Promoting energy efficiency reconstruction for existing buildings based on comprehensive benefit evaluation

The purpose of the comprehensive benefit evaluation of the existing building energy saving renovation project is to promote the healthy development of the energy saving reconstruction. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect the value and function of incentive and restraint. The concrete embodiment is that: improving energy saving standard renovation of existing buildings, promoting the construction of energy efficiency labeling system, and strengthening the construction of government supervision system by the comprehensive benefit evaluation.

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY RETROFITTING IN MULTIFAMILY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

The energy performance of an existing building is the amount of energy consumed to meet various needs associated with the standardized use of a building and is reflected in one or more indicators known as Building Energy Performance Indicators(EnPIs).These indicators are distributed amongst six main factors influencing energy consumption:climate,building envelope,building services and energy systems,building operation and maintenance,occupants’activities and behaviour,and indoor environmental quality.Any improvement made to either the existing structure or the physical and operational upgrade of a building system that enhances energy performance is considered an energy efficiency retrofit.The main goal of this research is to support the implementation of multifamily residential building energy retrofits through expert knowledge consensus on EnPIs for energy efficiency retrofit planning.The research methodology consists of a comprehensive literature review which has identified 35 EnPIs for assessing performance of existing residential buildings,followed by a ranking questionnaire survey of experts in the built-environment to arrive at a priority listing of indicators based on mean rank.This was followed by concordance analysis and measure of standard deviation.A total of 280 experts were contacted globally for the survey,and 106 completed responses were received resulting in a 37.85%response rate.The respondents were divided into two groups for analysis:academician/researchers and industry practitioners.The primary outcome of the research is a priority listing of EnPIs based on the quantitative data from the knowledge-base of experts from these two groups.It is the outcome of their perceptions of retrofitting factors and corresponding indicators.A retrofit strategy consists of five phases for retrofitting planning in which the second phase comprises an energy audit and performance assessment and diagnostics.This research substantiates the performance assessment process through the identification of EnPIs.

EcoShopping： Energy Efficient and Cost Competitive Retrofitting Solutions for Retail Buildings in Europe

The ＂EcoShopping＂ project aims to produce a practical holistic retrofitting solution for commercial buildings, reduce primary energy consumption to less than 80 kWh/（m2.year） and increase the proportion of RES （renewable energy systems） to more than 50% by using state of the art solutions. The project intends to use and integrate available products and technologies; along with a network to accurately monitor the environmental and occupancy parameters to allow the building management system to have better control of the building and fully exploit the thermal mass. This paper introduces the EcoShopping project and the consortium carrying out the work, describes the case study building and the initial targets for carbon reduction, and discusses the results of Work Package 2： which is an assessment of national building codes, EPBD （energy performance buildings directive） implementation, performance standards and good practice.

Operational mechanism of comprehensive benefit evaluation of existing building energy efficient renovation project based on value-added life

The comprehensive benefit evaluation of the existing building energy efficient renovation project cannot be separated from the scientific and effective evaluation mechanism.Based on the value-added life perspective,this paper analyzes the implementation subject,standard,system and principle of the comprehensive benefit evaluation of the existing building energy efficient renovation project.It plans the process of comprehensive benefit evaluation,and builds a scientific and reasonable operation platform of evaluation system,with a view to promoting the effective implementation of the comprehensive benefit evaluation of existing building energy-saving retrofits.

A Study on the Evaluation of Heating and Cooling Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings for Climatic Zones of Turkey

In Turkey, most of the common type projects of mass production residential buildings are being developed and constructed by TOK1 （Housing Development Administration of Turkey）. These buildings, in which energy efficient approach has been disregarded for years, cause to gradually increase on heating and cooling energy consumptions. In regards to national economics, it is essential to evaluate energy efficiency and to develop suggestions to decrease energy consumptions in residential buildings. To achieve appropriate solutions, cost evaluation also becomes necessary. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce a study which serves the purpose of producing a choice of energy efficient solutions in order to reduce energy consumptions and energy cost. In this study, different heating and cooling energy efficient scenarios have been developed for a selected residential building, constructed by TOKI, for climatic zones of Turkey. For each scenario, energy simulations have been executed by means of the simulation program--DesignBuilder, the user-friendly visual interface of EnergyPlus, and cost analysis has been carried out by using the net present value and discounted payback period method. As a result, energy and cost effective solutions have been presented and discussed for different climatic zones.

