This paper first concludes the relevant definitions of experimental teaching of college English,which can deepen the understanding of the scientific positioning,connotation and importance of experimental teaching of c...This paper first concludes the relevant definitions of experimental teaching of college English,which can deepen the understanding of the scientific positioning,connotation and importance of experimental teaching of college English,and then explores the relevant strategies for the construction of experimental teaching system of college English in various China’s colleges.This paper provides a reference for the development of experimental teaching of college English.展开更多
Developing digital jurisprudence, strengthening the practical teaching of law, and developing a practical teaching system of digital jurisprudence in colleges and universities based on the new era and in line with the...Developing digital jurisprudence, strengthening the practical teaching of law, and developing a practical teaching system of digital jurisprudence in colleges and universities based on the new era and in line with the law of scientific development are major issues of reforming and developing higher legal education in contemporary China. Taking XI Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law as the fundamental guide, focusing on the global cutting-edge topic of comprehensive and profound cross-integration of digital technology and legal education, and proceeding in line with the general law of law experimental courses in colleges and universities, we discuss how to construct the experimental teaching system for digital jurisprudence courses, and put forward a set of new ideas. An experimental teaching system for digital jurisprudence courses replenishes and improves the traditional law teaching mode, and innovates the mode of law talent cultivation under the new social form and new educational environment.展开更多
Taking the National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of the Central Academy of Drama as an example,this article explores the construction and development of the National Experimental Teaching Demonstration C...Taking the National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of the Central Academy of Drama as an example,this article explores the construction and development of the National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for the practical teaching of drama and film and television disciplines.The article first introduces the background and importance of the demonstration center and then analyzes in depth the construction content and achievements of the demonstration center from four aspects:practical teaching philosophy,practical teaching system,practical teaching resources,and practical teaching effects.Finally,the article summarizes the experience and shortcomings of the demonstration center and proposes future development directions and suggestions.展开更多
With the rapid development of information technology and the increasing complexity of the financial market,the teaching methods and means of the Securities Investment course in universities are facing new challenges a...With the rapid development of information technology and the increasing complexity of the financial market,the teaching methods and means of the Securities Investment course in universities are facing new challenges and opportunities.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application and construction path of virtual simulation experimental teaching in the Securities Investment course.Firstly,it analyses the problems existing in the teaching of traditional securities investment courses,such as the disconnection between theory and practice and the single teaching mode.In order to solve these problems,this paper puts forward the necessity of introducing virtual simulation experimental teaching and details the specific application path of virtual simulation experimental teaching in the Securities Investment course.展开更多
This article mainly elaborates on the design and application of experimental teaching in the teaching of consumer behavior.To study consumer behavior,it is necessary to understand their information collection activiti...This article mainly elaborates on the design and application of experimental teaching in the teaching of consumer behavior.To study consumer behavior,it is necessary to understand their information collection activities before acquiring goods and services,as well as the evaluation and selection of goods,services,or brands.It is also important to pay attention to how they handle products and activities based on their satisfaction after purchasing products or services.In addition,through inquiry experiments,the learning effects of students can be improved,thereby highlighting the significance of inquiry experiments.展开更多
Participating in open experimental teaching is essential in cultivating students’innovative ability and comprehensive quality.Participating in open experimental teaching takes students as the main body,which has a su...Participating in open experimental teaching is essential in cultivating students’innovative ability and comprehensive quality.Participating in open experimental teaching takes students as the main body,which has a substantial effect on improving students’creative power and total quality,at the same time,it enhances the quality of experimental teaching.Based on the existing problems and shortcomings of traditional experiments in private universities,and through the role,methods,and implementation conditions of participating in open experimental education,this article also proposes a four-stage curriculum system of professional basic cognition,practical skills verification,comprehensive design,and technological innovation,to construct a five-in-one open experimental teaching model of“independent experimentteam collaboration-teacher guidance-science and technology competition-industry-university-research cooperation.”Participating in the implementation of open experimental teaching has apparent advantages for students’abilities,the construction of teaching teams,and the development of laboratories.展开更多
Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine is a compulsory comprehensive professional course for Chinese pharmacy major,and it is the necessary knowledge for modern Chinese pharmacy talents.In this paper,the experimenta...Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine is a compulsory comprehensive professional course for Chinese pharmacy major,and it is the necessary knowledge for modern Chinese pharmacy talents.In this paper,the experimental teaching of Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine under the"five-in-one"practice teaching mode of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine was explored to provide reference for the experimental teaching of the course Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine.展开更多
This paper explores the integration of simulation technology in Engineering Mechanics(EM)teaching in vocational colleges.A case study was conducted using the tensile test as an example,and digital resources,such as co...This paper explores the integration of simulation technology in Engineering Mechanics(EM)teaching in vocational colleges.A case study was conducted using the tensile test as an example,and digital resources,such as colored Mises stress nephograms,were obtained.These resources were integrated into the original curriculum to conduct teaching experiments.The results show that the use of digital resources significantly improved the quality of teaching in EM.The integration of simulation technology in EM teaching provides a promising direction for the improvement of vocational education and the cultivation of high-quality skilled talents.The development and application of more simulation-based teaching cases should be studied by scholars.展开更多
In order to improve the parasites experimental teaching quality, Digital Microscope System is used to replace the ordinary optical microscope in the teaching of eggs, imagoes, and tissue slices. The new model of exper...In order to improve the parasites experimental teaching quality, Digital Microscope System is used to replace the ordinary optical microscope in the teaching of eggs, imagoes, and tissue slices. The new model of experimental teaching, integrating modem information technology into the parasite experimental teaching, gives full play to the students' learning enthusiasm, initiative and creativity and improves the quality of experimental teaching. And at the same time, it provides a basis for the microbiological and pathological experimental teaching reform.展开更多
For mistakes taken in pesticide bioassays, teaching experimental design is improved in the paper, so as to let students explore and analyze in teaching experiments to get a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledg...For mistakes taken in pesticide bioassays, teaching experimental design is improved in the paper, so as to let students explore and analyze in teaching experiments to get a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledge, thereby effectively avoiding frequently-taken mistakes in pesticide bioassays.展开更多
Training students’innovative thinking is an essential task of talent training in colleges and universities,and how to train students’innovativeness in experimental teaching is the focus of modern education.Experimen...Training students’innovative thinking is an essential task of talent training in colleges and universities,and how to train students’innovativeness in experimental teaching is the focus of modern education.Experimental lesson of instrumental analysis is an important section for integrating students’theories and practices,in view of the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine major and instrumental analysis lesson,this lesson orientates opening up students’innovative thinking,explores the way of improving students’innovative ability in an all-around way through reforming the experimental teaching of instrumental analysis according to the teaching objectives.展开更多
In this research the education and training that had been received or wished to be acquired by the Science teachers in the experimental teaching of Biology in high schools, was investigated. It focused on the laborato...In this research the education and training that had been received or wished to be acquired by the Science teachers in the experimental teaching of Biology in high schools, was investigated. It focused on the laboratory practice, didactic methods that can be used in more effective experimental teaching of Biology, pedagogic methods that can be implemented in laboratory team teaching, official and legal issues related to laboratory work and the organization of the seminars, which constituted the dependent variables of a quantitative analysis. A questionnaire consisting of closed type questions was answered by Science teachers of many specialties, who served in Secondary Education at Heraklion Crete prefecture. The asked teachers had not received adequate education in carrying out laboratory exercises of Biology neither during their university studies nor in in-service training. Most of them had taught the course theoretically but a few had carried out laboratory exercises of Biology. The need of training on issues of didactic practices and evaluation was firstly classified, with a significant percentage of methods that can be applied to provoke students' curiosity in scientific issues related to daily life and recognize the value of the Life Sciences by team collaboration and respect of others.展开更多
The experimental course of Landscape Design is based on the training of design ability,which breaks the traditional mode of students'self-completion of homework,and finally changes from the traditional mode of tea...The experimental course of Landscape Design is based on the training of design ability,which breaks the traditional mode of students'self-completion of homework,and finally changes from the traditional mode of teachers'comments to the task of real site design to carry out course experiments,making students construct relevant theoretical knowledge in the process of completing specific projects.After professional designers'in-depth and detailed,systematic analysis and comments,the training of students'professional ability is highlighted.In the process of the experiment,it focuses on link with the industry and enterprises,and obtains the professional abilities and professional skills needed by the enterprises according to the method of situational learning theory.展开更多
