Expansive Soil Stabilization by Bagasse Ash in Partial Replacement of Cement

This study examined the effects of using bagasse ash in replacement of ordinary Portland cement(OPC)in the treatment of expansive soils.The study concentrated on the compaction characteristics,volume change,compressive strength,splitting tensile strength,microstructure,California bearing ratio(CBR)value,and shear wave velocity of expansive soils treated with cement.Different bagasse ash replacement ratios were used to create soil samples.At varying curing times of 7,14,and 28 days,standard compaction tests,unconfined compressive strength tests,CBR tests,Brazilian split tensile testing,and bender element(BE)tests were carried out.According to X-ray diffraction(XRD)investigations,quartz and crystobalite make up the majority of the minerals in bagasse ash.Bagasse ash contains a variety of grain sizes,including numerous fiber-shaped particles,according to a scanning electronic microscope(SEM)test.For all of the treated specimens with various replacement ratios,the overall additive content has not changed.The results of the Brazilian split tensile tests demonstrate improved tensile strength for all specimens with various replacement proportions.A lower maximum dry density and a greater optimal water content would result from the substitution of bagasse ash.When the replacement ratio is not more than 20%,the CBR values of the parts replaced specimens are even higher than the cement treatments.The results of BE testing on the treated soils show that there is significant stiffness anisotropy but that it steadily diminishes with curing time and replacement ratio.According to the study,bagasse ash is a useful mineral additive,and the best replacement ratio(CBA20)is 20%.

Stabilization of Expansive Soil by Lime and Fly Ash

An experimental program was undertaken to study the individual and admixed effects of lime and fly ash on the geotechnical characteristics of expansive soil.Lime and fly ash were added to the expansive soil at 4%-6% and 40%-50% by dry weight of soil,respectively.Testing specimens were determined and examined in chemical composition,grain size distribution,consistency limits,compaction,CBR,free swell and swell capacity.The effect of lime and fly ash addition on reducing the swelling potential of an expansive soil is presented.It is revealed that a change of expansive soil texture takes place when lime and fly ash are mixed with expansive soil.Plastic limit increases by mixing lime and liquid limit decreases by mixing fly ash,which decreases plasticity index.As the amount of lime and fly ash is increased,there are an apparent reduction in maximum dry density,free swell and swelling capacity under 50 kPa pressure,and a corresponding increase in the percentage of coarse particles,optimum moisture content and CBR value.Based on the results,it can be concluded that the expansive soil can be successfully stabilized by lime and fly ash.

A Study on Strength Properties of Concrete with Replacement of Low C3A Cement by Fly Ash

The chemical composition of cement has a crucial impact on the performance of concrete.Different brands of Portland cement are used for various construction works without prior knowledge of their performance.For economic and environmental reasons,the valorization of fly ash in concrete production has been increasingly studied.The aim of this study is to determine the mechanical performance of the cement in which hydrated cement has been injected,and to assess the environmental benefit of using the waste as a partial replacement.The experimental study consists of replacing cement,with high tricalcium aluminate(C3A)content,with cement with low C3A content.The obtained result shows that it is very feasible to valorize this material and to manufacture eco-environmental cement which has rheological and mechanical characteristics almost similar to or better than that of ordinary cement,where a resistance of 30 MPa has been obtained,after a substitution rate of 50%.The valorization by using cement with low C3A content makes it possible to strengthen the material at a young age and leads to obtain more economical and less polluting cement.

Shrinkage and Expansive Strain of Concrete with Fly Ash and Expansive Agent

The effects of fly ash and MgO-type expansive agent on the shrinkage and expan-sive strain of concrete with high magnesia cement were investigated. The results show that high volumes of fly ash may reduce the shrinkage strain of concrete and inhibit the expansive strain of concrete with MgO-type expansive agent, but can not eliminate the shrinkage of concrete. MgO-type expansive agent may produce expansive strain and compensate the shrinkage strain of concrete, re-lieve the cracking risk, but the hydration product of magnesia tends to get together in paste and pro-duce expansive cracking of concrete with high magnesia content according to SEM observation.

Mechanical,expansion and rheological properties of circulating fluidized bed fly ash based ecological cement:A critical review

Circulating fluidized bed fly ash(CFBFA)is a solid waste product from circulating fluidized bed(CFB)boilers in power plants,and the storage of CFBFA is increasingly become an environmental problem.Previous scholars have made contributions to improve the resource utilization of CFBFA.Especially,ecological cement is prepared by CFBFA,which is more conducive to its large-scale utilization.In recent years,a lot of effort has been paid to improve the properties of ecological cement containing CFBFA.In this work,the physicochemical properties of CFBFA are introduced,and recent research progress on the mechanical,expansion,and rheological properties of CFBFA based ecological cement(CEC)is extensively reviewed.The problem of over-expansion of f-CaO is summarized,which limits the scale application of CFBFA in ecological cement.Hence,the challenge for f-CaO in CFBFA to compensate for cement volume shrinkage is proposed,which is beneficial to the utilization of CFBFA in ecological cement,and the reduction of CO_(2) emissions from the cement industry.In addition,the environmental performance,durability,and economy of CEC should be valued in future research,especially the environmental performance,because the CFBFA contains heavy metals,such as Cr,As,which may pollute groundwater.

