Double⁃Shear Experiments of Cold⁃Formed Steel Stud⁃to⁃Sheathing Connections at Elevated Temperatures

The behavior of cold⁃formed steel(CFS)stud⁃to⁃sheathing connections at elevated temperatures is an important parameter for the fire resistance design and modeling of mid⁃rise CFS structures.In this paper,three kinds of sheathings,namely,medium⁃and low⁃density calcium⁃silicate boards and oriented strand board,were selected for double⁃shear experiments on the mechanical properties of 253 screw connections at ambient and elevated temperatures.The effects of the shear direction,screw edge distance and the number of screws on the behavior of the connections were studied.The results showed that the shear direction and the screw edge distance more significantly influenced the peak deformation,while their impacts on the peak load varied with the type of sheathings.Compared with the single⁃screw connections,the peak loads of the specimens with double⁃screw connections obviously increased but did not double.Finally,a simplified load⁃displacement curve model of stud⁃to⁃sheathing connections at elevated temperature was generated first by establishing the prediction formula for characteristic parameters,such as the peak load,the peak deformation and the elastic stiffness,and then by considering whether the curves corresponded to stiffness increase phenomena.The present investigation provides basic data for future studies on the numerical modeling of CFS structures under fire conditions.

Steel Slag as an Iron Fertilizer for Corn Growth and Soil Improvement in a Pot Experiment

The feasibility of steel slag used as an iron fertilizer was studied in a pot experiment with corn. Slag alone or acidified slag was added to two Fe-deficient calcareous soils at different rates. Results showed that moderate rates (10 and 20 g kg-1) of slag or acidified slag substantially increased corn dry matter yield and Fe uptake. Application of steel slag increased the residual concentration of ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable Fe in the soils. The increase of extractable Fe was usually proportional to the application rate, and enhanced by the acidification of slag. Steel slag appeared to be a promising and inexpensive source of Fe to alleviate crop Fe chlorosis in Fe-deficient calcareous soils.

Experiment on mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete and application in deep underground engineering

Specimens of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） in volume ratios of 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared to study the supporting effect of SFRC at these diffterent volume ratios in a deep soft rock tunnel. Experiments with mechanical properties of compressive strength in cubic specimens, cleave strength in cylindrical specimens and four-point flexure strength of sheet metal specimens were carded out. The experimental results indicate that SFRC in a volume ratio of 1% is superior in ranking to other volume ratios in terms of technique and economics. By means of a numerical simulation, given the characteristics of soft rock deformation and damage at great depth, a new support substitution scheme of SFRC to replace plain concrete is proposed. The results of an industrial trial show that the support provided by SFRC can withstand large deformations of the surrounding rock. Good resuits have been obtained in a practical anplication.

Experimental Investigation of Laser Surface Hardening of AISI 4340 Steel Using Different Laser Scanning Patterns

Laser surface transformation hardening becomes one of the most modern processes used to improve fatigue and wear properties of steel surfaces. In this process, the material properties and the heating parameters are the factors that present the most significant effects on the hardened surface attributes. The control of these factors using predictive modeling approaches to achieve desired surface properties leads to conclusive results. However, when the dimensions of the surface to be treated are larger than the cross-section of the laser beam, various laser-scanning patterns are involved. This paper presents an experimental investigation of laser surface hardening of AISI 4340 steel using different laser scanning patterns. This investigation is based on a structured experimental design using the Taguchi method and improved statistical analysis tools. Experiments are carried out using a 3 kW Nd: YAG laser source in order to evaluate the effects of the heating parameters and patterns design parameters on the physical and geometrical characteristics of the hardened surface. Laser power, scanning speed and scanning patterns (linear, sinusoidal, triangular and trochoid) are the factors used to evaluate the hardened depth and the hardened width variations and to identify the possible relationship between these factors and the hardened zone attributes. Various statistical tools such as ANOVA, correlations analysis and response surfaces are applied in order to examine the effects of the experimental factors on the hardened surface characteristics. The results reveal that the scanning patterns do not modify the nature of the laser parameters’ effects on the hardened depth and the hardened width. But they can accentuate or reduce these effects depending on the type of the considered pattern. The results show also that the sinusoidal and the triangular patterns are relevant when a maximum hardened width with an acceptable hardened depth is desired.