Modeling the energy retrofit decision in commercial office buildings

Retrofitting existing buildings has emerged as a primary strategy for reducing energy use and carbon emissions, both nationally and in cities. Despite the increasing awareness of retrofitting opportunities and a growing portfolio of successful case studies, little is known about the decision-making processes of building owners and asset managers with respect to energy efficiency investments. Specifically, the research presented here examines the effects of ownership type, tenant demand, and real estate market location on building energy retrofit decisions in the commercial office sector. This paper uses an original, detailed survey of asset managers of 763 office buildings in nineteen cities sampled from the CBRE, Inc. portfolio. Controlling for various building characteristics, the results demonstrate that ownership type and local market do, in fact, influence the retrofit decision.Overall, this analysis provides new evidence for the importance of understanding ownership type and the varying motivations of differing types of owners in building energy efficiency investment decisions. The findings of both the survey analysis and the predictive model demonstrate additional support for the targeting of energy efficiency incentives and outreach based on ownership entity, local market conditions, and specific physical building characteristics.

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR DELIVERING SUSTAINABLE BUILDING ENERGY EFFICENCY RETROFIT USING THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE CONTRACTING(EPC)IN CHINA

Sustainable building has become a future development trend in the building sector.Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit(BEER)provides excellent opportunities to reduce energy consumption in existing buildings,and to promote environmental protection,the rational use of resources,occupants’health,all of which helps to improve the sustainability of existing buildings.Energy Performance Contracting(EPC)provided by Energy Service Companies(ESCOs)is a market mechanism to provide financial and technological support for energy efficiency projects.This paper aims to develop a sustainability promotion framework for BEER projects under the EPC mechanism to link the sustainable performance of BEER with the success factors of this EPC mechanism.Different types of building have different energy consumption characteristics.This research focuses on hotel buildings in China.The paper develops a framework for sustainable BEER through an EPC mechanism in hotel buildings based on the EFQM Excellence Model for business quality management.Interviews were conducted with experts from the hotel industry,from energy service companies and with academics.Based on the developed framework,the study has identified 11 performance indicators for sustainable BEER and 28 success factors of an EPC mechanism.This provides significant groundwork for future study in developing an assessment model to evaluate the sustainability of BEER projects.

A Framework to Promote Energy Efficiency as a Solution to the Energy Problem in Egypt

Egypt has been facing a vast power crisis in the past few years. A dilemma is projected to surge on the long run if not properly dealt with. The power sector is totally dependent on fuel, which is a primary source of energy in Egypt, and since the production of energy is not equivalent to the rising demand, so it becomes a major cause behind the power crisis. Efforts so far had been concentrating on the supply side, while neglecting an equally important part of the equation presumed by the demand side. On the other hand, energy efficiency is fast becoming an integral part of the demand, where the residential sector in Egypt plays a very important part with around 47% of power consumption, making it the highest sector consuming energy from the demand side, and hence presents a good opportunity to investigate in term of energy efficiency and the promotion of its applications in order to solve the energy problem, so that later the same concept can be applied in other sectors for a holistic solution to the both the power and the energy problem in Egypt. This study will focus on generating a political framework to promote energy efficiency as a solution to the energy problem in Egypt at end-user’s level.

DECISION PROCESS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING RETROFITS:THE OWNER’S PERSPECTIVE

The process by which a building owner evaluates and decides upon energy conservation measures(ECMs)for a building retrofit is key towards achieving efficient results.However,many owners rely on unsophisticated evaluation methods,which potentially limits the amount of energy reduced in the commercial building.Reducing energy in the nearly 4.9 million commercial buildings is critical because they account for approximately one fifth of the total energy consumption in the United States.Reducing their energy consumption levels will have significant impacts on energy dependency,Greenhouse Gas emissions(GHG),and operations costs.The decision processes of twelve private and public organizations in New Mexico were evaluated through collective case study research.The processes of each organization were compared and key steps were identified.Then the most used and critical steps were combined to create an integrated decision approach that optimizes cost savings and GHG emission reductions.This integrated decision process involves five main steps:(1)Building Energy Data;(2)Energy Identification and Analysis;(3)Assessment;(4)Design and Planning;and(5)Approval.