Stabilization of expansive soils using chemical additives: A review

Volume instability of expansive soils due to moisture fluctuations is often disastrous,causing severe damages and distortions in the supported structures.It is,therefore,necessary to adequately improve the performance of such soils that they can favorably fulfil the post-construction stability requirements.This can be achieved through chemical stabilization using additives such as lime,cement and fly ash.In this paper,suitability of such additives under various conditions and their mechanisms are reviewed in detail.It is observed that the stabilization process primarily involves hydration,cation exchange,flocculation and pozzolanic reactions.The degree of stabilization is controlled by several factors such as additive type,additive content,soil type,soil mineralogy,curing period,curing temperature,delay in compaction,pH of soil matrix,and molding water content,including presence of nano-silica,organic matter and sulfate compounds.Provision of nano-silica not only improves soil packing but also accelerates the pozzolanic reaction.However,presence of deleterious compounds such as sulfate or organic matter can turn the treated soils unfavorable at times even worser than the unstabilized ones.

A Review on Stabilization of Expansive Soil Using Industrial Solid Wastes

In developing countries like India, Industrialization is rising rapidly, and also?a great paucity of land is there, the demand for exploitation of industrial?wastes?which coming from industries is increasing. From geotechnical perspective,?fly ash, granite and quarry waste, cement kiln dust, silica fume, rice husk etc.?are the waste materials?which?have effectual features requisites by an excellent soil stabilization admixture. Stabilization using solid wastes is one of the different?methods of treatment, to improve the engineering properties and make it?suitable for construction. This paper briefs about the recent trends in stabilization of expansive soil using industrial waste (granite and quarry waste, cement kiln?dust, silica fume, rice husk) as stabilizers for decreasing the environmental?hazards.

水泥-微硅粉改良膨胀土工程特性试验研究

为研究水泥和微硅粉复合改良膨胀土作为路基填筑材料的工程性质,以南阳市内乡县某路段膨胀土路基填料为研究对象,通过膨胀力试验、无荷膨胀率试验、无侧限抗压强度试验以及直剪试验,分析其在不同养护龄期下的膨胀特性和力学特性,结合SEM电镜扫描分析改良机理,并探讨了改良膨胀土力学特性变化与微观形貌之间的关系。结果表明:随着水泥、微硅粉的加入及养护龄期的增加,改良膨胀土的抗压强度及抗剪强度提高,膨胀性降低;采用水泥-微硅粉复合改良膨胀土的效果更优;综合考虑改良效果和经济性,改良剂的最优掺量为水泥7%、微硅粉10%。

水泥粉煤灰改良盐渍土最优配比研究

【目的】在传统水泥改良土的基础上加入粉煤灰复合改良盐渍土,粉煤灰固化盐渍土与“双碳”目标契合,具有积极的意义。【方法】设计三因素四水平正交试验分析改良剂掺量、养护条件、含水率对试样抗压强度及弹性模量的影响。控制水泥粉煤灰固定比例为1∶2,掺量及含水率水平为12%、14%、16%、18%,养护方式分别为清水、盐水、高温养护及标准养护。【结果】通过击实试验可得试验范围内水泥粉煤灰掺量对最大干密度的影响不大,最大干密度约为1.8 g/cm^(3),最优含水率介于14%~16%之间。改良土呈应变软化型,7 d及14 d龄期不同组别抗压强度最高为1.69 MPa、1.99 MPa,最小为0.34 MPa、0.55 MPa。【结论】试样随着掺量增大及火山灰反应、水化程度的加深应变软化特征明显;改良剂掺量为18%、含水率为16%、养护方式为高温养护时强度最大,三个因素对盐渍土强度的影响排序依次为养护条件>改良剂掺量>含水率,因素影响权重分别为养护条件57%、改良剂掺量24%、含水率19%;将抗压强度与回弹模量进行拟合,发现二者具有良好的线性关系。

