Pedestrian flow through exit:Study focused on evacuation pattern

Experiments are conducted on the evacuation rate of pedestrians through exits with queued evacuation pattern and random evacuation pattern. The experimental results show that the flow rate of pedestrians is larger with the random evacuation pattern than with the queued evacuation pattern. Therefore, the exit width calculated based on the minimum evacuation clear width for every 100 persons, which is on the assumption that the pedestrians pass through the exit in one queue or several queues, is conservative. The number of people crossing the exit simultaneously is greater in the random evacuation experiments than in the queued evacuation experiments, and the time interval between the front row and rear row of people is shortened in large-exit conditions when pedestrians evacuate randomly. The difference between the flow rate with a queued evacuation pattern and the flow rate with a random evacuation pattern is related to the surplus width of the exit, which is greater than the total width of all accommodated people streams. Two dimensionless quantities are defined to explore this relationship. It is found that the difference in flow rate between the two evacuation patterns is stable at a low level when the surplus width of the exit is no more than 45% of the width of a single pedestrian stream. There is a great difference between the flow rate with the queued evacuation pattern and the flow rate with the random evacuation pattern in a scenario with a larger surplus width of the exit. Meanwhile, the pedestrians crowd extraordinarily at the exit in these conditions as well, since the number of pedestrians who want to evacuate through exit simultaneously greatly exceeds the accommodated level. Therefore, the surplus width of exit should be limited especially in the narrow exit condition, and the relationship between the two dimensionless quantities mentioned above could provide the basis to some extent.

Heat and mass transfer of a circular porous moist object located in a triangular shaped vented cavity

Heat and mass transfer of a circular-shaped porous moist object inside a two-dimensional triangle cavity is investigated by using finite element method.The porous object is considered to be a moist food sample,located in the middle of the cavity with inlet and outlet ports with different configurations of inlet/outlet ports.Convective drying performance is numerically assessed for different values of Reynolds numbers(between 50 and 250),dry air inlet temperature(between 40 and 80℃)and different locations of the port.It is observed that changing the port locations has significant impacts on the flow recirculaitons inside the triangular chamber while convective drying performance is highly affected.The moisture content reduces with longer time and for higher Reynolds number(Re)values.Case P4 where inlet and outlet ports are in the middle of the walls provides the most effective configuration in terms of convective drying performance while the worst case is seen for P1 case where inlet and outlet are closer to the corners of the chamber.There is a 192% difference between the moisture reduction of these two cases at Re=250,T=80℃ and t=120 min.

A novel cascaded H-bridge photovoltaic inverter with flexible arc suppression function

This paper presents a novel approach that simultaneously enables photovoltaic(PV)inversion and flexible arc suppression during single-phase grounding faults.Inverters compensate for ground currents through an arc-elimination function,while outputting a PV direct current(DC)power supply.This method effectively reduces the residual grounding current.To reduce the dependence of the arc-suppression performance on accurate compensation current-injection models,an adaptive fuzzy neural network imitating a sliding mode controller was designed.An online adaptive adjustment law for network parameters was developed,based on the Lyapunov stability theorem,to improve the robustness of the inverter to fault and connection locations.Furthermore,a new arc-suppression control exit strategy is proposed to allow a zerosequence voltage amplitude to quickly and smoothly track a target value by controlling the nonlinear decrease in current and reducing the regulation time.Simulation results showed that the proposed method can effectively achieve fast arc suppression and reduce the fault impact current in single-phase grounding faults.Compared to other methods,the proposed method can generate a lower residual grounding current and maintain good arc-suppression performance under different transition resistances and fault locations.

Regarding the Regulatory Sandbox Route and Mechanism for Governance of Artificial Intelligence

The main challenge in AI governance today is striking a balance between controlling AI dangers and fostering AI innovation.Regulators in a number of nations have progressively extended the regulatory sandbox,which was first implemented in the banking sector,to AI governance in an effort to reduce the conflict between regulation and innovation.The AI regulatory sandbox is a new and feasible route for AI governance in China that not only helps to manage the risks of technology application but also prevents inhibiting AI innovation.It keeps inventors'trial-and-error tolerance space inside the regulatory purview while offering a controlled setting for the development and testing of novel AI that hasn't yet been put on the market.By providing full-cycle governance of AI with the principles of agility and inclusive prudence,the regulatory sandbox offers an alternative to the conventional top-down hard regulation,expost regulation,and tight regulation.However,the current system also has inherent limitations and practical obstacles that need to be overcome by a more rational and effective approach.To achieve its positive impact on AI governance,the AI regulatory sandbox system should build and improve the access and exit mechanism,the coordination mechanism between the sandbox and personal information protection,and the mechanisms of exemption,disclosure,and communication.