Experimental study on full-scale steel beam-to-column moment connections

Ten full-scale steel beam-to-column moment connections used in moment-resisting frames （MRFs） were tested to study the failure process, failure mode, strength and plastic rotation capacity. The specimens include one traditional welded flange-bolted web connection, one traditional fully welded connection, four beam flange strengthened connections, three beam flange weakened connections, and one through-diaphragm connection. The test results show that the connections with flange cover plates or with partly cut beam flanges satisfy the beam plastic rotation demand for ductile MRFs. From the measured stress profiles along the beam flange and beam web depth, the mechanics of brittle fracture at the end of the beam is discussed. Design recommendations for steel beam-to-column moment connections are proposed.

Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Tall Building with Steel Transfer Trusses Located at a Higher Level

Based on a shaking table experiment of 1 :25 scale frame-shearwall structure model with steel transfer trusses,the dynamic characteristics,seismic responses in elastic and elastic-plastic phases with de- structive forms of the structure were studied.It was observed that cracks were developed with earthquake wave acceleration increasing,but no severe crack was developed in the structure during the experiment.In the seismic responses caused by artificial wave,site wave and E1 Centro wave,that caused by the artificial wave is the most intense one.Displacement angle between steel transfer trusses is large,which means the transfer stories might be weak.However,the seismic performance of the steel transfer trusses is good and the overall structure can satisfy seismic fortification requirements in the region of intensity 6.

Experimental Study on the Expansion Behavior of Full Aggregate Steel Slag Concrete

To improve the utilization rate of steel slag,this paper investigates the expansion behavior of Full Aggregate Steel Slag Concrete(FASSC).Orthogonal experiment was performed to analyze the effects of sand ratio,water-cement ratio,steel slag sand content,replacement particle size of steel slag sand,coarse steel slag content,and replacement particle size of coarse steel slag on the expansion rate of FASSC.Test results demonstrated that the expansion rate of FASSC decreased with a gradual increase in the replacement particle size of steel slag sand or the coarse steel slag content.With a gradual increase in the water-cement ratio or the steel slag sand content,the expansion rate of FASSC first increased and then decreased.As the sand ratio increased,the expansion rate of FASSC first decreased and then increased.Among these,the steel slag sand content and the replacement particle size of steel slag sand significantly affected the expansion rate of FASSC.The mix proportions of SSC for self-stressing CFST and shrinkage compensating SSC were suggested according to the experimental research.Additionally,a formula for approximately predicting the expansion rate of FASSC was proposed based on the single factor weighted fitting.

装配式轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构抗震性能

为研究装配式轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构抗震性能,对1个足尺轻钢框架结构试件和3个足尺轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构试件进行了低周反复荷载下的抗震性能试验及理论分析,试件变量包括:2种装配构造,即内嵌式装配墙板、外贴式装配墙板;2种轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板,即框架式轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板、桁架式轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板。研究了各试件的破坏特征和损伤演化过程,分析了结构滞回特性、承载力、变形能力、刚度退化、耗能性能和应变。结果表明:装配式轻钢框架-轻钢骨架轻混凝土墙板结构共同工作性能良好,其水平承载力相比轻钢框架提高了204.7%~210.4%,抗侧刚度提高了257.3%~512.5%,结构变形及耗能能力有显著提高;内嵌墙板的自攻钉连接构造以及外贴墙板的螺栓连接构造传力性能可靠,结构具备2道抗震防线的受力特征;基于简化塑性分析模型以及拉压杆软化桁架模型,对试件承载力进行了计算,计算结果与试验符合较好。