水泥/石灰和土壤固化剂复合改良膨胀土试验研究

采用水泥/石灰和BJ-W土壤固化剂对安徽地区膨胀土进行了改良试验研究。依据液限、塑限和自由膨胀率试验初步选定改良膨胀土的配合比范围,并通过胀缩总率、无侧限抗压强度和稳定性试验,进一步分析了改良膨胀土的性能变化规律。试验结果表明,掺入水泥/石灰和BJ-W土壤固化剂复合改良中、弱膨胀土时,液限逐渐减小,塑限逐渐增大,自由膨胀率降低到40%以下,且胀缩总率低于0.7%;无侧限抗压强度和稳定性试验中,改良膨胀土的强度和水稳系数(>80%)显著增加,且经过5次干湿循环后,改良膨胀土的强度衰减率小于20%,膨胀土的反复胀缩特性显著改善。综合考虑改良膨胀土的胀缩和强度特性,采用水泥和BJ-W土壤固化剂复合改良膨胀土效果最佳,中膨胀土最优配合比为7%水泥和0.02%BJ-W土壤固化剂,弱膨胀土最优配合比为6%水泥和0.02%BJ-W土壤固化剂。

冻融循环下吉林延边膨胀土水泥改良研究

吉林省延边地区分布大量膨胀土,因其每年都经历冻融循环,导致延边地区部分路基工程的边坡开裂、滑坡、坍塌等工程灾害.为了提高该地区膨胀土的抗剪强度,加入2%,4%,6%,8%,10%水泥改良膨胀土进行不固结不排水三轴实验,测出其抗剪强度和粘聚力.结果表明,水泥量为6%的改良膨胀土比其它水泥量的改良膨胀土粘聚力和抗剪强度改良效果更加明显.

膨胀土-超细水泥-粉煤灰灌浆材料性能试验研究

为满足膨胀土地区输水渠边坡裂缝灌浆材料对流动性、稳定性和安全性的要求,利用当地弱膨胀土作为稳定剂,结合超细水泥与粉煤灰制备复合型灌浆材料,开展了复合浆液黏度、析水性、结石体强度和密度特性的试验研究。探究了不同水固比和材料配比对灌浆材料性能影响规律,结合SEM图像分析了结石体的微观结构,最后通过室内模拟试验探讨了灌浆后浆-土界面胶结情况。结果表明:固体材料中,膨胀土质量占比介于30%~70%、粉煤灰介于12%~24%之间时,水固比为1.0的浆液兼具良好的流动性和稳定性;降低水固比、提高膨胀土掺量可降低复合浆液析水率,改善浆液稳定性,添加粉煤灰能改善浆液流动性;灌浆后,浆液水分向土体渗透,伴随胶结物质迁移,在浆液和土体界面形成过渡层,有利于两者的黏结。研究结果可为膨胀土输水渠边坡裂缝灌浆材料的选取提供科学依据。

石灰-粉煤灰改良膨胀土试验

探讨利用粉煤灰、石灰-粉煤灰作为添加剂改良合肥膨胀土的可行性与改良效果.试验研究了粉煤灰、石灰-粉煤灰掺合物对膨胀土的基本工程性质指标、击实特性、胀缩性以及无侧限抗压强度的影响特征.试验研究结果表明,随着掺灰率的增加,膨胀土的塑性指数、活性指数、自由膨胀率、膨胀量、膨胀力与线缩率呈减小趋势,这说明掺粉煤灰可有效降低膨胀土的胀缩性.经过一定龄期养护后的击实样的膨胀试验结果表明,随着养护龄期的增加,膨胀土的膨胀量与膨胀力都有一定降低.无侧限抗压强度试验结果表明:没有经过养护的土样,粉煤灰对无侧限抗压强度的影响不明显;经过7d龄期养护后,随着掺粉煤灰率的增加,土样的无侧限抗压强度具有一定程度的增长,并且无侧限抗压强度存在一个峰值点.

活化粉煤灰抑制高矿化度水泥土膨胀的研究

水泥土可用做软土地基处理。在高矿化度水环境中,SO4 与水泥水化产生的 AlO3 、Ca2+反应生成大量钙矾石 2- -(3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·31H2O)而引起水泥土膨胀破坏,使水泥土加固体强度降低。加入水泥土中的活化粉煤灰,释放出活性二氧化硅,增加了水泥土中 SiO3 的浓度,使生成反应向有利于生成硅酸钙(CSH)的方向发展,减少了 Ca2+与 SO4 、 2- 2-AlO3 反应,并生成钙矾石的机率,从而对水泥土的膨胀起到了一定的抑制作用。抑制水泥土膨胀的机理,改变离子浓度, -控制化合物的生成方向、微粒充填界面效应。粉煤灰被活化的机理是以粉状硅酸钠为主剂的材料,突破了粉煤灰网络聚合度高的表层,使其内部的活性物质得以释放。

