, the possibility of a similar reaction mechanism is discussed. If the chromia layer is not the source of protection for a number of chromia-forming alloys, as is suspected, this might have major consequences in terms of industrial applications.展开更多
Employees in new business forms face higher occupational injury risks and the plight of“falling in the gap in the protection network”of work-related injury insurance.The existing three types of occupational injury p...Employees in new business forms face higher occupational injury risks and the plight of“falling in the gap in the protection network”of work-related injury insurance.The existing three types of occupational injury protection models are based on the reflection and reform of traditional occupational injury insurance.The readjustment path of occupational injury insurance is the most desirable among them.Occupational injury protection for employees in new forms of business is based on the concept of human rights protection,with the right to equality,social insurance and occupational safety and health as the direct basis.The top-level design of the system should be based on the appropriate“decoupling”of work-related injury insurance and labor relations,and rely on the technological empowerment of the digital age to explore the establishment of a work-related injury insurance system that is both mandatory and flexible.For the specific system building,in the dimension of mandate,the commercialization of benefits payment should be realized while expanding the statutory coverage of work-related injury insurance;while in the dimension of flexibility,it should be based on the characteristics of employees.Corresponding rules and regulations should be adjusted in terms of management model,work-related injury identification,and treatment calculation and payment.展开更多
The forming-regions of phosphate glasses doped with high Sm2O3 contents were studied by two step melting method. The relationship between absorption spectrum and rare earth contents was also discussed. The spectra of ...The forming-regions of phosphate glasses doped with high Sm2O3 contents were studied by two step melting method. The relationship between absorption spectrum and rare earth contents was also discussed. The spectra of BASP glasses were measured by spectrophotometer. The results show that the forming regions will shrink with the increase of Al2O3 and it is difficult to form glass when [PO4]/[AlO4] < 2. The forming regions tend to be a closed elliptical, and the intensity of characteristic absorption peak increases gradually with the increase of Sm2O3, the absorption lines broadens non-uniformly and there is approximate linear relation between optical density at the 1064 nm wavelength and Sm2O3 content.展开更多
On December 18, 1979, the 34th General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women with an overwhelming majority of the votes in its favor. Ove...On December 18, 1979, the 34th General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women with an overwhelming majority of the votes in its favor. Over the past 30 years, the Convention has come to be known by increasing numbers of governments and people, particularly women＇s organizations. It has played an increasingly great role in protecting women＇s rights and enhancing women＇s status in society.展开更多
Borehole instability and reservoir damage had become the international technical problems of petroleum exploration and development of complicated area, and the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petrol...Borehole instability and reservoir damage had become the international technical problems of petroleum exploration and development of complicated area, and the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir was the main cause of borehole instability and reservoir damage. In order to prevent the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir, domestic and foreign scholars recently put forward the technology of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid. Film forming agent was the key treating agent of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid, the film forming agent (HN-1) was developed, which did not affect properties of the drilling fluid and could decrease the filter loss of drilling fluid applied in Enping 24-2 oil field. Based on this research, ultra-low permeable drilling fluid could be applied to Enping 24-2 oil field. By the methods of testing ultra-low permeable drilling fluid properties, the drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth, drilling fluid high temperature/high pressure (HTHP) sand-bed filter loss, the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection were studied. By synergistic effect, HN-1 containing the organic silicate and natural fiber polymer modified by organic amine prevented the liquid and solids in drilling fluid invading reservoir, decreased drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth and drilling fluid HTHP sand-bed filter loss, improved the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection. The drilling fluid could decrease reservoir damage to the maximal degree, and it offered efficiency guarantee for exploitation Enping 24-2 oil field.展开更多
The problem that consumers often fail to read the standard form contracts they willingly enter into has been recognized by many scholars.This is a pressing issue because it may result in the consumers being disadvanta...The problem that consumers often fail to read the standard form contracts they willingly enter into has been recognized by many scholars.This is a pressing issue because it may result in the consumers being disadvantaged in bargains.Several laws have already been put in place to protect consumers,but the protection is often inadequate.This essay assesses how the current solutions are carried out and investigates whether new methods can be put in place.It argues that the key to dealing with the no-reading phenomenon is to make contracts more accessible to consumers so that they can be more inclined to guard their own interests.展开更多
Modular structure reengineering is a design approach conforming to the mobile exhibition features in nature and giving full play to the flexibility,convenience,and environmental protection of the mobile exhibition mod...Modular structure reengineering is a design approach conforming to the mobile exhibition features in nature and giving full play to the flexibility,convenience,and environmental protection of the mobile exhibition modes. The objective of this paper on modular reengineering study is to analyze the innovative applications of modular design in small mobile exhibition. Firstly,the modular design in the domestic small mobile exhibition was investigated in this paper,and then the significance of modular design in small mobile exhibition was proposed via combining the design and future orientation of small mobile exhibition modes. The conclusion is that modular multi-functional small mobile exhibition is the inevitable direction of the future development of the exhibition industry,as this design mode solves a series of problems including resources intensification,structure rationalization,and cost reduction in a foreseeable scope to facilitate sufficient utilization and development of the small mobile exhibition modes.展开更多