材料腐蚀与防护实验教学案例设计

针对材料类学生教学需求,以科研项目为牵引,设计了稀土合金化增强耐候钢表面锈层保护性能的实验教学案例。该实验案例以海洋大气环境下耐候钢耐蚀性能亟待提高这一实际工程问题为切入点,通过现场大气曝露腐蚀实验、实验室模拟加速腐蚀实验来评价耐候钢的耐腐蚀能力。通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析等物理方法和极化曲线等电化学方法,研究分析了稀土耐候钢在近海大气环境下表面锈层的形貌、物相组成、合金元素分布及其电化学腐蚀行为。利用综合实验结果分析了特定腐蚀环境下稀土耐候钢的耐蚀性能和耐蚀机理。该实验教学案例以“问题提出-材料制备-腐蚀行为分析-耐蚀性能评价”为主线,综合性强,涉及材料合金成分设计、电化学腐蚀机理、表征技术、电化学分析等众多知识点,在一定程度上实现了专业知识的系统化和一体化,对学生创新意识和研究能力的培养具有很好的推动作用。

易切削钢Te元素含量对其切削表面形貌的影响研究

采用硬质合金刀具对三种不同Te元素含量的易切削钢12L14,12L14+Te(0.017),12L14+Te(0.05)进行切削实验,研究其已加工表面形貌状态及原因。试验研究结果表明:12L14+Te(0.017)材料的已加工表面最光滑,粗糙度值最小;12L14+Te(0.05)材料的已加工表面最粗糙,微观形貌显示存在较多撕裂;切削不含Te元素的12L14材料时,已加工表面形貌与粗糙度值介于二者之间;添加Te元素材料会生成MnTe等熔点较低的化合物,在切削中起到应力集中源的作用,易导致已加工表面出现微观撕裂现象,但同时减小了刀具积屑瘤形成的可能,所以易切削钢切削表面形貌的生成是二者因素综合影响的结果。

钢纤维掺量对陶粒混凝土梁长期变形的影响规律

为探究钢纤维掺量对陶粒混凝土梁徐变的影响规律,通过长期变形观测试验、理论推导式和有限元建模的方法对不同钢纤维掺量的陶粒混凝土梁的徐变性能开展研究。首先,对4种钢纤维掺量的陶粒混凝土梁开展了连续180 d的徐变挠度观测,获得徐变挠度-加载时间关系曲线、钢纤维掺量对徐变挠度的影响规律曲线;随后,参照ACI209徐变系数计算式和ACI435徐变计算式建立了隐含钢纤维掺量的陶粒混凝土梁徐变计算式;最后,按试验梁参数建立了有限元模型。研究结果表明:陶粒混凝土试件梁加载前期徐变增长较快,随着时间推移徐变增长速率逐渐变缓,加载至120 d后趋于稳定;钢纤维掺量对陶粒混凝土梁徐变影响明显,钢纤维掺量低于0.5%,掺加钢纤维对陶粒混凝土梁的徐变值影响小;钢纤维掺量在0.5%~1.0%时,增加钢纤维掺量能有效地较大幅度降低长期荷载作用下的徐变值;但当钢纤维掺量超过1.0%后降低的效果有所减弱;陶粒混凝土梁徐变计算式计算结果与试验实测值吻合较好,能够很好地反映出陶粒混凝土梁的徐变变化规律;有限元模拟进一步验证了钢纤维掺量对陶粒混凝土梁徐变的影响规律和徐变计算式。

