SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION AND UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE INLAND RIVERBASIN OF ARID NORTHWEST CHINA

Calculated in terms of surface runoff plus irrepeated groundwater, there is about 8. 67 ×1010m3 of total available water resources in the inland river basins of arid Northwest China. Water resources is the decisive factor for survival of oases and human being. But there have arisen several aspects of Serious eco-environment problems resulted from irrational exploitation and utilization. From now on, the development and utilization of water not only requires to promote regional economy, but also needs to protect and improve the environment based on their potential. Sustainable utilization needs to broaden new sources and saving water at first. Then three measures are recommended.

THE CONDITIONS OF THE GLACIAL WATER RESOURCE AND WAYS OF ITS EXPLOITATION AND UTILIZATION IN CHINA

China is one of the countries where there is abundant glacial water rears and glaciers exist in a vast area of mountainous regions. In this paper, a prehensive discusion is made for the characteristics of glacial water resource, the chewical properties of matwater and the prospects of future utilization in China. It has found that the gladal water resource is a water resource system based on the effect of a solid water reservoir. Its degree of mineralization is low and it almost does not have any pollution. In particular glacial water is high quality fresh water resource in the inland arid region. It is necesary to reconfirm the value of this water and conduct further studies on the fundamentals of its application in order to ratiedly exploit, utilze and preserve the glacial water resource.

Assessment and exploitation of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Waterfront resources are important and special kind of natural resources in the marginal area between land and wat er. The Yangtze River, the longest river in China, is not only rich in waterfront resources, but also has favorable development conditions with gr eat potentiality. Aided by large-scale underwater topographic map, the maj or factors of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reache s of the Yangtze River, such as the stability, the water depth and the natural conditions for port construction, are assessed in this pap er respectively on the basis of the overall investigations. The result s show that: (1) the waterfront resources are abundant in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, but lack of perfectly combined high grade waterfront; (2) there exists an obvious regional difference in the natural quality of the waterfront along the Yangtze; (3) the fore-bank water depth and waterfront stability are the main natural fa ctors related to the waterfront quality in the middle and lower reach es of the Yangtze River; (4) the waterfronts along the Yangtze are mainl y used for port, warehouse and industrial purposes; and (5) the waterfronts near important cities are highly used, especially the high-quality waterfronts. In addition, some suggestions for the development and utilization of the waterfron t resources are presented in this paper.

Water resources utilization and eco-environmental safety in Northwest China

Northwest China includes Xinjiang Ugyur Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Shaanxi Province, covering 308×10^4km^2. It is located in the warm-temperate zone and the climate is arid or semi-arid. Precipitation is very scarce but evaporation is extremely high. The climate is dry, the water resources are deficient, the ecoenvironment is fragile, and the distribution of water resources is uneven. In this region, precipitation is the only input, and evaporation is the only output in the inland rivers, and precipitation, surface water and groundwater change with each other for many times, which benefits the storage and utilization of water resources. The average precipitation in this region is 232 mm, the total precipitation amount is 7003×108m^3/a, the surface water resources are 1891×10^8m^3/a, the total natural groundwater resources are 1150×10^8m^3/a, the total available water resources are 438×10^8 m^3/a, and the total water resources are 1996×10^8m^3/a and per capita water resources are 2278 m^3/a. The water resources of the whole area are 5.94×10^4m^3/（a.km^2）, being only one-fifth of the mean value in China. Now, the available water resources are 876×10^8m^3/a, among which groundwater is proximate 130×10^8m^3/a.

Research Progress of Wild Soybean Germplasms and Utilization

Wild soybean （Glycine soja） is the wild relative species of cultivated soy- bean, which is of high protein content, strong tolerance and high propagation coeffi- cient. The diverse growing conditions of wild soybean in China contribute to numer- ous phenotypes of wild soybean, which also reflect the evolution process through long-term natural and artificial selection. The research progress of wild soybean germpfasms was summarized in resource status and innovative utilization in order to provide information for research of wild soybean germplasms.

