Comparative analysis of single-crater parameters in ultrasonic-assisted and unassisted micro-EDM of Ti6Al4V using discharge plasma imaging

Ultrasonic-assisted micro-electro-discharge machining(EDM)has the potential to enhance processing responses such as material removal rate(MRR)and surface finish.To understand the reasons for this enhancement,the physical mechanisms responsible for the individual discharges and the craters that they form need to be explored.This work examines features of craters formed by single discharges at various parameter values in both conventional and ultrasonic-assistedEDM of Ti6Al4V.High-speed imaging of the plasma channel is performed,and data on the individual discharges are captured in real-time.A 2D axisymmetric model using finite element software is established to model crater formation.On the basis of simulation and experimental results,a comparative study is then carried out to examine the effects of ultrasonic vibrational assistance on crater geometry.For every set ofEDM parameters,the crater diameter and depth from a single discharge are found to be higher in ultrasonic-assistedEDM than in conventionalEDM.The improved crater geometry and the reduced bulge formation at the crater edges are attributed to the increased melt pool velocity and temperature predicted by the model.

Subpicosecond laser ablation behavior of a magnesium target and crater evolution:Molecular dynamics study and experimental validation

The micro-ablation processes and morphological evolution of ablative craters on single-crystal magnesium under subpicosecond laser irradiation are investigated using molecular dynamics(MD) simulations and experiments.The simulation results exhibit that the main failure mode of single-crystal Mg film irradiated by a low fluence and long pulse width laser is the ejection of surface atoms,which has laser-induced high stress.However,under high fluence and short pulse width laser irradiation,the main damage mechanism is nucleation fracture caused by stress wave reflection and superposition at the bottom of the film.In addition,Mg[0001] has higher pressure sensitivity and is more prone to ablation than Mg[0001].The evolution equation of crater depth is established using multi-pulse laser ablation simulation and verified by experiments.The results show that,under multiple pulsed laser irradiation,not only does the crater depth increase linearly with the pulse number,but also the quadratic term and constant term of the fitted crater profile curve increase linearly.

The subsurface structure and stratigraphy of the Chang’E-4 landing site:orbital evidence from small craters on the Von Kármán crater floor

Chang’E-4(CE-4)successfully landed on the floor of the Von Kármán crater within the South Pole-Aitken basin(SPA).One of its scientific objectives is to determine the subsurface structure and the thickness of lunar regolith at the landing site and along the traverse route of the Yutu-2 rover.Using orbital data,we employed small craters(diameters<1 km)on the floor of the Von Kármán crater as probes to investigate the subsurface structure and stratigraphy of the CE-4 landing site.In this study,40 dark-haloed craters that penetrate through the surface Finsen ejecta and excavate underlying mare deposits were identified,and 77 bright ray craters that expose only the underlying fresh materials but do not penetrate through the surface Finsen ejecta were found.The excavation depths of these craters and their distances from the Finsen crater center were calculated,and the thickness distribution of Finsen ejecta on the Von Kármán floor was systematically investigated.The boundary between Finsen ejecta and underlying mare basalt at the CE-4 landing site is constrained to a depth of 18 m.We have proposed the stratigraphy for the CE-4 site and interpreted the origins of different layers and the geological history of the Von Kármán crater.These results provide valuable geological background for interpreting data from the Lunar Penetrating Radar(LPR)and Visible and Near-infrared Imaging Spectrometer(VNIS)on the Yutu-2 rover.The CE-4 landing site could provide a reference point for crater ejecta distribution and mixing with local materials,to test and improve ejecta thickness models according to the in situ measurements of the CE-4 LPR.

Peridynamic Modeling and Simulation of Ice Craters By Impact

In the present work,a state-based peridynamics with adaptive particle refinement is proposed to simulate water ice crater formation due to impact loads.A modified Drucker-Prager constitutive model was adopted to model ice and was implemented in the state-based peridynamic equations to analyze the elastic-plastic deformation of ice.In simulations,we use the fracture toughness failure criterion in peridynamics to simulate the quasi-brittle failure of ice.An adaptive particle refinement method in peridynamics was proposed to improve computational efficiency.The results obtained using the peridynamic model were compared with the experiments in previous literatures.It was found that the peridynamic simulation results and the experiments matched well except for some minor differences discussed,and the state-based peridynamic model has shown the specific predictive capacity to capture the detailed crater features of the ice.

