An Accurate and Computationally Efficient Explicit Friction Factor Model

The implicit Colebrook equation has been the standard for estimating pipe friction factor in a fully developed turbulent regime. Several alternative explicit models to the Colebrook equation have been proposed. To date, most of the accurate explicit models have been those with three logarithmic functions, but they require more computational time than the Colebrook equation. In this study, a new explicit non-linear regression model which has only two logarithmic functions is developed. The new model, when compared with the existing extremely accurate models, gives rise to the least average and maximum relative errors of 0.0025% and 0.0664%, respectively. Moreover, it requires far less computational time than the Colebrook equation. It is therefore concluded that the new explicit model provides a good trade-off between accuracy and relative computational efficiency for pipe friction factor estimation in the fully developed turbulent flow regime.

Accuracy assessments and uncertainty analysis of spatially explicit modeling for land use/cover change and urbanization:A case in Beijing metropolitan area

Spatially explicit modeling plays a vital role in land use/cover change and urbanization research as well as resources management;however,current models lack proper validation and fail to incorporate uncertainty into the formulation of model predictions.Consequently,policy makers and the general public may develop opinions based on potentially misleading research,which fails to allow for truly informed decisions.Here we use an uncertainty strategy of spatially explicit modeling combined with the series statistic of Kappa index for location and quantity to estimate the uncertainty of future predications and to determine model accuracy.We take the Beijing metropolitan area as an example to demonstrate the uncertainty in extrapolations of predictive land use change and urban sprawl with spatially explicit modeling at multiple resolutions.The sensitivity of scale effects is also discussed.The results show that an improvement in specification of location is more helpful in increasing accuracy as compared to an improvement in the specification of quantity at fine spatial resolutions.However,the spatial scale has great effects on modeling accuracy and correct due to chance tends to increase as resolution becomes coarser.The results allow us to understand the uncertainty when using spatially explicit models for land-use change or urbanization estimates.

Explicit Correlation Model of Multi-source Constraints for Re-design Parts with Complex Curved Surface

In precision machining of complex curved surface parts with high performance, geometry accuracy is not the only constraint, but the performance should also be met. Performance of this kind of parts is closely related to the geometrical and physical parameters, so the final actual size and shape are affected by multiple source constraints, such as geometry, physics, and performance. These parts are rather difficult to be manufactured and new manufacturing method according to performance requirement is urgently needed. Based on performance and manufacturing requirements for complex curved surface parts, a new classification method is proposed, which divided the complex curved surface parts into two categories： surface re-design complex curved surface parts with multi-source constraints（PRCS） and surface unique complex curved surface parts with pure geometric constraints（PUCS）. A correlation model is constructed between the performance and multi-source constraints for PRCS, which reveals the correlation between the performance and multi-source constraints. A re-design method is also developed. Through solving the correlation model of the typical paws performance-associated surface, the mapping relation between the performance-associated surface and the related removal amount is obtained. The explicit correlation model and the method for the corresponding related removal amount of the performance-associated surface are built based on the classification of surface re-design complex curved surface parts with multi-source constraints. Research results have been used in the actual processing of the typical parts such as radome, common bottom components, nozzle, et al., which shows improved efficiency and accuracy of the precision machining for the surface re-design parts with complex curved surface.

Explicit Algebraic Stress Model for Three-Dimensional Turbulent Buoyant Flows Derived Using Tensor Representation

An explicit algebraic stress model (EASM) has been formulated for two-dimensional turbulent buoyant flows using a five-term tensor representation in a prior study. The derivation was based on partitioning the buoyant flux tensor into a two-dimensional and a three-dimensional component. The five-term basis was formed with the two-dimensional component of the buoyant flux tensor. As such, the derived EASM is limited to two-dimensional flows only. In this paper, a more general approach using a seven-term representation without partitioning the buoyant flux tensor is used to derive an EASM valid for two- and three-dimensional turbulent buoyant flows. Consequently, the basis tensors are formed with the fully three-dimensional buoyant flux tensor. The derived EASM has the two-dimensional flow as a special case. The matrices and the representation coefficients are further simplified using a four-term representation. When this four-term representation model is applied to calculate two-dimensional homogeneous buoyant flows, the results are essentially identical with those obtained previously using the two-dimensional component of the buoyant flux tensor. Therefore, the present approach leads to a more general EASM formulation that is equally valid for two- and three-dimensional turbulent buoyant flows.

Explicit solutions to some nonlinear physical models by a two-step ansatz

Explicit solutions are derived for some nonlinear physical model equations by using a delicate way of two-step ansatz method.