基于气-固两相流喷嘴实验的20G钢冲蚀机理研究

目的由天然气管道内壁减薄及穿孔导致的天然气泄漏事故频繁发生,输气管道面临着日益严重的冲蚀磨损问题。针对这一问题需要明确输气管道材料的冲蚀行为及机理,为抗冲蚀材料设计和延长管道使用寿命等工作的开展提供有效支撑。方法基于ASTM-G76测试标准,采取气-固喷嘴冲蚀试验研究方法,利用空气射流冲蚀实验机,开展不同冲击角度和冲击速度下天然气管道材料20G钢的气-固冲蚀实验;采用扫描电子显微镜、激光粒度分析仪等设备分析试样表面冲蚀形貌及特征;采用Ahlert冲蚀模型对实验数据进行拟合,建立20G钢的冲蚀率方程。结果当冲击速度(15~72 m/s)增大时,冲蚀率随之增大。当冲击角度(15°~90°)增加时,冲蚀率随之减小。冲蚀面积随着冲击角度的增加而减小。在低冲击角度下(15°、30°),固相颗粒的“犁削”为主要冲蚀及材料移除机制。在中等冲击角度下(45°、60°),冲蚀机制呈现混合形式,犁削、压实与开裂共同作用于材料表面。在高冲击角度下(75°、90°),以压实和开裂为主要冲蚀及材料移除机制。结论在气固两相流作用下,20G钢的冲蚀磨损过程符合典型的塑性材料冲蚀规律。颗粒冲击速度不会直接影响冲蚀机制,颗粒冲击能量的变化是影响冲蚀率的主要因素。建立了适用于天然气管道材料抗冲蚀性能对比和CFD冲蚀模型的冲蚀速率方程。

不锈钢支架熔模铸造工艺优化

通过ProCAST软件对除草机不锈钢支架进行熔模铸造的数值模拟,预测铸件缩孔缺陷分布情况,并对其浇注系统进行改善。利用正交试验对铸件的工艺参数进行研究,通过分析获得工艺参数的最佳方案。对该结果进行数值仿真以及实际铸造,发现铸件缺陷明显减少,这为不锈钢支架的生产提供了参考。

C型外包花纹钢-混凝土界面粘结强度推出试验研究

为探究带拉条式C型外包花纹钢-混凝土的粘结强度及粘结滑移性能,考虑钢板的花纹高度、混凝土强度、拉条间距、截面宽度和翼缘截面形式对试件粘结强度的影响,设计制作了12个带拉条的C型外包花纹钢-混凝土推出试件。分析各试件的破坏过程、荷载-滑移曲线、钢板应变沿纵向分布规律及特征粘结强度;综合考虑各影响因素,统计回归得出特征粘结强度的计算公式。研究结果表明:增大花纹高度是改善粘结性能最有效的途径;特征粘结强度随着混凝土强度的增大呈增大趋势,随着截面宽高比和拉条间距的增大呈减小趋势;在同等条件下,翼缘内翻试件的粘结性能优于翼缘外翻试件;特征粘结强度的回归公式能够较好地拟合试验结果。

钢-PVA混杂纤维高性能混凝土抗渗性能试验研究

为探究钢纤维掺量、聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维掺量和矿粉掺量对钢-PVA混杂纤维高性能混凝土(HFHPC)抗渗性能的影响,本文开展了钢-PVA HFHPC抗渗性能试验,并对试验结果进行了极差分析、方差分析和回归分析。结果表明:对HFHPC抗渗性能的影响程度从高到低依次为钢纤维、矿粉和PVA纤维。在试验水平范围内,得出混凝土试件抗渗性能最佳水平组合:钢纤维体积掺量1.0%、PVA纤维体积掺量0.7%、矿粉质量取代率20%。当钢纤维掺量超1.0%时,HFHPC抗渗性能略有下降,但仍高于基准素混凝土。最后采用多元回归分析,建立了HFHPC渗透系数与钢纤维、PVA纤维和矿粉的预测模型。

