Several Characteristics of Granular Sludge Blanket and Granular Sludge in Interior Diversion-EGSB Reactor

The influence of up-flow velocity on the working state and characteristics of the granular sludge blanket in Interior Diversion Expanded Granular Sludge Blanket（ID-EGSB）reactor for treating brewery wastewater were studied in this paper.The results show that the proper up-flow velocity（Vup）should be 2.1-3.3 m/h with the COD concentration of 18215-18304 mg/L,while the sludge bed reactor is inflated with expansion rate of 43.7%.When the organic loading rate reaches to 18.22-18.30 kgCOD/(m3·d-1),COD removal rate remains stabilized above 85.3%and the reactor ran without plug

Production and application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required startup time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant （SWWTP） containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand （TCOD） removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.

Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB reactor treating palm oil mill effluent

A bench-scale expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactor was applied to the treatment of palm oil mill effluent （POME）. The reactor had been operated continuously at 35℃ for 514 d, with organic loading rate （OLR） increased from 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD/（m^3·d）. The results showed that the EGSB reactor had good performance in terms of COD removal on the one hand, high COD removal of 91% was obtained at two days＇ of hydraulic retention time （HRT）, and the highest OLR of 17.5 kg COD/（m^3·d）. On the other hand, only 46% COD in raw POME was transformed into biogas in which the methane content was about 70% （V/V）. A 30-d intermittent experiment indicated that the maximum transformation potential of organic matter in raw POME into methane was 56%. Volatile fatty acid （VFA） accumulation was observed in the later operation stage, and this was settled by supplementing trace metal elements. On the whole, the system exhibited good stability in terms of acidity and alkalinity. Finally, the operational problems inherent in the laboratory scale experiment and the corresponding countermeasures were also discussed.

Performance and microbial diversity of an expanded granular sludge bed reactor for high sulfate and nitrate waste brine treatment

The disposal of waste brines has become a major challenge that hinders the wide application of ion- exchange resins in the water industry in recent decades. In this study, high sulfate removal efficiency （80%-90%） was achieved at the influent sulfate concentration of 3600 mg/L and 3% NaC1 after 145 days in an expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactor. Furthermore, the feasibility of treating synthetic waste brine containing high levels of sulfate and nitrate was investigated in a single EGSB reactor during an operation period of 261 days. The highest nitrate and sulfate loading rate reached 6.38 and 5.78 kg/（m3-day） at SO42--S/NO3-N mass ratio of 4/3, and the corresponding removal efficiency was 99.97% and 82.26% at 3% NaC1, respectively. Meanwhile, 454-pyrosequencing technology was used to analyze the bacterial diversity of the sludge on the 240th day for stable operation of phase X. Results showed that a total of 9194 sequences were obtained, which could be affiliated to 14 phyla, including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chlorobi, Bacteroidetes, Synergistetes and so on. Proteobacteria （77.66%） was the dominant microbial population, followed by Firmicutes （12.23%） and Chlorobi （2.71%）.

Fe^(2+)对厌氧氨氧化EGSB反应器运行性能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)在污水处理系统中越来越受到重视,Fe^(2+)对Anammox系统具有重要作用。通过不断提升进水总氮(TN)浓度,本文研究Fe^(2+)对Anammox膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器(EGSB)脱氮性能以及细菌生理变化的影响。当Fe^(2+)浓度从1.00mg/L增加到7.50mg/L时,氮去除效果显著增加,抵抗氮负荷的能力明显增强。同时胞外聚合物(EPS)与血红素c浓度也逐渐增加到最大值分别为242mg/g VSS和3.76μmol/mg pro,细菌活性明显提高。随着Fe^(2+)浓度继续增加到10.0mg/L,反应器脱氮性能下降,EPS与血红素c含量也随之减少,细菌活性降低。因此,7.50mg/L的Fe^(2+)能最大程度增强反应器脱氮性能,提高细菌活性,使颗粒更加致密,促进Anammox污泥沉降和聚集。研究结果有助于深入探索Fe^(2+)对Anammox系统的作用机制,对培育高性能Anammox污泥、保证EGSB反应器的高效稳定运行具有重要意义。

Development of a novel modified EGSB reactor for municipal sewage treatment at ambient temperatures

