Exogenous insulin autoimmune syndrome:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Insulin autoimmune syndrome(IAS)is a severe manifestation of spontaneous hypoglycemia.It is characterized by elevated levels of immune-reactive insulin and highly potent insulin autoantibodies(IAAs),which are induced by endogenous insulin circulating in the bloodstream.It is distinguished by recurring instances of spontaneous hypoglycemia,the presence of IAA within the body,a substantial elevation in serum insulin levels,and an absence of prior exogenous insulin administration.Nevertheless,recent studies show that both conventional insulin and its analogs can induce IAS episodes,giving rise to the notion of nonclassical IAS.Therefore,more attention should be paid to these diseases.CASE SUMMARY In this case report,we present a rare case of non-classical IAS in an 83-year-old male patient who present with symptoms of a psychiatric disorder.Upon symptom onset,the patient exhibited Whipple's triad(including hypoglycemia,blood glucose level less than 2.8 mmol/L during onset,and rapid relief of hypoglycemic symptoms after glucose administration).Concurrently,his serum insulin level was significantly elevated,which contradicted his C-peptide levels.After a comprehensive examination,the patient was diagnosed with exogenous insulin autoimmune syndrome.Considering that the patient had type 2 diabetes mellitus and a history of exogenous insulin use before disease onset,it was presumed that non classical IAS was induced by this condition.The PubMed database was used to search for previous cases of IAS and non-classical IAS to analyze their characteristics and treatment approaches.CONCLUSION The occurrence of non-classical IAS is associated with exogenous insulin or its analogs,as well as with sulfhydryl drugs.Symptoms can be effectively alleviated through the discontinuation of relevant medications,administration of hormones or immunosuppressants,plasma exchange,and lifestyle adjustments.

Nursing a patient with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with insulin-related lipodystrophy,allergy,and exogenous insulin autoimmune syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA)is a special type of type 1 diabetes mellitus.During the early stages,patients with LADA are treated with oral antidiabetics.However,insulin treatment is still required as islet function gradually declines.Once patients have developed insulin allergy,clinical treatment and nursing care become very challenging.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report a case of LADA with insulin-related lipodystrophy,allergy,and exogenous insulin autoimmune syndrome during insulin treatment,thus making it very difficult to effectively control glucose levels with insulin.We attempted subcutaneous injection and an insulin pump to desensitize the patient’s response to insulin,and finally assisted the doctor to select the appropriate insulin treatment for the patient.We describe the management of this patient from a nursing viewpoint.CONCLUSION We summarize the nursing experience of a case with complex insulin allergy requiring desensitization treatment.Our approach is very practical and can be applied to similar patients needing insulin desensitization.