Application of Connected Truck Data to Evaluate Spatiotemporal Impact of Rest Area Closures on Ramp Parking

Ensuring adequate access to truck parking is critical to the safe and efficient movement of freight traffic. There are strict federal guidelines for commercial truck driver rest periods. Rest areas and private truck stops are the only places for the trucks to stop legally and safely. In locations without sufficient parking areas, trucks often park on interstate ramps, which create safety risks for other interstate motorists. Historically, agencies have employed costly and time intensive manual counting methods, camera surveillance, and driver surveys to assess truck parking. Connected truck data, available in near real-time, offers an efficient alternative to practitioners to assess truck parking patterns and identify areas where there may be insufficient safe parking spaces. This paper presents a case study of interstate I-70 in east central Indiana and documents the observed spatiotemporal impacts of a rest area closure on truck parking on nearby interstate ramps. Results showed that there was a 28% increase in parking on ramps during the rest area closure. Analysis also found that ramps closest to the rest area were most impacted by the closure, seeing a rise in truck parking sessions as high as 2.7 times. Parking duration on the ramps during rest area closure also increased drastically. Although it was expected that this would result in increased parking by trucks on adjacent ramps, this before, during, after scenario provided an ideal scenario to evaluate the robustness of these techniques to assess changing parking characteristics of long-haul commercial trucks. The data analytics and visualization tools presented in this study are scalable nationwide and will aid stakeholders in informed data-driven decision making when allocating resources towards improving the nations commercial vehicle parking infrastructure.

Design optimisation of mean room surface exitance and total corneal illuminance using Monte Carlo simulation

In lighting design,mean room surface exitance(MRSE)has been known as an indicator of the adequacy of illumination in an indoor space.Recent studies have suggested an exponential model relating MRSE and the observer’s retinal response.This is particularly applicable in a room with homogenous room surface reflectance and a constant total corneal illuminance,which is the total illuminance received at the eye.However,accuracy of the exponential model is yet to be assessed in detail.Furthermore,the implication on interior lighting design is also yet to be quantified.This study thus aims to assess the accuracy of the exponential model and to optimise the output variables.Random computations using Monte Carlo simulation are performed for various input variables,followed with sensitivity and uncertainty analyses and optimisation.Prediction errors of the exponential model are found between-10%and 6%.The MRSE is highly influenced by surface reflectance,whereas the total corneal illuminance is influenced by the source luminous flux.Optimum design parameters are obtained by minimising the ratio between total corneal illuminance and MRSE.Overall,this study provides guidelines in lighting design practice for enhancing room spatial brightness while minimising energy use.

Effect of a static pedestrian as an exit obstacle on evacuation

Building exit as a bottleneck structure is the last and the most congested stage in building evacuation.It is well known that obstacles at the exit affect the evacuation process,but few researchers pay attention to the effect of stationary pedestrians(the elderly with slow speed,the injured,and the static evacuation guide)as obstacles at the exit on the evacuation process.This paper explores the influence of the presence of a stationary pedestrian as an obstacle at the exit on the evacuation from experiments and simulations.We use a software,Pathfinder,based on the agent-based model to study the effect of ratios of exit width(D)to distance(d)between the static pedestrian and the exit,the asymmetric structure by shifting the static pedestrian upward,and types of obstacles on evacuation.Results show that the evacuation time of scenes with a static pedestrian is longer than that of scenes with an obstacle due to the unexpected hindering effect of the static pedestrian.Different ratios of D/d have different effects on evacuation efficiency.Among the five D/d ratios in this paper,the evacuation efficiency is the largest when d is equal to 0.75D,and the existence of the static pedestrian has a positive impact on evacuation in this condition.The influence of the asymmetric structure of the static pedestrian on evacuation efficiency is affected by D/d.This study can provide a theoretical basis for crowd management and evacuation plan near the exit of complex buildings and facilities.

Exit strategies in inflammatory bowel disease:Looking beyond antitumor necrosis factors

The long-term management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is still a matter of debate,and no clear guidelines have been issued.In clinical practice,gastroenterologists often have to deal with patients in prolonged remission after immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapies.When planning an exit strategy for drug withdrawal,the risk of disease relapse must be balanced against the risk of drug-related adverse events and healthcare costs.Furthermore,there is still a dearth of data on the withdrawal of novel biologics,such as the anti-α4β7 integrin antibody(vedolizumab)and anti-IL12/23 antibody(ustekinumab),as well as the small molecule tofacitinib.Models for estimating the risk of disease relapse and the efficacy of retreatment should be evaluated according to the patient's age and IBD phenotype.These models should guide clinicians in programming a temporary drug withdrawal after discussing realistic outcomes with the patient.This would shift the paradigm from an exit strategy to a holiday strategy.