With the rapid development of computing technology,experimental teaching explores new teaching methods using virtual laboratory and digital laboratory.Based on the characteristics of visualization,continuity and simul...With the rapid development of computing technology,experimental teaching explores new teaching methods using virtual laboratory and digital laboratory.Based on the characteristics of visualization,continuity and simulation,digital animation technology has become an important form of application in experimental teaching reform.This paper analyzes the artistic characteristics of digital animation,and summarizes that digital animation can display the experimental information intuitively,enable students to quickly obtain the cognition of the experimental content,and obtain psychological pleasure through digital animation in experimental learning,thus improving the teaching effect of experimental teaching.展开更多
The supply and demand of laboratory animals for teaching in colleges and universities has its own internal characteristics.To grasp the supply and demand characteristics of laboratory animals for teaching is of vital ...The supply and demand of laboratory animals for teaching in colleges and universities has its own internal characteristics.To grasp the supply and demand characteristics of laboratory animals for teaching is of vital importance to the planning,supply and use of teaching animals,the realization of teaching objectives and the completion of teaching tasks.Based on the supply of teaching experimental animals and the work of animal experimental teaching in our university in recent years,this paper expounds the inherent characteristics and practice of supply and demand of teaching experimental animals.展开更多
As the key link of cultivating the talents, the experimental teaclamg laas become an ~mportant part m me system o~ me innovation in higher education. And it plays an indispensable role in the teaching system of the co...As the key link of cultivating the talents, the experimental teaclamg laas become an ~mportant part m me system o~ me innovation in higher education. And it plays an indispensable role in the teaching system of the computer specialty. The article analyzes the current situation of the experimental teaching in computer specialty, and puts forward the reform measures and methods of the diversified experimental teaching, which can effectively improve teaching effect.展开更多
Experimental research center and research oriented model, is to test basic skills and the application of technology as the main line,to cultivate students’ comprehensive experimental skills, to add professional and t...Experimental research center and research oriented model, is to test basic skills and the application of technology as the main line,to cultivate students’ comprehensive experimental skills, to add professional and technical capacity and integrated design experiment teachingpractice session, and introduce scientifi c research and experimental teaching, training students to scientifi c thinking to teaching model whichanalyze and solve problems. This mode has positive and stimulating effect on comprehensive quality and innovative ability for students usingmodern science and technology to solve practical engineering problems .this paper discusses the research status and the innovative application ofmaterials science experiments and teaching professional research-oriented, and proposes an effective way to improve this kind of new model.展开更多
Aiming at the issue of professional engineering certification,this article introduces the hybrid teaching method to the teaching of Principles of Computer Composition,as the core course of computer specialty in applie...Aiming at the issue of professional engineering certification,this article introduces the hybrid teaching method to the teaching of Principles of Computer Composition,as the core course of computer specialty in applied undergraduate colleges,as well as discusses the experimental teaching method of this course.The teaching scheme is designed in the aspects of experimental teaching platform,teaching content,and student achievement assessment.By making full use of online and offline resources,this teaching method realizes the diversification of learning materials and learning means,the three-dimensional learning space and learning time,as well as effectively improves the teaching effect and quality.展开更多
According to the problems such as low level and depth of experimental teaching research of Mongolian medicine in higher vocational colleges, lack of applicable teaching model mold, lack of students practical operation...According to the problems such as low level and depth of experimental teaching research of Mongolian medicine in higher vocational colleges, lack of applicable teaching model mold, lack of students practical operation in time, and single teaching, the development direction and ideas of bloodletting model mold in Mongolian medicine in vocational Mongolian medicine teaching were proposed to provide valuable reference for the experimental teaching reform of traditional therapy of Mongolian medicine and the teaching reform and development ideas of Mongolian medicine and other traditional medicine.展开更多
Critical thinking has been recognized internationally as an essential skill for high-quality talents.This article analyzes what the experimental researches on cultivating critical thinking skills in EFL teaching have ...Critical thinking has been recognized internationally as an essential skill for high-quality talents.This article analyzes what the experimental researches on cultivating critical thinking skills in EFL teaching have achieved and identifies the three weaknesses to be addressed in the future.Firstly,there are divergences among scholars on the concept and subskills of critical thinking.Secondly,the teaching modes and methods explored by the experimental researches are more personalized than systematic,which reduces their application and guidance value.Thirdly,the reliability and validity of the experiments need to be improved,and the cultivation practices tend to improve the critical thinking skills of some students,without considering the differences among students,especially the students with relatively poor language proficiency.展开更多
文摘This paper first concludes the relevant definitions of experimental teaching of college English,which can deepen the understanding of the scientific positioning,connotation and importance of experimental teaching of college English,and then explores the relevant strategies for the construction of experimental teaching system of college English in various China’s colleges.This paper provides a reference for the development of experimental teaching of college English.