Correlation of the largest craters,stratigraphic impact signatures,and extinction events over the past 250 Myr

The six largest known impact craters of the last 250 Myr(≥70 km in diameter),which are capable of causing significant environmental damage,coincide with four times of recognized extinction events at 36(with 2 craters),66,and 145 Myr ago,and possibly with two provisional extinction events at 168 and215 Myr ago.These impact cratering events are accompanied by layers in the geologic record interpreted as impact ejecta.Chance occurrences of impacts and extinctions can be rejected at confidence levels of99.96%(for 4 impact/extinctions)to 99.99%(for 6 impact/extinctions).These results argue that several extinction events over the last 250 Myr may be related to the effects of large-body impacts.

Weathering Processes on Martian Craters: Implications on Recurring Slope Lineae and the Location of Liquid Water

Recent attention has been put into recurring slope lineae (RSL), after the discovery that water is present in them. It is assumed that RSL are due to flowing water. However, even though that might be the case, the general characteristics of RSL as well as their seasonal and spatial distribution in Mars, and their occurrence within craters, suggest that RSL correspond to the weathering of frozen aquifers, which coincides with slope stability processes occurring in impact craters and scree slopes from Earth. In this study, we associated RSL with similar weathering processes occurring on impact craters and hydrogeological processes occurring on Earth (including ice, water, and wind erosion and natural aquifer recharge processes). We were able to create a conceptual model on how RSL develop, why are they found mostly in mid latitudes around craters, why are they present in more frequency in one side of crates in high latitudes, and why are there more RSL in the Martian southern hemisphere. Considering the whole hydrogeological processes occurring in craters that experience RSL, we were able to predict where large quantities of liquid water are most likely to be present in the red planet.

Meteorite impact craters as hotspots for mineral resources and energy fuels:A global review

The ever-increasing recovery rate of natural resources from terrestrial impact craters over the last fewdecades across the globe offers new avenues for further exploration of mineral and hydrocarbon resources in such settings.As of today,60 of the 208 terrestrial craters have been identified to host diverseresources such as hydrocarbons,metals and construction materials.The potential of craters as plausibleresource contributors to the energy sector is therefore,worthy of consideration,as 42(70%)of the 60craters host energy resources such as oil,gas,coal,uranium,mercury,critical and major minerals as wellas hydropower resources.Among others,19 craters are of well-developed hydrocarbon reserves.Mineraldeposits associated with craters are also classified similar to other mineral resources such as progenetic,syngenetic and epigenetic sources.Of these,the progenetic and syngenetic mineralization are confinedto the early and late excavation stage of impact crater evolution,respectively,whereas epigenetic deposits are formed during and after the modification stage of crater formation.Thus,progenetic andsyngenetic mineral deposits(like Fe,Ni,Pb,Zn and Cu)associated with craters are formed as a directresult of the impact event,whereas epigenetic deposits(e.g.hydrocarbon)are hosted by the impactstructure and result from post-impact processes.In the progenetic and syngenetic deposits,the shockwave induced fracturing and melting aid the formation of deposits,whereas in the epigenetic deposits,the highly fractured lithostratigraphic units of higher porosity and permeability,like the centralelevated area(CEA)or the rim,act as traps.In this review,we provide a holistic view of the mineral andenergy resources associated with impact craters,and use some of the remote sensing techniques toidentify the mineral deposits as supplemented by a schematic model of the types of deposits formedduring cratering process.

Phenomenology of plume-surface interactions and preliminary results from the Tianwen-1 landing crater on Mars

The plume-surface interaction(PSI)is a common phenomenon that describes the environment surrounding the landers resulting from the impingement of hot rocket exhaust on the regolith of planetary bodies.The PSI will cause obscuration,erosion of the planetary surface,and high-speed spreading of dust or high-energy ejecta streams,which will induce risks to a safe landing and cause damage to payloads on the landers or to nearby assets.Safe landings and the subsequent scientific goals of deep-space exploration in China call for a comprehensive understanding of the PSI process,including the plume flow mechanics,erosion mechanism,and ejecta dynamics.In addition,the landing crater caused by the plume provides a unique and insightful perspective on the understanding of PSI.In particular,the PSI can be used directly to constrain the composition,structure,and mechanical properties of the surface and subsurface soil.In this study,we conducted a systematic review of the phenomenology and terrestrial tests of PSI:we analyzed the critical factors in the PSI process and compared the differences in PSI phenomena between lunar and Martian conditions;we also reviewed the main erosion mechanisms and the evolution and development of terrestrial tests on PSI.We discuss the problems with PSI,challenges of terrestrial tests,and prospects of PSI,and we show the preliminary results obtained from the landing crater caused by the PSI of Tianwen-1.From analysis of the camera images and digital elevation model reconstructions,we concluded that the landing of Tianwen-1 caused the deepest crater(depth>40 cm)on a planetary surface reported to date and revealed stratigraphic layers in the subsurface of Martian soil.We further constrained the lower bounds of the mechanical properties of Martian soil by a slope stability analysis of the Tianwen-1 landing crater.The PSI may offer promising opportunities to obtain greater insights into planetary science,including the subsurface structure,mineral composition,and properties of soil.