Effect of CICARE communication nursing model combined with motivational psychological intervention in patients with postintensive care unit syndrome

BACKGROUND Post-intensive care syndrome(PICS)is a term used to describe a constellation of new or worsened dysfunctions in the physical,cognitive,or mental health status of critically ill patients after their discharge from the intensive care unit(ICU).These dysfunctions persist beyond the acute phase of illness and have a significant impact on both the patient and their family.Connect,Introduce,Communicate,Ask,Respond,Exit(CICARE)communication advocates that patients should be respected and accepted when receiving medical services.Clinicians should attach importance to the communication mode of feelings,including connection,introduction,communication,ask,response,and exit 6 steps.AIM To assess the impact of CICARE communication on the reduction of anxiety,depression,and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)symptoms in patients transitioning from the ICU to other care settings.METHODS This prospective,randomized,controlled study was performed between October 2021 and March 2023.Intensive Care Unit Memory Tool was used to evaluate patients’ICU memory.The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was employed to determine the presence of anxiety or depression symptoms.Impact of Event Scale-Revised was utilized to assess the presence of PTSD.All data were processed and analyzed using R language software version 4.1.0.The measurement data were expressed as mean±SD,and the t test was used.The count data were analyzed by theχ2 test and expressed as[n(%)].RESULTS In total,248 subjects were included in this study.Among them,206 were successfully followed up for three months after transfer from the ICU,and 42 cases were lost to follow-up.There was no significant difference in the composition of ICU memory between the two groups.The application of the CICARE communication nursing model combined with the motivational psychological intervention nursing model,as well as the adoption of only the motivational psychological intervention nursing model,demonstrated favorable effects on PICS.Both groups of patients showed a reduction in anxiety scores,depression scores,and PTSD scores following the implementation of these two nursing models.However,it is noteworthy that the experimental group exhibited greater improvements compared to the control group.CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that CICARE communication nursing mode may have good influence on relieving PICS.

Exit problem of stochastic SIR model with limited medical resource

Nonlinearity and randomness are both the essential attributes for the real world,and the case is the same for the models of infectious diseases,for which the deterministic models can not give a complete picture of the evolution.However,although there has been a lot of work on stochastic epidemic models,most of them focus mainly on qualitative properties,which makes us somewhat ignore the original meaning of the parameter value.In this paper we extend the classic susceptible-infectious-removed(SIR)epidemic model by adding a white noise excitation and then we utilize the large deviation theory to quantitatively study the long-term coexistence exit problem with epidemic.Finally,in order to extend the meaning of parameters in the corresponding deterministic system,we tentatively introduce two new thresholds which then prove rational.

The asymptotic relation between the first crossing point and the last exit time of Gaussian order statistics sequences

In this paper,we study the asymptotic relation between the first crossing point and the last exit time for Gaussian order statistics which are generated by stationary weakly and strongly dependent Gaussian sequences.It is shown that the first crossing point and the last exit time are asymptotically independent and dependent for weakly and strongly dependent cases,respectively.The asymptotic relations between the first crossing point and the last exit time for stationary weakly and strongly dependent Gaussian sequences are also obtained.

Clicking through the Clickstream: A Novel Statistical Modeling Approach to Improve Information Usage of Clickstream Data by E-Commerce Entities

Success or failure of an E-commerce platform is often reduced to its ability to maximize the conversion rate of its visitors. This is commonly regarded as the capacity to induce a purchase from a visitor. Visitors possess individual characteristics, histories, and objectives which complicate the choice of what platform features that maximize the conversion rate. Modern web technology has made clickstream data accessible allowing a complete record of a visitor’s actions on a website to be analyzed. What remains poorly constrained is what parts of the clickstream data are meaningful information and what parts are accidental for the problem of platform design. In this research, clickstream data from an online retailer was examined to demonstrate how statistical modeling can improve clickstream information usage. A conceptual model was developed that conjectured relationships between visitor and platform variables, visitors’ platform exit rate, boune rate, and decision to purchase. Several hypotheses on the nature of the clickstream relationships were posited and tested with the models. A discrete choice logit model showed that the content of a website, the history of website use, and the exit rate of pages visited had marginal effects on derived utility for the visitor. Exit rate and bounce rate were modeled as beta distributed random variables. It was found that exit rate and its variability for pages visited were associated with site content, site quality, prior visitor history on the site, and technological preferences of the visitor. Bounce rate was also found to be influenced by the same factors but was in a direction opposite to the registered hypotheses. Most findings supported that clickstream data is amenable to statistical modeling with interpretable and comprehensible models.

Globalization Under the Spells of Breakdowns in Supply Chains, Regime Change, Regime Formation, and Alliance Restructuring: How Much Is Left for Public Goods?