STAGES AND POTENTIALITY OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT INARID NORTHWESTERN CHINA

The processes of water resources exploitation and utilization can be divided into three stages by water resources transformation, and the history, present situation and future trend of water resources development in piedmont areas around high mountains of arid northwestern China. The three stages are: the stage of surface water development (the first stage), the stage of comprehensive development of surface and ground water (the second stage) and the stage of economical development of water rare (the third stage). The three stages link each other and show the law and processes of water resources exploitation and utilization associated with social and technological progess. The economical water policy should run through the three stages. On this point, however, the third stage differs from the others, particularly, refering to irrigated agriculture. The third stage has more progressive significance because it breaks the traditional ideas on water resources development. According to our investigation and calculation, under present conditions of water resources development, the net used water is about 160 × 108 m3, accounting for 18% of the total water resources of northwestern China. The water resources have not ben fully develop. If the first stage is finished, the exploitable water can be increased by 91 %. After the second stage, furthermore, it can be increased by 216%.

THE PROBLEMS OF WATER RESOURCES IN NORTH CHINA AND THE STRATEGY

North China, whose total area is 420,000 km2, covers 2 provinces and 2 cities (Shanxi and Hebei provinces, Beijing and Tianjin) and the territories of Henan and Shandong provinces to the north of the Huanghe (Yellow) River, and part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province. Most of this region, which is situated in the semi-humid, semi-arid continental climate temperate zone, gets an annual precipitation of 500-600 mm, whereas, the perennial average amount of total water resource is 50.99 billion m3, including 33.82 billion m3 of surface water, 32.94 billion m3 of ground water and 15.77 billion m3 of their duplication. Due to the intensive exploitation of water resource caused by the deficiency of water resource in North China, key elements of water balance was changed, runoff volume reduced, evaporation increased, vertical movement of moisture strengthened, water circulation pattern transformed from open system into regionally closed system; meanwhile, due to the incompetent

Problems for water resources development in typical small karst drainage basins and countermeasures

In karst area water deficit is one of the main factors constraining sustainable economic development. In 1979 the comprehensive karstic observational field station was set up in Houzhai drainage basin located,\ in Puding county of Guizhou Province, which can represent most of the small karst drainage basins on the dividing line of the Guizhou Plateau. Geomorphology, water resources and water chemistry were investigated and observed. Based on comparisons of water supply with water demand and analysis of the main problems in water exploitation and utilization. it is found out that the water deficiency was not directly caused by the scarcity of natural water resources. The true reason is the insufficient capacity of water supply caused by the dismatch of the water and soil water resources which can be dealt with by building more irrigation works. Some solutions such as to build scientific basis for water exploitation and utilization and sustainable economic development in karst drainage basins on dividing line of the Guizhou Plateau.

Protect the Environment and Speed up the Sustainable Development of Chinese Agriculture

Strengthening the environmental protection, deepening rural reform, increasing agricultural input, and promoting a more stable and higher-speed growth of peasants＇ income, all of these are playing a very important role in the sustainable development of agriculture. The environment problems are not only economic problems, but also important political problems. And they constitute an urgent and arduous task that we meet, and need a long time to be conquered. Under the present new historical circumstances, we should establish a scientific development philosophy, strengthen the environment protection, and build up a harmonious society in which urban and rural areas are progressing coordinately.

月球资源开发利用的进展与展望

中国探月工程“绕、落、回”三步走圆满收官,后续将建立国际月球科研站,并进一步规划建立月球基地。月球探测任务由探测勘察进入到开发利用新阶段,月面资源的勘查、开发和利用是未来月球探测的重点任务。总结了月球资源开发利用方面的国内外重要进展,涉及月球资源勘探、水冰等挥发分分析、月球矿物冶炼与材料制备、月面建造与月壤3D打印等四个方面。同时,月球资源开发利用面临极端月面环境、独特月壤理化特性、全流程无人自主控制等重大挑战,为解决这些问题,提出了未来月球资源开发利用的重点任务和研究思路,可为后续科学研究和工程任务实施提供参考。

中国钾盐资源开发利用现状及建议

钾是保证农作物生长的必须营养元素,钾盐资源主要用于钾肥生产。作为钾肥消费大国,中国钾资源匮乏,钾盐已经被列入战略性矿产目录,钾盐资源供应安全对国家安全保障具有重要意义。列举了全球和国内钾盐资源的基本情况,分析了全球和国内钾肥的生产和消费情况,介绍了中国钾盐资源制备钾肥的主要生产技术,并结合中国钾盐生产现状,对未来中国钾盐行业提出了一些建议,包括持续加快接续资源选区评价、持续关注盐湖卤水品位变化、加强工艺技术研究等。