RISK FRAMEWORK FOR ENERGY PERFORMANCE CONTRACTING BUILDING RETROFITS

Energy performance contracting(EPC)has emerged as a useful project financ-ing and delivery tool for building retrofits,particularly among building owner-ships which have experienced reduced funding for capital projects.Through EPC,a contractor(called the EPC contractor or the energy service company)guaran-tees minimum energy savings performance and enables the building owner to finance the project using utility savings over the length of the project(which is typically 12-15 years,or longer).Despite its growing use,there is a dearth of lit-erature regarding a contractor’s risks related to the delivery and execution of EPC building retrofits.This is particularly important as the performance guarantee effec-tively transfers project performance risk from the owner to the EPC contractor.This research proposes a project factors-based risk framework for EPC building retrofits,initially developed through a comprehensive review of relevant literature and project documents and refined through the elicited expertise of 19 highly expe-rienced EPC contracting professionals.A Delphi technique-based expertise elici-tation strategy was used to confirm the findings of the a priori(literature-based)framework and provide additional analysis related to risk causes and control mea-sures as well as relative risk importance.This information was used to construct a refined risk framework which provides insight into the lengthy project performance period during the earliest phases of the project’s life cycle.This has the advantage of providing rapid screening of the project factors that can potentially lead to the greatest project performance risks.

STRATEGIES FOR PRACTICAL GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONS IN THE EXISTING BUILDING STOCK

The Stern Report found that Climate Change is the world’s greatest market failure,and the United Nations concluded it is likely to be the most significant environmental challenge of our time.This paper aims to illustrate building Greenhouse Gas(GHG)and energy trends,and to provide practical strategies and best practice examples in international low-and high-rise building refurbishments to lower GHG emissions,energy use and operating costs,across building types and Australian Climate Zones.These can be adopted by policy-makers,owners,investors and occupiers.It also aims to provide examples of government policies and important stakeholder behaviour to reduce GHGs,and evaluates one recent project for strategies that proved successful and those that could be improved.The method used was to review international strategies that lower building GHG emissions in countries with more advanced building regulations than Australia,and to discover affordable and effective strategies from associations that publicise case studies.This paper shows that the operational phase of buildings is a significant contributor to global GHG emissions;that Passive building refurbishments are current best practice strategies;and that occupant behaviour is another surprisingly significant contributor to GHG emissions.The paper forms part of the author’s higher research degree literature review.

Assessment and Guidelines to Improve Eco-efficiency and Indoor Comfort at University of Passo Fundo, Brazil

The paper deals with the energy and indoor comfort on buildings of UPF （University ofPasso Fundo）, located in southern Brazil, in order to improve the eco-efficiency concepts in the university＇s building stock, reinforcing its responsibility towards sustainable development. The factors that affect thermal performance and the energy consumption of two case studies were identified, including the general characteristics of the envelope and the indoor conditions. The simulations with DesignBuilder software compare the energy and thermal performance of both cases： those results allow the identification of their positive and negative aspects, as well as making a co-relation with the students＇ sensations of comfort--obtained through PMV （predicted mean vote）. The research indicates that it will be possible to improve eco-efficiency of existing and new buildings and campuses by retrofitting and upgrading it with regard to better indoor conditions that really correspond to climate conditions （hot and humid summers, and cold and damp winters）, using passive strategies for heating and cooling and at the same time to improve rational use of natural resources and to reduce the environmental impact. Probably, giving comfortable conditions to the users will increase energy consumption, but there is a potential reduction of lighting and equipment that could minimize this impact.

ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVE ENERGY RETROFIT STRATEGIES AND RELATED IMPACT ON INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY A case study of an elementary school in the State of Maryland