含能射流侵彻混凝土径向扩孔理论模型研究

针对聚能装药侵彻混凝土目标开孔孔径不足导致后级弹丸无法顺利随进的问题,在对混凝土的力学特性和损伤模式分析的基础上,基于动态球形空腔膨胀理论,分析了含能射流对混凝土目标径向扩孔的物理过程。通过引入含能射流释能参量,构建出根据不同侵彻速度下含能射流侵彻混凝土各阶段的径向扩孔工程计算模型,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:工程计算模型所得数值计算结果与试验数据误差在10%以内,模型可推广到射流对各种强度的素混凝土结构的扩孔计算,对串联侵彻战斗部前级聚能装药结构设计具有一定的指导意义。

大口径辅助阳极型辉光放电溅射源的设计与研究

辉光放电原子发射光谱分析技术可对金属样品表面进行沿深度方向的逐层分析与表征,具有溅射速率快、分析效率高、可大面积溅射的优点。另外,辉光放电等离子体能量较低,材料逐层溅射激发过程中不易引起材料本身组织结构的变化,能够实现沿样品深度方向逐层剥蚀制样。将辉光放电溅射源与扫描电镜、光谱分析检测仪器等联用,可作为金属材料高通量定量表征的有效手段。为了高通量地获取材料表面的成分分布信息,需要对材料表面在多尺寸、大面积溅射条件下进行辉光放电等离子体溅射。因此在传统辉光溅射源的基础上,改进了阳极筒结构,设计了4种直径为cm级的(15、20、30和40 mm)大口径阳极筒,并对其进行COMSOL数值模拟仿真和实际溅射效果研究。大尺寸溅射面可获得材料表面更为丰富的信息,但在相同溅射条件下,阳极口径增大也带来溅射速率下降、溅射面中心区域离子化率降低、影响溅射均匀性和坑型平整度等问题。为解决这些问题,设计了可应用于大口径直流辉光放电溅射源的辅助阳极结构,通过改变放电空间的电场分布情况调控等离子体分布,增强了阳极中心区域离子化率。详细阐述了辅助阳极结构的设计原理,并对传统阳极和辅助阳极进行了数值模拟仿真研究和实际溅射效果对比实验。结果表明增设辅助阳极对大口径溅射源溅射速率的提升效果明显,对阳极口径30 mm溅射源的溅射速率提升33%~48%,对阳极口径40 mm溅射源的溅射速率提升34%~57%。采用大口径辅助阳极型溅射源对紫铜样品进行了溅射激发,并用光学相干断层扫描仪(OCT)测试了溅射坑形貌,结果表明增设辅助阳极可有效改善溅射均匀性和坑型平整度。

软包装锂离子电池表面凹坑缺陷检测方法

软包装锂离子电池表面凹坑缺陷对比度低、缺陷区域过小且存在反光,传统方法很难进行准确检测。提出一种基于图像增强和改进DeepLabV3网络的软包装锂离子电池表面凹坑缺陷检测方法。通过分析表面凹坑缺陷图像特征,采用图像增强算法对图像进行预处理,以增强凹坑缺陷对比度。对DeepLabV3网络进行改进,使用ResNet101作为特征提取网络,同时引入位置注意力模块,使得模型更加关注于凹坑缺陷相关特征,提升网络的检测精度。改进后的网络在自制数据集上的平均交并比达到85.98%,缺陷检测准确率达到98.33%。

月球探测器鲁棒环形山检测及光学导航方法

针对月球探测器环形山检测方法受光照影响、鲁棒性差的问题,本文提出一种基于极大熵阈值三值化的鲁棒环形山检测算法。采用不同滤波核对图像进行去噪平滑,然后对处理后的图像进行极大熵阈值分割、将图像信息三值化,去除图像对光源的敏感性,同时最大程度保留图像信息;提出一种归一化多指标约束环形山匹配和拟合方法完成环形山提取,将环形山提取算法应用于光学导航中进行打靶实验验证算法实时性表现。仿真结果表明:与传统基于形态学或自适应边缘检测的方法相比,本文方法在较大尺度条件下提取出连续、光滑的环形山边缘,有效环形山数量提升35%以上,同时实时性更好、计算消耗降低40%;基于鲁棒环形山提取的光学导航算法实时性更好。