A novel modified expanded granular sludge bed(EGSBm) reactor was developed for anaerobic treatment of municipal sewage with mixed liquid recirculation instead of effluent recirculation commonly adopted by a conventional EGSB(EGSBc) reactor.Performances of these two reactors were compared in treating municipal sewage at ambient temperatures ranging from 8 to 26 ℃.At an upflow liquid velocity(Vup) of 10.3 m/h,the mean concentrations of filtrated COD(CODfilt) and COD of the EGSBm effluent were determined to be 59.4 and 95.9 mg/L,respectively,which were significantly lower than those of the EGSBc effluent operated under identical experimental conditions.When the organic loading rate was suddenly increased from 1.2 to 7.2 kg COD/(m3·d),the EGSBm regained the removal efficiency of previous operation phase in 10 d.Hydrodynamic characteristics of the reactors were compared using the residence time distribution(RTD) model.It was found that the treatment efficiency of EGSBm kept increasing as the Vup increased.The polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE) technique was used to analyze the microbial diversity in EGSBm.Fingerprinting pattern indicated that some species in the inoculating sludge were still reserved in the granular sludge of EGSBm,moreover,several new species occurred.

Optimizing Conditions of Enhancing Granule Sludge Concentration and Performance

An expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactor was adopted to study the influence factors and rule of enhancing granular sludge concentration and performance. The experiment was performed at 33 ℃, pH 6.0-8.0 with continuous flow by adding proper quantity of nutritional trace elements. The results show that SLR was the key of steady operation of EGSB reactor. The increment of the granular sludge was influenced by volume loading rate （VLR）, liquid up-flow velocity and sludge loading rate （SLR）. Concentration of granular sludge increased rapidly when liquid up-flow velocity was over 0.94 m · h^-1 with SLR being at 1.0-2.0 d ^-1. With the propriety parameters： liquid up-flow velocity 2.52 m · h^-1, SLR 1.0-2.2 d^-1 and VLR 8.2-13.1 kg · m ^3 · d^-1, 23 days＇ continuous operation resulted in an increment by over 80% of granular sludge concentration in the EGSB reactor, plus good granular sludge property.

Kinetics of municipal sewage degradation in EGSB and UASB reactors at 10 ℃

Kinetics of municipal sewage degradation in Expanded Granular Sludge Bed(EGSB)and Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket(UASB)reactors at 10℃ were investigated via continuous experimental equipments.The results indicated that the whole reaction process can be simulated by the first-order dynamic equation model.Dynamic parameters such as k,Vmax and Ks of UASB in hydrolysis acidification stage were 1.08 d-1,2.8 d-1 and 372 mg/L comparing to those of 1.18 d-1,3.5 d-1 and 112 mg/L in the methanogenesis stage respectively.The EGSB’s k,Vmax and Ks were 2.91 d-1,14.3 d-1 and 470 mg/L in the hydrolysis acidification stage comparing to those of 1.68 d-1,6.6 d-1 and 103 mg/L in the methanogenesis stage respectively.Comparison of k values of the two stages in UASB and EGSB indicates that hydrolysis acidification stage is the controlling step for the whole reaction process of UASB,while methanogenesis stage is the controlling step in EGSB.Compared with UASB,municipal sewage treatment by EGSB at 10 ℃ can reach the same effluent requirement with lower retention time due to its effluent recirculation.

Quick start-up of EGSB reactor treating fresh leachate of municipal solid waste

An expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactor inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge was started up with its COD removal performance, self-balancing of pH, biogas production rate and characteristics of the granular sludge during the start-up period being investigated. The results indicated that the EGSB reactor can be started up successfully in 27 d by increasing the organic loading rate rapidly. The removal efficiency of COD was maintained above 93% with influent COD concentration of 25 000 mg/L and OLR of 37.94 kgCOD/（m 3 ·d）. The EGSB reactor with good pH self-balancing could be fed with fresh leachate of low pH value （4 5）. The biogas production rate was closely related with OLR and COD reduction. Every gram of COD fed （consumed） to the reactor produced 0.34 L STP （0.36 L STP ） biogas with 0.21 L STP （0.23 L STP ） methane. Thus, 65% 70% of the produced biogas was methane. Sixty one percentage of COD fed to the reactor was converted to methane, another 33% was converted to biomass by metabolism, and the other 6% was left in the liquid phase. The specific methanogenic activity （SMA） of the granular sludge had increased by 92% after 27 d dynamic incubation. The granular sludge in the reactor had good settlement performance with majority diameter of 1 2 mm.