基金National Key R&D Program of Ministry of Science and Technology“Research on Legislation System for Trusted Artificial Intelligence”(No.2022ZD0120100)Teaching Research Project of Huazhong University of Science and Technology“Research on Practical Curriculum System and Teaching Reform of Law Undergraduates against Interdisciplinary Background”(No.2023024).
文摘Developing digital jurisprudence, strengthening the practical teaching of law, and developing a practical teaching system of digital jurisprudence in colleges and universities based on the new era and in line with the law of scientific development are major issues of reforming and developing higher legal education in contemporary China. Taking XI Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law as the fundamental guide, focusing on the global cutting-edge topic of comprehensive and profound cross-integration of digital technology and legal education, and proceeding in line with the general law of law experimental courses in colleges and universities, we discuss how to construct the experimental teaching system for digital jurisprudence courses, and put forward a set of new ideas. An experimental teaching system for digital jurisprudence courses replenishes and improves the traditional law teaching mode, and innovates the mode of law talent cultivation under the new social form and new educational environment.
文摘Taking the National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of the Central Academy of Drama as an example,this article explores the construction and development of the National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for the practical teaching of drama and film and television disciplines.The article first introduces the background and importance of the demonstration center and then analyzes in depth the construction content and achievements of the demonstration center from four aspects:practical teaching philosophy,practical teaching system,practical teaching resources,and practical teaching effects.Finally,the article summarizes the experience and shortcomings of the demonstration center and proposes future development directions and suggestions.
基金The 2024 Hankou University School-Level Teaching Reform Research Project“Research on the Application of Virtual Simulation Experimental Teaching in the Course of Securities Investment”(Project number:2024JY43)。
文摘With the rapid development of information technology and the increasing complexity of the financial market,the teaching methods and means of the Securities Investment course in universities are facing new challenges and opportunities.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application and construction path of virtual simulation experimental teaching in the Securities Investment course.Firstly,it analyses the problems existing in the teaching of traditional securities investment courses,such as the disconnection between theory and practice and the single teaching mode.In order to solve these problems,this paper puts forward the necessity of introducing virtual simulation experimental teaching and details the specific application path of virtual simulation experimental teaching in the Securities Investment course.
文摘This article mainly elaborates on the design and application of experimental teaching in the teaching of consumer behavior.To study consumer behavior,it is necessary to understand their information collection activities before acquiring goods and services,as well as the evaluation and selection of goods,services,or brands.It is also important to pay attention to how they handle products and activities based on their satisfaction after purchasing products or services.In addition,through inquiry experiments,the learning effects of students can be improved,thereby highlighting the significance of inquiry experiments.
文摘Participating in open experimental teaching is essential in cultivating students’innovative ability and comprehensive quality.Participating in open experimental teaching takes students as the main body,which has a substantial effect on improving students’creative power and total quality,at the same time,it enhances the quality of experimental teaching.Based on the existing problems and shortcomings of traditional experiments in private universities,and through the role,methods,and implementation conditions of participating in open experimental education,this article also proposes a four-stage curriculum system of professional basic cognition,practical skills verification,comprehensive design,and technological innovation,to construct a five-in-one open experimental teaching model of“independent experimentteam collaboration-teacher guidance-science and technology competition-industry-university-research cooperation.”Participating in the implementation of open experimental teaching has apparent advantages for students’abilities,the construction of teaching teams,and the development of laboratories.