Evaluation of Forecast Performance of an Economical Explicit Time Integration Scheme in a Limited Area Model over Indian Region

An economical explicit scheme of time integration is implemented in a regional model over Indian region to achieve computational economy. The model is also integrated by explicit Leap-Frog Scheme. The performance of economical explicit scheme is evaluated by comparing the forecast results with those produced by leap-frog scheme. The results show that the economical explicit scheme produces more or less similar forecasts as compared to those produced with leap-frog scheme. However, application of the economical explicit scheme saves substantial amount of computer time. The scheme is found nearly four times economical as compared to explicit leap-frog scheme.

Kinematic source model for simulation of near-fault ground motion field using explicit finite element method

This paper briefly reviews the characteristics and major processes of the explicit finite element method in modeling the near-fault ground motion field. The emphasis is on the finite element-related problems in the finite fault source modeling. A modified kinematic source model is presented, in which vibration with some high frequency components is introduced into the traditional slip time function to ensure that the source and ground motion include sufficient high frequency components. The model presented is verified through a simple modeling example. It is shown that the predicted near-fault ground motion field exhibits similar characteristics to those observed in strong motion records, such as the hanging wall effect, vertical effect, fling step effect and velocity pulse effect, etc.

智能汽车轨迹跟踪多目标显式模型预测控制

针对现有智能汽车轨迹跟踪控制算法难以同时保证跟踪精确性、横向稳定性、舒适性以及控制实时性的问题,提出了一种基于多目标优化和显式模型预测控制理论的轨迹跟踪控制策略(MO-EMPC)。首先,建立考虑跟踪精确性、横向稳定性、舒适性的多目标函数及约束。然后,针对传统MPC控制实时性低的问题,设计基于EMPC的多目标优化轨迹跟踪控制器,通过引入多参数二次规划(MPQP)理论,将反复在线优化求解过程转化为等价的分段仿射系统(PPWA),离线计算得到最优显式控制律以供实时控制调用,减少在线运算时间。最后,基于CarSim/Simlink联合仿真方法,将所设计控制器的轨迹跟踪多目标优化效果与MPC控制效果进行对比验证。研究结果表明,所提出的轨迹跟踪策略在保证良好的跟踪精度前提下,横向稳定性、舒适性方面的表现更优于MPC控制器,且算法在线运行速度提高56.63%。

一种结构不确定分析的改进多维平行六面体模型

多维平行六面体模型是一种能够同时考虑相关变量和独立变量的非概率凸集模型,更适用于工程结构中常见的多源不确定性问题。为更加有效合理地度量结构不确定性,提出一种改进多维平行六面体模型。通过定义区间变量的相关角和边缘区间,给出模型不确定域的显式表达式,进而给出依据实验样本点构建多维平行六面体模型的方法。3个算例分析结果表明,改进多维平行六面体模型能够较好地反映区间变量之间的相关性,是一种比传统多维平行六面体模型更为紧凑合理的模型。

质子交换膜燃料电池性能优化控制

质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)的热管理,是影响PEMFC安全、稳定、高效运行的核心关键因素。该文在分析PEMFC热管理子系统的结构,以及关键组成部件(包括空气压缩机、冷却液循环泵和冷却风扇)的工作原理基础上,首先搭建耦合热管理子系统的PEMFC非线性仿真模型,进一步将其简化处理得到用于控制的线性模型;在此基础上,设计基于卡尔曼滤波的状态观测器,以实现对状态和不可测量扰动的估计,从而消除模型稳态误差;随后设计目标计算器,以净输出功率跟踪误差最小化和系统效率最大化为目标,对PEMFC系统工作状态进行优化;进而基于线性控制模型,设计无偏显式模型预测控制(offset-free explicit model predictive control,offset-free EMPC),对优化工作状态进行跟踪控制;最后,搭建一个软件在环(softwareintheloop,Si L)测试平台,通过与传统MPC控制策略的仿真结果对比可得,无偏EMPC控制策略可以显著将净输出功率的平均跟踪误差绝对值从344.29W减小到82.19W,系统效率从40.32%提升到46.56%,算法平均单步计算耗时从26ms降低到11.8ms,并且可以约束PEMFC系统运行在稳定和安全的工况。

基于多目标异权重回归的冷水机组故障诊断显式模型

针对冷水机组中常见的7种故障,本文基于交叉熵损失函数和随机梯度下降算法建立了多目标异权重回归模型,进行故障诊断。该模型较常规的机器学习分类模型简单,无需迭代,计算速度快,且为显式模型(非黑箱),可直观分析各参数对每类故障的重要程度。与传统的单目标回归模型相比,故障诊断性能优势显著,在不同特征集合下,性能最低提升40.50%。对比不同文献中特征集合在本模型中的效果,并提出了新的特征集合,正常运行及7类故障的总体诊断准确率可达89.83%,局部故障的诊断准确率达到98%以上。通过可视化诊断模型中的参数权重,发现过冷度和供油温度参数对诊断制冷剂泄漏、制冷剂过充和润滑油过量3种系统性故障最为重要;供油压力、冷凝器趋近温度、蒸发器与冷凝器的水流量参数对诊断4种局部故障最为重要。