EGSB+两级BioDopp工艺在酿酒废水处理中的应用

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)+两级BioDopp工艺应用于西南某酿酒厂高CODCr酿酒废水处理。通过检测启动过程中挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)以及碱度(ALK)的浓度变化,发现VFA质量浓度保持在250 mg/L左右,同时反应器内ALK浓度较高,说明ESBG能实现对酿酒废水的稳定处理。经过一段时间对酿酒废水的稳定处理,其中EGSB进水CODCr均值在50 000 mg/L,氨氮均值为1 000 mg/L,总氮均值为3 000 mg/L,污染物去除率均超过90%。一级BioDopp生化池CODCr去除率均值达到93.5%,氨氮去除率均值达到88.9%,总氮去除率均值达到83.5%,总磷去除率均值为55.0%。二级BioDopp生化池出水CODCr、氨氮、总氮和总磷均值分别为37.8、2.9、11.3 mg/L和0.30 mg/L,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。通过计算发现EGSB+两级BioDopp工艺吨水处理成本约为1.76元/(m^(3)·d),低于“升流式式厌氧污泥床(UASB)+AAO”“中和混凝沉淀-内循环(IC)厌氧反应器-接触氧化-曝气生物滤池”以及“UASB+序批式活性污泥法(SBR)”等工艺运行成本,能实现低成本、高处理率的效果。

EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥床工作状况及污泥性质研究

研究了处理低浓度有机废水的EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥床状况及颗粒污泥的性质 ,结果表明 ,液体表面上升流速 (Vup)是影响EGSB反应器效能的重要参数 ,当进水COD为 6 0 0～ 80 0mg L时 ,较佳的液体表面上升流速 (Vup)为 1 5～ 4 5m h ,在此条件下 ,EGSB反应器COD负荷为2 4 5～ 2 5 7kg (m3·d) ,COD去除率大于 85 % ;同时还发现 ,经过一定时间的运行后 ,反应器中颗粒污泥粒径分布、沉降速度、胞外聚合物 (ECP)等性质都发生了明显变化 ,颗粒污泥的平均粒径由 0 85mm增加到 1 78mm ,平均沉降速度由 41 2m h提高到 83 2m h ,而胞外聚合物 (ECP)的含量则由接种污泥的 32 5mg g增加到 5 7 8mg g。

高负荷厌氧氨氧化EGSB反应器的运行及其颗粒污泥的ECP特性

高效性是厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox)生物脱氮工艺的优势,污泥颗粒化则是生物反应器高效性的重要原因。控制进水亚硝酸盐浓度为360mg·L-1,回流比为0.5,经过230d的连续运行,逐步将厌氧氨氧化膨胀颗粒污泥床(expanded-granular sludgebed,EGSB)反应器(1.1L)的水力停留时间由6.9h缩短至0.30h,获得的容积基质氮去除速率为50.75kg.m-3·d-1,是原有世界最高水平的2倍。在此工况下获得的高负荷厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的平均粒径为(2.51±0.91)mm,比污泥厌氧氨氧化活性为1.899kg·(kgVSS)-1·d-1,胞外多聚物(extracellular polymers,ECP)总含量达143.00mg·(gVSS)-1。随着反应器容积基质氮去除速率的提高,反应器内厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外多聚物含量增加,其中蛋白质含量增加更快,蛋白质的'超量产生'致使颗粒污泥的PN/PS增大,易随水流失。

EGSB-CAAS工艺处理茶多酚废水的工业化研究

应用“EGSB CAAS”工艺处理茶多酚废水的工业化研究表明 ,当进水COD为 36 96 0— 4 3182mg L、SS为 6 5 6 2— 10 90 4mg L时 ,经混凝气浮预处理后 ,采用“EGSB CAAS”工艺进行处理 ,系统COD和SS去除率达 99%以上 ,出水可达标排放 .

厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)处理生活污水试验研究

采用厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）反应器在常温下处理小区生活污水,接种颗粒污泥。试验结果表明：当进水COD 411-560 mg/L,反应器容积负荷可达到3 kg COD/（m3.d）,水力停留时间4 h,上升流速8 m/h,COD去除率可达到85%以上,出水COD为67-88 mg/L。并对EGSB反应器的结构及运行控制参数进行了优化,使其适宜于在常温下处理生活污水及其他低浓度有机废水。

常温下EGSB处理低浓度城市污水的初步研究

通过间歇试验和中试研究,初步探讨了悬浮物、温度和溶解氧对膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)在常温下处理低浓度城市污水的影响。中试结果表明,城市污水中的悬浮物在EGSB中能够得到有效去除,不会在系统中沉积而影响运行效果;EGSB的出水可回流且城市污水的COD浓度低,缓解了温度对系统的影响,EGSB对CODtotal的去除率可保持在70%左右;颗粒污泥的外层兼性菌消耗了溶解氧,保护了产甲烷菌,减轻了溶解氧对颗粒污泥降解城市污水的抑制作用。初步研究结果表明,悬浮物、温度和溶解氧对EGSB在常温下处理低浓度城市污水不会产生不利影响。

EGSB处理玉米淀粉生产废水中试研究

研究了厌氧膨胀颗粒 (EGSB)反应器处理玉米生产废水的运行过程现象 ,结果表明 ,液体表面上升流速是影响EGSB反应器效能的重要参数 ,当进水CODCr为 35 0 0～ 6 5 0 0mg L时 ,液体表面上升流速为 1～ 3 5m h时 ,EGSB反应器处理始终保持在 85 %以上 ,污泥经过选择后能够适应EGSB反应器的运行条件。

低COD浓度废水启动EGSB反应器

以厌氧活性污泥和好氧活性污泥接种于2个膨胀颗粒污泥床（EGSB）反应器中，进水流量为10mL／min，回流量为180mL／min，进水COD浓度在180mg／L左右，有机负荷率（OLR）为1．728kgCOD／m^3·d左右，污泥负荷率（SLR）为0．19kgCOD／kgMLSS·d左右，出水COD浓度维持在40mg／L左右，COD去除率达80％以上。控制温度在32～35℃，pH在6．8～7．2，反应器内氧化还原电位在-340mV以下，水力停留时间（HRT）4．2h，上升流速4．86m／h以及加入80mg／L絮凝剂（硫酸铝钾），缩短了启动时间，促进了颗粒污泥的形成。分别经过60d和120d运行，反应器启动成功。结果表明，上升流速、絮凝剂和污泥类型对颗粒污泥的形成有影响；接种好氧活性污泥在低浓度COD下，合理控制负荷速率能成功启动EGSB反应器。

EGSB反应器污泥床工作特性及污泥性质的研究

研究了膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器在处理高浓度肠衣废水过程中,液体表面上升流速对污泥床工作状态的影响.在COD的质量浓度为5 135.4～5 630.0 mg/L,适宜的上升流速为1.60～2.62 m/h.在此条件下,反应器内的污泥床呈膨胀状态,无不良工作状况,容积负荷在221.60～310.24 kgCOD/(m3·d)之间,COD去除率最高达82.6 %,处理效果良好.反应器内的厌氧污泥性质发生了较大变化.颗粒污泥表面和内部的细菌种类和数量越来越丰富;污泥粒径也明显变大,粒径分布主要集中在0.9～2.0 mm范围内;胞外聚合物的量有所增加.

EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥的快速培养及特性研究

对接种市政消化污泥的膨胀颗粒污泥床（EGSB）反应器内颗粒污泥的快速培养及其特性进行了试验研究。结果表明，颗粒污泥的培养仅需46d，进水COD负荷和去除率可分别达到7．12kgCOD／（m^3·d）和91％。经历49d的提高负荷期后，EGSB反应器获得了良好的运行效果：当进水COD浓度为3700mg／L、HRT为3．4h时，进水COD负荷可达42．51kgCOD／（m^3·d），对COD的去除率达到95．7％，出水COD浓度〈160mg／L。成熟颗粒污泥的沉速为30．64～84．73m／h，污泥密度为62．06g／L，MISS为45．29g／L。随着有机负荷的快速提高，颗粒污泥的粒径明显增大，平均粒径由形成初期的0．9mm增大到成熟期的1．2mm，且颗粒更加均匀，中间粒径（0．45—0．9mm）的质量分数达到了69．6％。与消化污泥相比，颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性得到了明显的提高；且反应器不同高度处的颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性是不同的，底部的活性最高。成熟期的颗粒污泥更加规则、密实，强度也更高。颗粒污泥的微生物菌群丰富，细胞间排列紧密，物质传递迅速，颗粒表面凹凸不平，比表面积很大，泥水接触和传质效果良好。