基金Supported by National First-class Undergraduate MajorEducation and Teaching Reform and Research Project of College of Pharmacy,Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine in 2021.
文摘Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine is a compulsory comprehensive professional course for Chinese pharmacy major,and it is the necessary knowledge for modern Chinese pharmacy talents.In this paper,the experimental teaching of Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine under the"five-in-one"practice teaching mode of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine was explored to provide reference for the experimental teaching of the course Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
基金Science and Technology Key Project of Beijing Polytechnic(Project number:2024X008-KXZ)。
文摘This paper explores the integration of simulation technology in Engineering Mechanics(EM)teaching in vocational colleges.A case study was conducted using the tensile test as an example,and digital resources,such as colored Mises stress nephograms,were obtained.These resources were integrated into the original curriculum to conduct teaching experiments.The results show that the use of digital resources significantly improved the quality of teaching in EM.The integration of simulation technology in EM teaching provides a promising direction for the improvement of vocational education and the cultivation of high-quality skilled talents.The development and application of more simulation-based teaching cases should be studied by scholars.
文摘In order to improve the parasites experimental teaching quality, Digital Microscope System is used to replace the ordinary optical microscope in the teaching of eggs, imagoes, and tissue slices. The new model of experimental teaching, integrating modem information technology into the parasite experimental teaching, gives full play to the students' learning enthusiasm, initiative and creativity and improves the quality of experimental teaching. And at the same time, it provides a basis for the microbiological and pathological experimental teaching reform.
基金Supported by Construction Project of " National Teaching Team of Plant Protection" in 2008Construction Project of National " Plant Protection Specialty"( TS11138)Provincial Excellent Course Construction Project of Pesticide Science in Yunnan Province
文摘For mistakes taken in pesticide bioassays, teaching experimental design is improved in the paper, so as to let students explore and analyze in teaching experiments to get a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledge, thereby effectively avoiding frequently-taken mistakes in pesticide bioassays.
基金Project for the Innovation Planning of Guangxi Graduates Education(JGY2020108,JGY2019103)。
文摘Training students’innovative thinking is an essential task of talent training in colleges and universities,and how to train students’innovativeness in experimental teaching is the focus of modern education.Experimental lesson of instrumental analysis is an important section for integrating students’theories and practices,in view of the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine major and instrumental analysis lesson,this lesson orientates opening up students’innovative thinking,explores the way of improving students’innovative ability in an all-around way through reforming the experimental teaching of instrumental analysis according to the teaching objectives.
文摘In this research the education and training that had been received or wished to be acquired by the Science teachers in the experimental teaching of Biology in high schools, was investigated. It focused on the laboratory practice, didactic methods that can be used in more effective experimental teaching of Biology, pedagogic methods that can be implemented in laboratory team teaching, official and legal issues related to laboratory work and the organization of the seminars, which constituted the dependent variables of a quantitative analysis. A questionnaire consisting of closed type questions was answered by Science teachers of many specialties, who served in Secondary Education at Heraklion Crete prefecture. The asked teachers had not received adequate education in carrying out laboratory exercises of Biology neither during their university studies nor in in-service training. Most of them had taught the course theoretically but a few had carried out laboratory exercises of Biology. The need of training on issues of didactic practices and evaluation was firstly classified, with a significant percentage of methods that can be applied to provoke students' curiosity in scientific issues related to daily life and recognize the value of the Life Sciences by team collaboration and respect of others.
基金Construction Project of Landscape Architecture Major of Colleges and Universities in Guangdong Province[YueJiaoGaoHan(2020)19].
文摘The experimental course of Landscape Design is based on the training of design ability,which breaks the traditional mode of students'self-completion of homework,and finally changes from the traditional mode of teachers'comments to the task of real site design to carry out course experiments,making students construct relevant theoretical knowledge in the process of completing specific projects.After professional designers'in-depth and detailed,systematic analysis and comments,the training of students'professional ability is highlighted.In the process of the experiment,it focuses on link with the industry and enterprises,and obtains the professional abilities and professional skills needed by the enterprises according to the method of situational learning theory.