安徽省两淮煤田废弃煤炭矿井剩余资源综合调查、开发利用现状及展望

随着去产能政策和能源供给侧改革的深入推进,安徽省两淮煤田先后关闭了大量资源枯竭、经济亏损、产能落后的煤炭矿井。本文在综合调查两淮煤田废弃煤炭矿井剩余资源潜力的基础上,梳理了两淮煤田废弃煤炭矿井资源开发利用现状,分析了当前面临的主要问题。研究结果表明:截至2023年底,两淮煤田63处废弃煤炭矿井剩余煤炭资源约24.33亿t、煤层气约102.83亿m^(3)、可利用地下空间约7383.80万m^(3)、天然焦约3.45亿t,此外还有丰富的矿井水、地热和土地等其他可利用资源,具有良好的资源开发利用潜力。虽然目前两淮煤田在废弃煤炭矿井煤层气、矿井水、土地和共伴生矿产等资源开发利用方面已取得了一定的经济效益与社会价值,但仍然面临基础资料缺失、管理体系不完善、资源开发利用模式单一和利用率低等一系列问题。针对上述主要问题,本文从信息化建设、基础理论研究和探索资源开发利用模式三个方面提出了建议与展望,以期加快开发利用两淮煤田废弃煤炭矿井资源,提高资源利用率。

华北赋煤区地热资源富集模式及开发利用方向

【目的】中国是煤炭大国,在煤炭行业迫切需要转型的形势下,研究赋煤区的地热资源成因与分布规律十分必要。华北赋煤区地热资源储量占全国的74.7%,是中国地热资源最富集的区域之一。区内分布有渤海湾盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、沁水盆地和南华北盆地等主要含煤盆地,其岩石圈热状态自东向西逐步降低。地热储包括新生界砂岩孔隙型和寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶-裂隙型两大类型。碳酸盐岩岩溶-裂隙热储温度高、水量大、易于回灌,是煤田区地热勘查与开发利用的优先选择。【方法】针对煤田区地热地质的特点,开展地热系统动力学分析,优选华北赋煤区的地热勘查与开发区域。【结果和结论】提出煤田区有以下4种聚热模式:(1)煤层与碳酸盐岩地层储盖组合传导聚热;(2)基岩面起伏变化传导聚热;(3)断裂带地下水活动对流聚热;(4)碳酸盐岩基岩面风化壳岩溶以及侵入体接触面岩溶对流聚热。并结合实例进行数值模拟分析。在此基础上,指出华北赋煤区地热勘查与开发优先方向是深部碳酸盐岩储层中的地热资源。地热能作为非碳基能源之一,以其储量大、清洁、输出连续的特点,在未来社会对电力、燃料和热力三大能源需求中的热力供应方面尤其可以做出重要贡献,而中国地热与煤炭资源在空间分布上的重叠,使地热开发利用成为煤炭行业转型的有效途径之一。

盐类资源环境与开发利用——“庆祝郑绵平院士九十华诞暨从事地质工作70周年”专辑特邀主编寄语

盐湖是一种集无机盐、有机质和嗜盐生物于一体的综合性自然资源,是大自然信息库和天然实验室,其包含的丰富盐类矿产资源以及其他相关资源类型与农业、工业以及人们日常生活的多方面息息相关。我国现代陆相盐湖和古代海/陆相盐盆涉及多个省区,是一个富“盐”的国家:钾、锂、硼等战略紧缺盐类矿产是新一轮找矿突破行动关注的重点和热点;盐类资源开发利用和环境保护是相辅相成的两个方面。以郑绵平院士提出的“盐类学”理论为指导,聚焦盐类资源环境领域的找矿勘查、成因机制、开发利用以及环境预警等问题,在《地球学报》编辑部的大力支持下,本“庆祝郑绵平院士九十华诞暨从事地质工作70周年”专辑共征集相关论文18篇,旨在为后续的盐类资源领域理论研究与实践应用提供参考,并借此向郑绵平院士九十华诞暨从事地质工作70周年献礼。