In a paper conceived about five years ago(“Globalization and Public Goods:Too Big to Tackle?”)roughly a dozen factors were linked to explain important causal paths from globalization to the potential output of public goods.The Russian invasion of Ukraine,the corona epidemic,and the increased hegemonic rivalry between China and the U.S.interrupted or even destroyed many of the linkages between globalization and potential public good production.About five important detrimental paths involved in the meantime.In the present article we aim at linking what is left from the previous level of globalization or emerging to form a new and simplified causal model for likely linkages between truncated or(re-)emerging globalization,and the deadly needed output of public goods.These linkages refer to rules of climate control,go to trade linkages and arbitrary tariffs and trade interventions.Regime change,regime formation,and alliance restructuring address aspects of domestic rule and international stability.Selectorate theory,regime type,and exit options for political elites provide key explanatory factors in explaining globalization and public goods productions,or their decay.Where possible we use some data and transformation experiences corroborating our arguments.In other instances need for further empirical macro research will become clear.

Research on Traffic Safety at Tunnel Entrance and Exit

Highway tunnel entrances have a high rate of expressway traffic accidents.In this paper,the reasons for the high incidence of traffic accidents at highway tunnel entrances are analyzed in detail,and corresponding solutions are proposed,hoping to provide some reference to relevant parties.

Analysis of Interchange Exit Safety Technology

In order to improve the safety of the exit of expressway interchanges,the main problems and influencing factors of interchange exits are analyzed according to the number of traffic accidents at expressway interchange exits in China.Some suggestions and countermeasures are then put forward from the aspect of safety technology for future reference.

具有不等错误保护特性的LDPC编码调制方案

针对LDPC(low-densityparity-check)编码调制系统,提出了一种新的具有不等错误保护特性的调制方案,在一个码字内,利用不同的调制方式对于重要的比特给予较强的保护,对于次要的比特给予较弱的保护,该方案既适用于非规则LDPC码,也适用于规则LDPC码。计算机仿真结果表明,新方案的性能是传统16QAM及4QAM的折衷,当采用1/2码率时,其频带利用率与8PSK相同,但是误码率性能优于8PSK。新方案的性能优于现有文献中基于比特可靠性的调制映射方案,并采用EXIT(extrinsicinformationtransfer)图对新方案的优异性能给出了解释。

一种AWGN信道下非规则LDPC码的优化方法

提出了一种加性高斯噪声(AWGN)信道下非规则低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)码的优化方法。利用LDPC码迭代译码算法下变量节点与校验节点的EX IT曲线之间的面积反映码的收敛阈值与香农限的差距这一特点,设计表示两条EX IT曲线之间面积的函数F,该函数可以衡量非规则LDPC码的性能,F值越小,LDPC码的收敛阈值就越接近香农限。仿真显示,合理设计变量节点和校验节点,减小函数F的值,能够提高非规则LDPC码的性能。

GF(q)域上非规则LDPC码EXIT图分析方法研究

GF(q)域上非规则LDPC码是二进制非规则LDPC码在有限域GF(q=2p)上的扩展,在码长和码率相等的情况下,具有比二进制非规则LDPC码更优异的性能。如何分析GF(q)域上非规则LD-PC码的迭代译码性能是其能否有效应用的关键。基于迭代译码结构,本文研究了AWGN信道下GF(q)域上非规则LDPC码的EXIT图分析方法,推导了其计算表达式;提出了利用EXIT图变量节点与校验节点联合优化准则。仿真结果表明,相对密度进化方法,该方法计算出的收敛门限值的精度稍有下降,却极大地降低了计算复杂度;在相同通信条件下,通过联合优化准则设计的GF(q)域上的非规则LDPC性能优于二进制非规则LDPC码;得到的收敛门限对应的信噪比非常接近香农限,进一步验证了EXIT图分析工具的优越性。

低密度校验码(LDPC码)

低密度校验码(Low Density Parity Check Codes,LDPCcodes)是当前编码理论领域研究最热的信道编码之一。本文首先对信道编码研究历程作了简单回顾,然后介绍了LDPC码的发展历程并全面介绍了其相关理论。对LDPC码的和积译码算法(Sum-Product Algorithm,SPA)或置信传播算法(Belief Propagation Algorithm,BPA)、基于二分图的随机构造与代数构造、密度进化理论、高斯近似以及EXIT表分析等相关技术理论的发展和原理进行了详尽的阐述。同时本文还给出近年来LDPC码最新研究成果并给出一些开放性的研究课题。

基于EXIT图的正则LDPC码性能分析研究

EXIT(EXtrinsic Information Transfer)图分析方法可以看作密度进化技术的一种简化,具有实现简单的优点,并且在不同的信道、调制方案以及检测器中都可以使用。在详细阐述了EXIT图分析方法的基础上,给出了基于EXIT图的正则LDPC码的门限判决算法,进一步通过计算机仿真分别给出了变量节点译码器和校验节点译码器的EXIT曲线,以及不同的信道信噪比下(3,6)正则LDPC码EXIT图的变化规律,直观地对迭代译码过程中的互信息变化进行了描述分析。