应用显式模型预测控制的永磁同步风电机组频率电压协同调节

为解决高压直流输电线路发生闭锁故障引起送端近区功率冗余、造成频率和电压升高的问题,提出了一种面向频率电压协同调节的永磁同步风电机组的显式模型预测控制(EMPC)策略。该控制策略利用了直驱式永磁同步风力发电机组具有同时调节电网频率和电压的能力。根据频率摆动方程和电压灵敏度模型建立了换流站母线电压和电网频率的状态空间模型;将永磁同步风电机组的有功输出和无功输出相结合,利用多个EMPC控制器计算代价函数下的最优输出并进行组合,计算出故障后永磁同步风电机组的参考功率输出,以实现送端近区频率和电压的协同控制。在MATLAB/Simulink平台进行仿真验证表明:当闭锁故障发生时,EMPC控制策略不仅可以降低送端近区的频率和电压的峰值与稳态值,而且与其他控制方法相比,频率峰值降低了0.089 Hz,电压峰值降低了0.012(标幺值)。该研究可为电力系统的频率电压控制提供理论及工程参考。

三维地质建模技术与方法综述

三维地质建模是起源于工业领域计算机图形学引用到地学领域形成的三维数字化技术,地质体轮廓不规则性、特性的空间不均匀性、已知数据的稀疏性和认识过程的反复性决定了三维地质建模对图形几何算法和渲染技术的特殊要求,也决定了与其他领域三维技术如GIS和BIM之间存在的基础性差别。针对我国基础建设领域工程地质三维地质建模技术类型繁多、良莠不齐的现实,本文系统性地阐述了三维地质建模的基础理论与核心技术、建模方法、应用功能实现与展望:(1)三维地质建模以离散数学理论为基础,插值算法是其中最关键的核心技术,文中介绍和对比分析了离散光滑(DSI)和克里金两种插值方法,从原理和应用的角度论证了DSI具有更好的适应性;(2)显式和隐式建模方法是核心技术针对不同场景形成的三维地质建模的通用方法,在工程地质领域分别适合于勘探为主和物探为主的情形,文中结合应用案例阐述了各自的特点;(3)应用功能是显式和隐式建模方法针对不同特点的地质体的应用方式,其中的通用型功能针对地层和构造等所有地学领域都涉及的地质体,定制化功能则针对行业关心的特定地质体(如水电行业的深切河谷岸坡卸荷带)且以提高建模效率为主要目的。本文通过对三维地质建模技术的阶段性总结,为未来发展提供有价值的技术指引,并将为三维工程地质体结构的透明化表征提供重要的技术支撑。

公共数字文化移动服务平台用户隐性需求和显性需求识别

识别用户对公共数字文化移动服务平台的隐性需求和显性需求,进行满意度分析,能够助益公共数字文化移动服务平台建设。文章构建公共数字文化移动服务平台的隐性需求和显性需求识别模型,运用mESM移动经验取样法、归纳式内容分析法,以故宫陶瓷馆三类移动服务平台为例,通过具体实践得到用户理想的公共数字文化移动服务平台和三种移动服务平台的隐性需求和显性需求识别结果及三种移动服务平台各指标要素的满意度,并进行关联对比分析。结果发现:用户更满意小程序,且平台的美观性和是否能提升个人素养会对满意度产生显著的正向影响关系。文章从需求和平台两方面提出公共数字文化移动服务平台优化建议。

Simulation modelling of potato virus Y spread in relation to initial inoculum and vector activity

Potato virus Y(PVY)is a non-persistent virus that is transmitted by many aphid species and causes significant damage to potato production.We constructed a spatially-explicit model simulating PVY spread in a potato field and used it to investigate possible effects of transmission efficiency,initial inoculum levels,vector behavior,vector abundance,and timing of peak vector activity on PVY incidence at the end of a simulated growing season.Lower PVY incidence in planted seed resulted in lower virus infection at the end of the season.However,when populations of efficient PVY vectors were high,significant PVY spread occurred even when initial virus inoculum was low.Non-colonizing aphids were more important for PVY spread compared to colonizing aphids,particularly at high densities.An early-season peak in the numbers of noncolonizing aphids resulted in the highest number of infected plants in the end of the season,while mid-and late-season peaks caused relatively little virus spread.Our results highlight the importance of integrating different techniques to prevent the number of PVY-infected plants from exceeding economically acceptable levels instead of trying to control aphids within potato fields.Such management plans should be implemented very early in a growing season.