1.0.INTRODUCTION In the United States,K-12 school buildings spend more than$8 billion each year on energy-more than they spend on computers and textbooks combined[1].Most occupied older buildings demonstrate poor operational performance-for instance,more than 30 percent of schools were built before 1960,and 53 percent of public schools need to spend money on repairs,renovations,and modernization to ensure that the schools’onsite buildings are in good overall condition.And among public schools with permanent buildings,the environmental factors in the permanent buildings have been rated as unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory in 5 to 17 percent of them[2].Indoor environment quality(IEQ)is one of the core issues addressed in the majority of sustainable building certification and design guidelines.Children spend a significant amount of time indoors in a school environment.And poor IEA can lead to sickness and absenteeism from school and eventually cause a decrease in student performance[3].Different building types and their IEQ characteristics can be partly attributed to building age and construction materials.[4]Improving the energy performance of school buildings could result in the direct benefit of reduced utility costs and improving the indoor quality could improve the students’learning environment.Research also suggests that aging school facilities and inefficient equipment have a detrimental effect on academic performance that can be reversed when schools are upgraded.[5]Several studies have linked better lighting,thermal comfort,and air quality to higher test scores.[6,7,8]Another benefit of improving the energy efficiency of education buildings is the potential increase in market value through recognition of green building practice and labeling,such as that of a LEED or net zero energy building.In addition,because of their educational function,high-performance or energy-efficient buildings are particularly valuable for institution clients and local government.More and more high-performance buildings,net zero energy buildings,and positive energy buildings serve as living laboratories for educational purposes.Currently,educational/institutional buildings represent the largest portion of NZE(net zero energy)projects.Educational buildings comprise 36 percent of net zero buildings according to a 2014 National New Building Institute report.Of the 58 net zero energy educational buildings,32 are used for kindergarten through grade 12(K-12),21 for higher education,and 5 for general education.[9]Finally,because educational buildings account for the third largest amount of building floor space in the United States,super energy-efficient educational buildings could provide other societal and economic benefits beyond the direct energy cost savings for three reasons:1)educational buildings offer high visibility that can influence community members and the next generation of citizens,2)success stories of the use of public funds that returns lower operating costs and healthier student learning environments provide documentation that can be used by others,and 3)this sector offers national and regional forums and associations to facilitate the transfer of best design and operational practices.

RISK MODEL FOR ENERGY PERFORMANCE CONTRACTING IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES

Energy performance contracting provides guaranteed minimum energy savings to building owners,enabling them to finance project costs using utility savings over the duration of the project.This has been an attractive project delivery method for organizations with reduced budgets for capital projects,particularly among correctional facilities which frequently have lengthy periods of deferred maintenance and ongoing building operations and maintenance concerns.This research builds on a previously developed project factors risk framework for energy service companies undertaking building retrofits.This paper proposes a risk analysis and evaluation model that includes quantitative,expert-based,and probabilistically derived information.Expected cost was used to evaluate risks over lengthy project life cycles and a new metric was developed for use in the model-expected life cycle value.Model results reveal that the most critical risk factors relate to the reduced availability of“low-hanging fruit”energy conservation measures,work scopes based on traditional design-bid-build procurement,unavailable or inaccurate facility information,facility age and current code requirements,and conducting the investment grade audit too quickly.The life cycle cost-based risk model employed in this paper is proposed as an advancement over traditional risk management methods,and it is expected to be applicable,with modification,across other municipal and state government subdomains,especially high security projects.

基于类型学方法的城镇住宅节能改造效果的分类评估——以重庆市为例

针对城镇住宅量大面广、复杂多样、能效偏低且参差不齐的现况,基于类型学方法,以重庆市1950—2000年间的城镇住宅为例,采用CHAID决策树算法,按照建造年代、住宅套型和套型组合三种属性,从373例样本中归纳出围护结构的三个大类和24个子类,并构建原型的物理模型。模拟分析表明:分类评估可以更好地解释不同建筑类型冷、热负荷需求的影响因子及其显著程度,筛选出最不节能的类型及各类型最不利于节能的部位;不同类型住宅的冷、热负荷节约率取决于节能改造后不同部位的贡献度。推荐运用CHAID决策树算法对节能改造评价标准进行类型化细分,并扩展至更大区域范围的能效评估和改造潜力预测。

北京市某公共建筑综合节能改造与能效评估

以北京市东城区某综合园区为例,根据园区现状对其围护结构热工性能、供暖空调、建筑照明及用水器具进行节能诊断及能耗分析。结果显示:建筑供暖耗热量及照明耗电量占比分别为58.96%和10.24%,为挖掘改造潜力并确定基准能耗提供了依据;通过围护结构保温层加装、门窗更换、高效空调设备更换、照明灯具更换及节水器具更换等节能技改措施进行综合节能改造,计算改造后能耗;将不同能源类型能耗归一化为标煤,经测算,改造后项目节能量约为71.0 tce,综合节能率35.52%,减少向大气排放二氧化碳175.38 t,节能减排效果显著,为类似地区公建节能改造提供了借鉴和参考。本次能评估多采用理论模拟计算方法,还需改造后实际运行数据对比支撑。