PBL抗剪传力钢筋连接接头受拉力学性能试验

装配式混凝土构件间钢筋的连接是其适用性和经济性的关键环节,针对国内工程常用的灌浆套筒和约束浆锚钢筋连接技术存在施工难度大、效率低、质量不易检验等问题,本文提出了PBL-穿孔钢筋连接接头、PBL-穿孔钢管连接接头和PBL-U形钢筋连接接头3种钢筋连接接头,实现预制混凝土单元间钢筋应力的传递,具有施工简便、质量易保证、成本低等优势。对这3种钢筋接头进行了6组参数共18个钢筋接头试件的拉伸性能试验,研究了新型接头试件的破坏模式、承载力和变形能力等,得到各参数对新型接头拉伸强度的影响规律,并对不同接头的受拉力学性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明:3种钢筋连接接头能够实现钢筋应力的有效传递,验证了新型钢筋连接接头的可行性。

切削参数对车削12L14钢切削力影响的试验研究

采用硬质合金刀具对12L14易切削钢开展车削正交试验,研究切削深度a p、进给量f和切削速度v c对切削力的影响规律,结果表明:硬质合金刀具在车削12L14易切钢时,对切削力影响最大的因素为切削深度,其次为进给量,而切削速度影响最小。各方向切削力的变化随着a p、f的增大而线性增大,随着v c的增大有所波动,对切削分力与各切削参数之间的关系进行了多元线性回归分析,建立了切削力经验公式,并利用试验数据验证了经验公式在一定参数阈值下的有效性。

P20模具钢的表面粗糙度预测模型

为改进P20模具钢高速铣削加工时表面质量,提高加工效率,选取影响粗糙度的切削参数作为试验因子进行正交实验,确定了进给量ƒ、切削速度v和切削深度a_(p)对表面粗糙度的影响.基于TiAlN涂层刀具铣削P20模具钢的试验结果,建立表面粗糙度多元线性回归数学模型,并对回归方程和回归系数进行显著性检验;最后将模型预测值与实验数据进行对比验证.结果表明,粗糙度平均误差为3.3%,具有较高的可信度.该模型能为高速、高效干切削P20模具钢提供数据和理论支持.

不同连接节点的重型管道支吊架承载性能研究

随着装配式建筑的快速发展,装配式管道支吊架的应用范围越来越广,与传统焊接支吊架相比,装配式支吊架具有施工效率高、环境污染小等优势。目前针对装配式重型支吊架的设计规范及相关研究较为缺乏,因此针对不同连接方式的装配式重型支吊架展开足尺试验研究,结合数值仿真与理论分析,探究不同连接节点支吊架的破坏形态与承载能力。研究结果表明:不同节点的支吊架破坏形式均表现为横梁弯扭破坏,且符合极值点失稳特征;使用槽钢横梁及半槽型连接件的支吊架承载力明显低于采用端板连接的H型钢横梁支吊架,外伸竖向端板连接结构的承载力优于平齐竖向端板连接,也优于水平端板连接节点;在进行理论计算时,半槽型连接节点和外伸端板连接节点可采用半刚接模型计算,平齐端板连接节点可采用铰接模型计算,4种节点形式的支吊架整体稳定系数均高于规范计算数值,能够满足整体稳定性的要求。

CFRP-木结构波纹钢填板螺栓节点力学性能正交试验研究

为了明确异型截面钢填板对节点性能的影响,为木结构异型钢填板螺栓节点提供安全性的设计经验,提出CFRP-木结构波纹钢填板螺栓节点,在正交试验设计条件下开展单轴顺纹拉伸试验研究.试验发现,节点具有多种受力特征,包括木构件剪切破坏、顺纹向张开型断裂(TL断裂)、端部顺纹压溃、CFRP断裂和螺栓弯折等形式;节点在受力过程中没有明显屈服阶段,主要经历线弹性阶段、断裂失效过渡阶段和断裂失效阶段.通过正交参数分析得到不同因素对所提节点主要力学性能的影响程度及规律.结果表明:各因素对极限强度和延性的影响比对弹性刚度的影响显著,且波角和波高为主要影响因素.极限强度与波角负相关且随着波高的增大呈波动变化,延性与波角和波高负相关.