红色文化资源保护、开发和利用探讨

红色文化资源是革命文化的体现,包括物质形态(重要地域、遗迹和实物)、信息形态(文献、标语、艺术作品)、精神形态(革命传统和精神)等。红色文化资源价值的主要体现为:政治导向,思想教育;继承传统,凝聚情感;传播文化,影响风气;开发品牌,开展旅游;培育精神,引领发展。加强红色文化资源保护、激活、开发、利用,具有重要的意义。建议展示革命文物,建设中国共产党历史展览馆、纪念馆、博物馆;加强总体规划,建设党史教育基地;加强革命文化宣传,艺术再现红色资源遗产;开展红色文化考察和旅游。

红参的生物活性及综合利用研究概况

红参是人参的炮制品,具有大补元气、复脉固脱、益气摄血的功效。其主要生物活性成分为人参皂苷、多糖、挥发油等,具有抗癌、抗氧化、延缓衰老、抗中枢神经系统退行性病变、抗过敏、抗炎等多种药理作用。近年来国内外对红参及其残渣的综合利用展开了大量的研究。通过对红参的生物活性以及其产品和副产品的开发应用进行系统整理和综述,以期为红参及相关产品的开发提供参考。

新疆柯坪县现状水资源开发利用存在的问题分析及对策研究

为实现柯坪县水资源合理开发利用及高质量发展的水安全保障,通过收集整理近年来柯坪县供用水情况,分析县域水资源开发利用存在的问题,并研究相应对策。结果表明:柯坪县水资源开发利用存在用水结构不合理,农业用水占比大,生态用水被挤占等问题,导致水资源与经济社会及生态环境之间存在极度不匹配性;建议未来应在加强农业高效发展的同时,重点围绕立足于水资源的产业结构调整及城镇化建设与生态环境治理;同时应充分利用土地资源丰富这一优点,加大灌区改造及土壤盐渍化治理,协调发挥水土资源综合效益。

四川雷波竹类资源及其开发利用建议

四川省雷波县气候条件优越,竹类资源丰富,但其开发利用严重滞后,制约着竹产业发展。为发挥竹资源优势,推动竹产业发展,文章利用文献研究结合野外调查,整理分析了雷波县竹类植物资源及其利用现状,并提出竹资源开发利用的建议。雷波县共有竹类植物12属36种1变种4变型,共41种,现有竹资源面积83830.02 hm^(2),其中主要为筇竹和箭竹,面积分别占总面积的36.86%和36.72%。雷波县竹产业发展相对落后,竹资源开发面临着基础设施落后、资源破坏严重、缺乏精深加工等诸多问题。加快竹产业发展,应着重加强资源保护、发展笋材竹林、培育壮大龙头企业、促进三产融合发展。

深沟鸡品种资源与开发利用研究

该文概述深沟鸡的品种来源及形成历史、产区范围与群体规模、产区自然条件、外貌特征、体重体尺、生产性能、保护和开发利用现状,总结出存在繁育技术不到位,繁殖效率较低,产业缺乏有实力的龙头企业带动,部分苗族村社整村易地搬迁后,一些苗族村户不具备饲养条件,外来鸡种已深入至产区乡村,给深沟鸡保种带来一定威胁,产业发展后劲不足等问题。该文提出强化种源保护、发展规模养殖、深化产业经营、加强质量监管、健全投入机制、完善服务体系等对策,以期为深沟鸡产业发展提供参考。

油气田绿色矿山建设对策研究

2018年5月,自然资源部发布的绿色矿山建设行业标准,有效地解决了以前相关从业人员对绿色矿山建设标准理解不全面、不统一的问题,使陆上油气开采标准的原则性要求与评分标准衔接起来。但石油开采业程序复杂,工序繁多,很多时候不能有效地将绿色矿山建设规范与实际操作有效结合。为使绿色矿山建设规范更好地为石油开采从业人员服务,总结了部分油气开采业亟待解决的问题,并通过解析绿色矿山建设规范在油田开采中关于矿区建设、石油开采技术、资源综合利用、节能减排以及科技创新与信息化中与油田开采的相关内容使其与实际操作有机结合,为从事油气开采相关人员梳理绿色矿山建设规范具体法规要求以及从业标准,以期加快油气开采业绿色矿山建设速度与建设的规范化。