The effects of ferrous ions on cathodic and anodic polarization behavior of the X60 steel in CO2 saturated salty water were studied by potentio - dynamic polarization method. The results show that the reducing current...The effects of ferrous ions on cathodic and anodic polarization behavior of the X60 steel in CO2 saturated salty water were studied by potentio - dynamic polarization method. The results show that the reducing current peak of cathodic polarization is affected significantly if FeCl2 is added to the salty solution of controlled pH, but not the anodic polarization. It is considered that the ferrous ions accelerate the formation of a protective ferrous carbonate film . Films formed by addition of ferrous ions and those formed by ferrous ions produced from steel corrosion have the same forming mechanism . The former can fully meet the formative condition of the film and can play the role of inhibitor .展开更多
Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to cost-effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of-2.93 V(vs.-3.04 V for Li+/Li).However,the explo...Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to cost-effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of-2.93 V(vs.-3.04 V for Li+/Li).However,the exploration of appro-priate electrode materials with the correct size for reversibly accommodating large K+ions presents a significant challenge.In addition,the reaction mecha-nisms and origins of enhanced performance remain elusive.Here,tetragonal FeSe nanoflakes of different sizes are designed to serve as an anode for PIBs,and their live and atomic-scale potassiation/depotassiation mechanisms are revealed for the first time through in situ high-resolution transmission electron micros-copy.We found that FeSe undergoes two distinct structural evolutions,sequen-tially characterized by intercalation and conversion reactions,and the initial intercalation behavior is size-dependent.Apparent expansion induced by the intercalation of K+ions is observed in small-sized FeSe nanoflakes,whereas unexpected cracks are formed along the direction of ionic diffusion in large-sized nanoflakes.The significant stress generation and crack extension originating from the combined effect of mechanical and electrochemical interactions are elucidated by geometric phase analysis and finite-element analysis.Despite the different intercalation behaviors,the formed products of Fe and K_(2)Se after full potassiation can be converted back into the original FeSe phase upon depotassiation.In particular,small-sized nanoflakes exhibit better cycling perfor-mance with well-maintained structural integrity.This article presents the first successful demonstration of atomic-scale visualization that can reveal size-dependent potassiation dynamics.Moreover,it provides valuable guidelines for optimizing the dimensions of electrode materials for advanced PIBs.展开更多
文摘Chromia-forming alloys have good resistance to oxidizing agents such as O2, CO2, … It is accepted that the protection of these alloys is always due to the chromia layer formed at the surface of the alloys, which acts as a barrier between the oxidizing gases and the alloy substrates, forming a diffusion zone that limits the overall reaction rate and leads to parabolic kinetics. But this was not verified in the study devoted to Inconel®625 the oxidation in CO2 that was followed by TGA, with characterizations by XRD, EDS and FIB microscopy. Contrary to what was expected and accepted in similar studies on other chromia-forming alloys, it was shown that the diffusion step that governs the overall reaction rate is not located inside the chromia layer but inside the alloy, precisely inside a zone just beneath the interface alloy/chromia, this zone being depleted in chromium. The chromia layer, therefore, plays no kinetic role and does not directly protect the underlying alloy. This result was demonstrated using a simple test that consisted in removing the chromia layer from the surface of samples partially oxidized and then to continue the thermal treatment: insofar as the kinetics continued without any change in rate, this proved that this surface layer of oxide did not protect the substrate. Based on previous work on many chromia-forming alloys, the possibility of a similar reaction mechanism is discussed. If the chromia layer is not the source of protection for a number of chromia-forming alloys, as is suspected, this might have major consequences in terms of industrial applications.
基金the current stage outcome of China Law Society’s program“Research on legal issues in the prevention and control of occupational injury risks for employers in new business forms”[CLS(2021)D4]
文摘Employees in new business forms face higher occupational injury risks and the plight of“falling in the gap in the protection network”of work-related injury insurance.The existing three types of occupational injury protection models are based on the reflection and reform of traditional occupational injury insurance.The readjustment path of occupational injury insurance is the most desirable among them.Occupational injury protection for employees in new forms of business is based on the concept of human rights protection,with the right to equality,social insurance and occupational safety and health as the direct basis.The top-level design of the system should be based on the appropriate“decoupling”of work-related injury insurance and labor relations,and rely on the technological empowerment of the digital age to explore the establishment of a work-related injury insurance system that is both mandatory and flexible.For the specific system building,in the dimension of mandate,the commercialization of benefits payment should be realized while expanding the statutory coverage of work-related injury insurance;while in the dimension of flexibility,it should be based on the characteristics of employees.Corresponding rules and regulations should be adjusted in terms of management model,work-related injury identification,and treatment calculation and payment.
基金Project supported by Research Project (A3820060136)
文摘The forming-regions of phosphate glasses doped with high Sm2O3 contents were studied by two step melting method. The relationship between absorption spectrum and rare earth contents was also discussed. The spectra of BASP glasses were measured by spectrophotometer. The results show that the forming regions will shrink with the increase of Al2O3 and it is difficult to form glass when [PO4]/[AlO4] < 2. The forming regions tend to be a closed elliptical, and the intensity of characteristic absorption peak increases gradually with the increase of Sm2O3, the absorption lines broadens non-uniformly and there is approximate linear relation between optical density at the 1064 nm wavelength and Sm2O3 content.
