Characteristics of groundwater and urban emergency water sources optimazation in Luoyang,China

The construction of emergency water sources is the material basis for ensuring urban water safety,and it is also an inherent requirement for maintaining social stability and development.The hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater in Luoyang City from the aspects of the division of groundwater aquifer groups,water yield property and groundwater dynamics were described in this paper.Two emergency water sources were selected on basis of comprehensively considering groundwater resources and ecological environmental effects,groundwater quality and exploitation technology,etc.Then it further analysed the aquifer types,water yield properties and groundwater recharge,runoff and discharge conditions of the two emergency water sources,and evaluate the groundwater resources quantity of the water sources.The results are that the shallow underground aquifer in Luoyang City is thick,coarse,and stable in lithology and thickness.The two water sources enjoy good exploitation potential and can be used as backup water sources to supply water in the event of a water source crisis.

ESTIMATION OF THEORETICAL POTENTIAL AND EXPLOITABLE QUANTITY OF CHINA'S OCEANIC THERMAL ENERGY

Two estimaton methods are used to calculate the theoretical reservoir potential of China's oceanic thermal energy. One is based on the measured temperature difference between the surface water and the deep water, the other on the net radiation energy income from solar insolation either measured or deduced. The results from these two methods are compared and examined. Then, the maximum amount of the exploitable thermal energy is calculated based on the assumption of a Carnot cycle efficiency. In the process of estimation, such factors as water depth, seasonal water temperature variation and geographic location have been taken into account.The theoretical reservoir capacity and the exploitable quantity of the thermal energy of China's four seas are thus estimated separately.

Some ecological parameters of Artemia parthenogenetica Gahai and their use in resource exploitation

The effects of temperature on population characteristics of Artemia parthenogenetica Gahai from the Gahai Salt Lake,Qinghai Province,China,were studied in the laboratory at a salinity of 60‰.The major conclusions are as follows:(1)It was found that the adaptive temperature for the development of brine shrimp ranged from 10℃to 39℃.The threshold temperature of development(TD)and the effective accumulative temperature(TA)for hatching were 9.94℃·d and(22.91
2.08)℃·d,respectively.The TD and TA for the larva were 10.33℃·d and(261.26
24.1)℃·d,respectively,and for the whole generation were 10.28℃and(458.68
57.60)℃·d,respectively.(2)It showed that the population’s net reproduction rate(R_(o)),the intrinsic rate of natural increase(r_(m)),the mean generation time(T),the finite rate of increase(λ),and the days for population to double(t)of the brine shrimp were determined over temperatures ranging from 19℃to 34℃by analyzing the life table and numerical model.In the temperature range of 14.3℃to 37.3℃for R_(o)>1,the optimum temperature(℃)for R_(o),rm,λ,and t were 25.8℃,29.8℃,30.5℃,and 29.02℃,respectively.The maximum values of R_(o),r_(m) andλwere 54.86 ind.,0.106138/d,and 1.1070/d,respectively.The minimum value of t was 4.73 d.The value of T was in a range of 96.77 to 16.10 d.(3)Based on the 1993-1994 and 1997 data of the water temperature in the Gahai Salt Lake,Qinghai Province,it was estimated that the number of generation of A.parthenogenetica Gahai and the number of the reproductive peak value were 2.67
0.34 and 4.69
0.43 in a year,respectively.The peak of nauplii of the first generation was on April 20 to 28.The last whole generation began on August 10.The first reproductive peak was on June 18 to 25.The last reproductive peak was on September 12 to 17.The nauplii that hatched after September 1 cannot complete the development from nauplii to adults because of insufficient habitat effective accumulative temperature.During the period from July 11 to September 20,there was a relatively high productivity of the population.In this case,doubling the population would take less than 30 d,and the intrinsic rate of natural increase was over 0.02/d.Therefore,the value of resource exploitation would be maximal during that period annually.

Enrichment of REEs in polymetallic nodules and crusts and its potential for exploitation

Polymetallic nodules and crusts are two of the most important mineral deposits in the ocean. They are rich in rare earth elements （REEs）, iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, nickel, and other useful metals. This paper discussed the analysis of 25 nodule and crust samples collected from the South China Sea, the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. The samples were analyzed for REE content by ICP-MS/AES. The average REE concentration was found to be 1096.96×10^-6 in the nodules and 1623.88×10^-6 in the crusts. Both of these values are much higher than those recorded in Earth＇s dry-land crust and sedimentary rocks. This REE enrichment is mainly controlled by the absorption of ferromanganese oxides and clay minerals in the nodules and crusts and the high levels of REEs in seawater and sediments. High cerium enrichment in the nodules and crusts may lead to more effective exploitation of REEs in the future.

Capsule polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery

To solve the problems of shear degradation and injection difficulties in conventional polymer flooding,the capsule polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)was proposed.The flow and oil displacement mechanisms of this technique were analyzed using multi-scale flow experiments and simulation technology.It is found that the capsule polymer flooding has the advantages of easy injection,shear resistance,controllable release in reservoir,and low adsorption retention,and it is highly capable of long-distance migration to enable viscosity increase in deep reservoirs.The higher degree of viscosity increase by capsule polymer,the stronger the ability to suppress viscous fingering,resulting in a more uniform polymer front and a larger swept range.The release performance of capsule polymer is mainly sensitive to temperature.Higher temperatures result in faster viscosity increase by capsule polymer solution.The salinity has little impact on the rate of viscosity increase.The capsule polymer flooding is suitable for high-water-cut reservoirs for which conventional polymer flooding techniques are less effective,offshore reservoirs by polymer flooding in largely spaced wells,and medium to low permeability reservoirs where conventional polymers cannot be injected efficiently.Capsule polymer flooding should be customized specifically,with the capsule particle size and release time to be determined depending on target reservoir conditions to achieve the best displacement effect.

Mapping of energy potential through annual crop residues in Turkey

The objective of this study was to determine the annual crop residue potential in terms of types,quantities and mapping in Turkey.The calorific values of agricultural residues were determined by calorimeter according to ASTM D 5865 Standard Test Method for Coal and Coke 2002.In this study,the energy potential of annual crop residues was evaluated by ArcGIS^(TM) which is a geographical information system program.The total amount of unused annual crop residues was approximately 15.24 Mt/a.It was found that the total calorific value of the field crop residues was around 268 PJ/a for the 2012 production period in Turkey.The major crops included in the ratio of the total calorific value were maize(45.81%),wheat(21.30%),sunflower(15.10%)and cotton(18.1%).The amount of CO_(2) emitted into the atmosphere can be reduced by 30 Mt/a year through the use of agricultural residues.