基于能量平衡的既有建筑结构抗震加固性能化设计方法研究

由于规范标准对结构抗震设计要求的不断提高以及结构在长期服役过程中性能的逐渐劣化,既有建筑结构的抗震性能不再满足设计要求,开展其抗震加固设计研究势在必行。然而,目前的加固设计方法往往需要大量的非线性动力计算反复迭代,增加了设计的难度,降低了其适用性。基于能量平衡概念,提出适用于增设消能减震装置的既有建筑结构抗震加固性能化设计方法。该方法考虑了多地震水准性能目标,设计过程中无需开展非线性动力计算,且迭代次数少。采用所提方法对Benchmark钢框架结构进行加固设计,通过非线性动力分析评估了加固前和加固后结构的抗震性能。研究结果表明:加固后,所有楼层的位移角均明显降低,小震、中震和大震时的平均降幅约为20%,可见加固后结构抗震性能得到了显著改善;加固结构在小震、中震和大震下的层间位移角均与设计值吻合,实现了预期的层间位移角和屋顶位移角目标,验证了所提方法的有效性;所提方法设计的阻尼器在小震时整体保持弹性状态,在中震和大震时进入屈服耗能状态,实现了预期的耗能机制,且阻尼器延性需求沿楼层的分布较为均匀,进一步表明了设计方法的合理性。研究成果可为既有建筑结构的抗震性能加固设计提供参考。

溶液调湿空调在医药厂房工程应用的碳减排潜力分析

众多医药生产车间要求低湿环境,需要送风含湿在7 g/kg甚至5 g/kg以下,常规7℃冷冻水驱动的冷冻除湿方式难以完成上述除湿任务,因而医药厂房通常采用转轮除湿系统对空气进行湿处理以满足环境热湿控制需求。然而,转轮系统所需再生温度较高,通常使用高温蒸汽或电加热器作为再生热源,限制了系统的低碳化运行。溶液空调系统具有利用低品位冷热源的优势,但现有研究对于溶液空调技术在医药建筑中应用可行性研究尚不充分,无法揭示其在医药建筑应用的节能减排潜力。因此,现场测试了溶液空调系统在某试点医药厂房的实际应用效果,对比了其与常规转轮系统的性能差异并阐明差异原因。示范工程应用结果表明,一次回风系统送风含湿量在6 g/kg左右时,溶液系统可以将再生热源温度从100℃以上降至50℃以下,相较于常规转轮系统的节能比率为15%~45%,典型工况下的碳减排率为20.7%。以期为医药建筑低碳化发展提供经验参考与数据支撑。

温和地区既有公共建筑超低能耗改造方法研究——以云南建筑技术发展中心节能改造设计为例

20世纪末的既有公共建筑相对于参照建筑的节能率普遍较低,远未达到现行节能标准,使用时达到一定的舒适度需要消耗较多能源。为了推进云南省温和地区城市更新中的既有建筑节能改造标准编制,进一步完善既有公共建筑节能降碳改造指南,通过对典型案例云南建筑技术发展中心办公楼进行了超低能耗改造设计研究,以模拟计算数据和实际检测数据为依据,系统地剖析了温和地区既有公共建筑超低能耗改造的性能化设计方法和独特构造设计措施。结果表明:云南温和地区的节能改造措施有别于其他气候区,改造成本相对较低;通过对外围护结构进行得当的节能改造和增强气密性,能耗指标将大幅度降低且舒适度提高,可以达到超低能耗建筑节能标准。

既有建筑水泥基外围护系统低碳改造技术研究

既有建筑水泥基外围护系统存在开裂、渗漏、脱落、空鼓和高能耗等问题,为保障其安全及功能性,开展既有建筑外围护系统低碳改造是重要解决办法。系统介绍了既有建筑外保温缺陷形成原因,厘清外保温缺陷检测技术,提出外保温风险评估流程和风险等级划分方法,明确外保温低碳设计计算理论。针对外保温不同缺陷类型,提出不同的施工工艺流程及注意事项,为既有建筑外保温低碳改造技术应用推广提供借鉴与参考。