文摘On December 18, 1979, the 34th General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women with an overwhelming majority of the votes in its favor. Over the past 30 years, the Convention has come to be known by increasing numbers of governments and people, particularly women＇s organizations. It has played an increasingly great role in protecting women＇s rights and enhancing women＇s status in society.
文摘Borehole instability and reservoir damage had become the international technical problems of petroleum exploration and development of complicated area, and the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir was the main cause of borehole instability and reservoir damage. In order to prevent the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir, domestic and foreign scholars recently put forward the technology of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid. Film forming agent was the key treating agent of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid, the film forming agent (HN-1) was developed, which did not affect properties of the drilling fluid and could decrease the filter loss of drilling fluid applied in Enping 24-2 oil field. Based on this research, ultra-low permeable drilling fluid could be applied to Enping 24-2 oil field. By the methods of testing ultra-low permeable drilling fluid properties, the drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth, drilling fluid high temperature/high pressure (HTHP) sand-bed filter loss, the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection were studied. By synergistic effect, HN-1 containing the organic silicate and natural fiber polymer modified by organic amine prevented the liquid and solids in drilling fluid invading reservoir, decreased drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth and drilling fluid HTHP sand-bed filter loss, improved the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection. The drilling fluid could decrease reservoir damage to the maximal degree, and it offered efficiency guarantee for exploitation Enping 24-2 oil field.
文摘The problem that consumers often fail to read the standard form contracts they willingly enter into has been recognized by many scholars.This is a pressing issue because it may result in the consumers being disadvantaged in bargains.Several laws have already been put in place to protect consumers,but the protection is often inadequate.This essay assesses how the current solutions are carried out and investigates whether new methods can be put in place.It argues that the key to dealing with the no-reading phenomenon is to make contracts more accessible to consumers so that they can be more inclined to guard their own interests.
文摘Modular structure reengineering is a design approach conforming to the mobile exhibition features in nature and giving full play to the flexibility,convenience,and environmental protection of the mobile exhibition modes. The objective of this paper on modular reengineering study is to analyze the innovative applications of modular design in small mobile exhibition. Firstly,the modular design in the domestic small mobile exhibition was investigated in this paper,and then the significance of modular design in small mobile exhibition was proposed via combining the design and future orientation of small mobile exhibition modes. The conclusion is that modular multi-functional small mobile exhibition is the inevitable direction of the future development of the exhibition industry,as this design mode solves a series of problems including resources intensification,structure rationalization,and cost reduction in a foreseeable scope to facilitate sufficient utilization and development of the small mobile exhibition modes.
文摘The effects of ferrous ions on cathodic and anodic polarization behavior of the X60 steel in CO2 saturated salty water were studied by potentio - dynamic polarization method. The results show that the reducing current peak of cathodic polarization is affected significantly if FeCl2 is added to the salty solution of controlled pH, but not the anodic polarization. It is considered that the ferrous ions accelerate the formation of a protective ferrous carbonate film . Films formed by addition of ferrous ions and those formed by ferrous ions produced from steel corrosion have the same forming mechanism . The former can fully meet the formative condition of the film and can play the role of inhibitor .
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB1304902)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12004034,U1813211,22005247,11904372,51502007,52072323,52122211,12174019,and 51972058)+1 种基金the Gen-eral Research Fund of Hong Kong(Project No.11217221)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(Grant No.2021M690386).
文摘Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to cost-effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of-2.93 V(vs.-3.04 V for Li+/Li).However,the exploration of appro-priate electrode materials with the correct size for reversibly accommodating large K+ions presents a significant challenge.In addition,the reaction mecha-nisms and origins of enhanced performance remain elusive.Here,tetragonal FeSe nanoflakes of different sizes are designed to serve as an anode for PIBs,and their live and atomic-scale potassiation/depotassiation mechanisms are revealed for the first time through in situ high-resolution transmission electron micros-copy.We found that FeSe undergoes two distinct structural evolutions,sequen-tially characterized by intercalation and conversion reactions,and the initial intercalation behavior is size-dependent.Apparent expansion induced by the intercalation of K+ions is observed in small-sized FeSe nanoflakes,whereas unexpected cracks are formed along the direction of ionic diffusion in large-sized nanoflakes.The significant stress generation and crack extension originating from the combined effect of mechanical and electrochemical interactions are elucidated by geometric phase analysis and finite-element analysis.Despite the different intercalation behaviors,the formed products of Fe and K_(2)Se after full potassiation can be converted back into the original FeSe phase upon depotassiation.In particular,small-sized nanoflakes exhibit better cycling perfor-mance with well-maintained structural integrity.This article presents the first successful demonstration of atomic-scale visualization that can reveal size-dependent potassiation dynamics.Moreover,it provides valuable guidelines for optimizing the dimensions of electrode materials for advanced PIBs.