从知识管理角度探讨中医传承新模式

中医知识可分为显性知识和隐性知识两个部分,本文从知识管理角度,阐述了五种中医传承模式中显性知识与隐性知识组成,系统梳理了传统中医传承模式的优势与不足,并创新性地将SECI知识管理模型引入中医传承研究中,构建中医知识传承创新模式,通过隐性知识社会化、隐性知识外部化、显性知识组合化、显性知识内部化4个方面提出中医知识传承的新思路。该模式有助于实现中医传承中的显隐性知识循环转化,为中医传承事业的“创造性转化与创新性发展”提供借鉴方案。

新时代高职院校显隐融合法治教育模式研究

法治教育是全面依法治国方略的基本要求,是培养新时代德才兼备职业教育人才的本质要求。高职院校是青少年普法的重要阵地,针对高职院校法治教育形式单一、育人效果不佳等问题,显隐融合的法治教育模式,有利于引导学生坚定走中国特色社会主义法治道路的信仰,为推动中国式现代化的高质量发展,全面推进依法治国建设提供重要保障。

非惯性系下舰载稳定平台动力学建模与分析

为解决舰船在恶劣海况下产生的大幅度、多维度的不规则摇荡运动,提出了一种6-DOF并联平台隔离舰船运动的方案,并对该方案的动力学特性进行了深入研究。首先,基于矢量关系推导该平台构件在惯性坐标下的速度、Jacobi矩阵和能量方程式,由拉格朗日方程和虚功原理得到其在非惯性系下的显式动力学方程。其次,利用Adams搭建该平台的虚拟缩比模型,采用P-M波谱和响应幅值算子模拟复杂海况下舰船的摇荡运动,基于SIMULINK软件实现MATLAB软件与Adams软件联合仿真。最后,计算分析5级海况下的运动实例,理论结果与仿真结果的驱动力误差在0.11%内,验证了本文动力学模型的正确性,且计算结果表明,平台可分别补偿船舶95.7%、97.7%和87.9%的横、纵和艏摇运动,验证了所提方案的有效性。研究结果对非惯性系下舰载稳定平台的动力学控制具有指导意义。

Impact of anthropogenic activities on vegetation dynamics in a reservoir area: model establishment and a case study of Longkaikou Reservoir in China

Vegetation in hot and arid valleys is a crucial indicator of ecosystem health,but is vulnerable to human activities and environmental change.Using the Longkaikou Reservoir in the Jinsha River in southwestern China as a case study,we developed a spatially explicit model that combined the plant growth,fruiting,seed dispersal,and seed germination stages to reveal the potential impact of multiple human activities(reservoir construction,logging,grazing,and aerial seeding) on the vegetation dynamics of Dodonaea viscosa and Pinus yunnanensis.After reservoir construction,the grassland area of 68 km^(2) in 2003 decreased to 24 km^(2) in 2018,replaced by forest,shrubland,and bodies of water,and the precipitation increased during the dry season,which indicated the improvement of the local plant and soil environment.Our model predicted that when soil moisture decreased by more than 20% compared to current levels,the area of D.viscosa increased greatly at low elevations;however,when at higher soil moisture,P.yunnanensis would occupy more of the study area.Logging and grazing would slightly change the spatial pattern of vegetation and delay P.yunnanensis communities from achieving stability by directly reducing plant biomass.Countermeasures such as aerial seeding would increase the total area by 13.13 km^(2) and 8.09 km^(2) of two plants,respectively,and accelerate the stabilization of plant communities.The effects of multiple human activities on vegetation may counteract each other;for example,logging decreased the P.yunnanensis area whereas aerial seeding increased it,and plant biomass changed in response to this pressure.Given the complex relationships between vegetation and human impacts,our study provides a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological security in this hot and arid valley.

基于数据驱动知识显式嵌入的配电网最优需求响应策略

充分挖掘多元需求侧资源的灵活性,对于提升分布式新能源广泛接入背景下的新型配电网运行可靠性和经济性具有重要意义。然而,目前关于需求响应策略的解析化方法大多基于较为理想的用户行为观测和参数假设,纯数据驱动方法难以兼顾电网侧运行的复杂约束,策略的可用性存疑。为此,文章提出基于数据驱动知识显式嵌入的需求响应策略,首先,考虑到需求侧资源灵活性的强时段耦合特性,提出需求侧资源动态模型,定量分析需求侧灵活性资源的响应特性;其次,提出数据驱动知识的显式解析方法,将需求侧灵活性描述为混合整数线性模型并嵌入至配电网优化运行模型中,实现灵活实用的新型配电网供需交互与协调运行。最后,通过仿真算例验证所提方法兼具解析模型和数据驱动方法的优势,为不完全信息观测条件下源网荷协调运行提供较为实用化的解决方案。