初始含水率和改良材料掺量对膨胀土抗剪强度的影响

为研究不同初始含水率和不同改良材料掺量对膨胀土抗剪强度指标的影响,分别在膨胀土中掺入水泥、石灰、粉煤灰、风化砂进行膨胀土的化学改良,通过改变4种改良材料的掺量及调整膨胀土的初始含水率,进行室内直剪试验。试验结果表明:掺水泥、石灰和粉煤灰能显著提高膨胀土的黏聚力,掺水泥提高黏聚力的幅度最大,其次是掺石灰和粉煤灰,掺风化砂会使膨胀土的黏聚力下降;掺水泥、石灰、粉煤灰和风化砂均能提高膨胀土的内摩擦角,其中掺水泥提高内摩擦角的幅度最大,其次是风化砂。4种材料均可用作膨胀土的改良材料,不同初始含水率及不同改良材料掺量对膨胀土抗剪强度指标的影响十分显著。

石灰、粉煤灰改良膨胀土性质机理

在分析石灰、粉煤灰混合料改良膨胀土化学机理的基础上,通过膨胀土及其改良土的性质与强度特性试验,得到了石灰、粉煤灰混合料在改良膨胀土中的最佳添加量;发现改良膨胀土的液限、塑限比膨胀土的大,膨胀土的应力应变曲线呈应变硬化型,改良膨胀土的呈软化型,改良膨胀土的粘聚力比膨胀土的大,而内摩擦角反而小;还发现膨胀土的自由膨胀率随石灰量的增加而减小,无侧限抗压强度随石灰量的增加而增大。

膨胀土水泥改性施工均匀性试验研究

常用无机类膨胀土改性处理主要有石灰改性和水泥改性,就施工工艺而言,影响改性效果主要因素是改性剂与土料拌和的均匀性,主要包括两个方面问题:一是膨胀土开挖料超大土团的破碎问题;二是开挖料高含水率速降问题。针对水泥改性膨胀土施工工艺,开展了进一步的试验研究,确定了膨胀土料最大土团级配和含水率控制标准,分析了现场施工采用的旋耕机和条筛碎土新工法的可行性,为水泥改性膨胀土现场施工工艺提供理论指导和技术借鉴。

水泥改性膨胀土施工工艺关键技术

针对膨胀土水泥改性处理施工技术中出现的问题,在总结相关文献及参考石灰改性膨胀土工法的基础上,通过膨胀土水泥改性施工工艺现场试验,对施工中3个关键技术(开挖料高含水率速降、开挖料超径土团破碎、改性土填筑施工时效性)进行了系统研究。对于现场施工中采用的破碎机、旋耕机、条筛、机械组合等碎土施工工法,分析比较了土团破碎效果、工程适用性以及水泥掺拌均匀程度;总结得出了膨胀土含水率速降施工方法、土团破碎施工方法以及水泥改性土填筑施工要求。研究成果可为改性膨胀土工程施工工艺提供借鉴。

重载铁路循环动载下水泥改良膨胀土路基动力特性

基于蒙华浩勒报吉-吉安段重载铁路工程,建立列车-有砟轨道-基床-地基动力系统耦合三维数值模型,进行重载铁路循环列车动载作用下水泥改良膨胀土路基动力特性研究。结果表明:轴重25~30 t列车以时速120 km运行时路基面动应力范围为106.3~127.2 kPa,大于轴重25 t列车以时速60~150 km运行时路基面动应力范围(88.81~114.59 kPa)以及轴重17 t的高速列车以时速250~350 km运行时路基面动应力范围(60~85 kPa);重载铁路列车运行时路基面动应力沿路基深度逐渐衰减,在基床表层和底层范围内的衰减分别可达40%和80%以上,动应力影响深度达3~4 m,超过基床设计厚度2.5 m。鉴于动力影响深度范围内路基的动应力水平远低于同位置填料的临界动应力,由临界动应力法评估可知,重载铁路水泥改良膨胀土路基的动力稳定性满足服役要求。

干湿循环下高铁路基水泥改良膨胀土动力特性试验研究

为研究自然干湿循环作用下高铁路基中水泥改良膨胀土的动力特性,对水泥改良土在自然干湿循环及室内干湿循环作用下进行动三轴试验,并以等效线性模型为依托,研究水泥改良土的动应力、动弹性模量和阻尼比在自然干湿循环、掺入水泥和围压共同影响下随动应变的变化规律。结果表明:水泥改良土的动力特性较原膨胀土显著提高,满足路基工程实际要求;掺入水泥显著增强改良土抵抗干湿循环作用能力,围压加载明显改善干湿循环对改良土动力特性的影响;基于室内干湿循环试验模拟现场路基在自然条件下干湿循环后动力特性变化规律,效果良好。