基金Research on the Unique Role of Digital Animation in Energy Science Experimental Teaching.
文摘With the rapid development of computing technology,experimental teaching explores new teaching methods using virtual laboratory and digital laboratory.Based on the characteristics of visualization,continuity and simulation,digital animation technology has become an important form of application in experimental teaching reform.This paper analyzes the artistic characteristics of digital animation,and summarizes that digital animation can display the experimental information intuitively,enable students to quickly obtain the cognition of the experimental content,and obtain psychological pleasure through digital animation in experimental learning,thus improving the teaching effect of experimental teaching.
文摘The supply and demand of laboratory animals for teaching in colleges and universities has its own internal characteristics.To grasp the supply and demand characteristics of laboratory animals for teaching is of vital importance to the planning,supply and use of teaching animals,the realization of teaching objectives and the completion of teaching tasks.Based on the supply of teaching experimental animals and the work of animal experimental teaching in our university in recent years,this paper expounds the inherent characteristics and practice of supply and demand of teaching experimental animals.
文摘As the key link of cultivating the talents, the experimental teaclamg laas become an ~mportant part m me system o~ me innovation in higher education. And it plays an indispensable role in the teaching system of the computer specialty. The article analyzes the current situation of the experimental teaching in computer specialty, and puts forward the reform measures and methods of the diversified experimental teaching, which can effectively improve teaching effect.
文摘Experimental research center and research oriented model, is to test basic skills and the application of technology as the main line,to cultivate students’ comprehensive experimental skills, to add professional and technical capacity and integrated design experiment teachingpractice session, and introduce scientifi c research and experimental teaching, training students to scientifi c thinking to teaching model whichanalyze and solve problems. This mode has positive and stimulating effect on comprehensive quality and innovative ability for students usingmodern science and technology to solve practical engineering problems .this paper discusses the research status and the innovative application ofmaterials science experiments and teaching professional research-oriented, and proposes an effective way to improve this kind of new model.
基金This research was supported by the 2021 Ministry of Education Industry-University Cooperation Collaborative Education Project-Discussion on Online and Offline Hybrid Teaching of Customer Relationship Management”(Project Number:202101101013).
文摘Aiming at the issue of professional engineering certification,this article introduces the hybrid teaching method to the teaching of Principles of Computer Composition,as the core course of computer specialty in applied undergraduate colleges,as well as discusses the experimental teaching method of this course.The teaching scheme is designed in the aspects of experimental teaching platform,teaching content,and student achievement assessment.By making full use of online and offline resources,this teaching method realizes the diversification of learning materials and learning means,the three-dimensional learning space and learning time,as well as effectively improves the teaching effect and quality.
基金Supported by the Project of Research on Medical Simulation Education and Teaching of Higher Vocational Colleges in Guangdong Province(2022MYLX060).
文摘According to the problems such as low level and depth of experimental teaching research of Mongolian medicine in higher vocational colleges, lack of applicable teaching model mold, lack of students practical operation in time, and single teaching, the development direction and ideas of bloodletting model mold in Mongolian medicine in vocational Mongolian medicine teaching were proposed to provide valuable reference for the experimental teaching reform of traditional therapy of Mongolian medicine and the teaching reform and development ideas of Mongolian medicine and other traditional medicine.
基金USST International Professional Certification and English Course ConstructionUSST Postgraduate Curriculum Construction ProjectThe Eleventh China Foreign Language Education Fund Project“On the Blended Teaching Model of Interpretation Course With the Synergistic Development of Interpretation Ability and Critical Thinking Ability”(ZGWYJYJJ11A071).
文摘Critical thinking has been recognized internationally as an essential skill for high-quality talents.This article analyzes what the experimental researches on cultivating critical thinking skills in EFL teaching have achieved and identifies the three weaknesses to be addressed in the future.Firstly,there are divergences among scholars on the concept and subskills of critical thinking.Secondly,the teaching modes and methods explored by the experimental researches are more personalized than systematic,which reduces their application and guidance value.Thirdly,the reliability and validity of the experiments need to be improved,and the cultivation practices tend to improve the critical thinking skills of some students,without considering the differences among students,especially the students with relatively poor language proficiency.