小行星撞遇陆地成坑动力学的计算模拟

小行星撞遇陆地是一个复杂的非线性动力学过程,难以通过模型试验的方法开展相关研究。数值计算为这一灾害动力学过程分析提供了重要的工具,基于自主研发的CoSim软件中离散元(Discrete Element Method,DEM)模块初步实现了小行星撞遇陆地的大规模计算模拟。基于小行星撞遇陆地三维动力学全过程的数值仿真结果:实现了初始接触、撞遇挖掘、高速抛射和回落调整4个撞击阶段全过程仿真;小行星的碰撞入射角及撞遇过程中动力学行为将影响撞击坑的地形地貌特征。研究也表明大规模数值计算方法可较好地实现小行星撞遇地球这一动力学过程,为小行星防御提供支撑。

电源类型对短电弧-电化学复合加工放电凹坑影响研究

放电凹坑大小影响着加工表面形貌的一致性,放电凹坑的凸起高度及凹坑表面的重铸层对加工表面质量有重要影响。文章基于短电弧-电化学复合加工方法,在直流与脉冲两种常用电源类型下对钛合金TC4进行单次放电实验,分析两种电源类型下的短电弧-电化学复合加工单次放电凹坑尺寸及影响规律;结合单次放电凹坑实验所采集到的波形与电弧放电过程仿真模型对电弧放电过程的等离子体放电通道变化进行研究。研究结果发现,直流与脉冲放电凹坑的尺寸与影响规律差异与电弧的断弧方式有关,不同的断弧方式对等离子体放电通道产生影响,直流电弧倾向于通过流体介质运动和极间距离改变进行断弧,而脉冲电弧通过脉冲后沿电压变化和极间距离改变进行熄弧。这两种断弧方式不仅影响了凹坑的尺寸形貌,也影响了断弧后的电化学腐蚀效果。

TNT和温压炸药浅埋爆炸效应差异性研究

为研究TNT和温压炸药浅埋爆炸效应的差异性,文章开展了浅埋爆炸试验,系统分析了TNT和温压炸药在爆坑形貌和地表空气冲击波波形等方面的差异。结果表明:相同工况的浅埋爆炸,温压炸药产生的爆坑直径、深度以及体积都大于TNT,装药埋深为0.1 m和0.3 m时,温压炸药产生的爆坑体积分别是TNT的1.2倍和2.3倍。通过对测得的冲击波参数进行比较,分析得出:当埋深为0.1 m和0.3 m时,比例距离为1的测点处温压炸药产生的冲击波峰值压力分别是TNT的2.16倍和1.41倍;在研究范围内,比例距离和埋深变化对不同类型装药的冲击波冲量衰减量影响很小,但对衰减率有较大影响,当埋深从0.1 m增加为0.3 m时,2种类型装药的冲量衰减率都增加了近1倍。

砂土爆炸成坑离心模型试验相似律研究

传统弹坑相似律存在适用性和有效性不足的问题,且爆炸成坑离心试验中的科氏力作用尚不明确。开展了砂土中的触地、浅埋爆炸成坑离心模型试验,探究不同重力加速度、药量和埋深工况下的爆炸成坑规律。推导了浅埋和触地爆炸弹坑相似律,给出了弹坑半径公式。对离心模拟爆炸成坑过程中的科氏力作用进行了定量分析和数值模拟。研究结果表明:提出的弹坑相似律能够适用于触地和浅埋爆炸工况,并针对干砂中的离心机试验和常重力试验弹坑数据取得了良好的归一化结果。科氏力主要通过改变土体抛掷回落运动轨迹来影响最终的弹坑形态,浅埋爆炸成坑试验中明显观察到科氏力的影响,弹坑轮廓向着离心机转动方向偏移;触地爆炸弹坑则基本不受科氏力影响。使用更大半径的离心机设备以及在更高离心加速度下开展试验可以显著减小科氏力引起的弹坑偏移误差。研究结果对爆炸成坑效应的离心物理模拟技术和理论分析提供了参考和依据。

球体低速斜撞击成坑规律试验研究

通过设计球体发射低速撞击试验装置,系统开展不同角度条件下球体撞击干砂靶成坑试验,定量分析撞击速度、角度对撞击坑型的影响,定性分析球体低速斜撞击干砂靶的成坑过程及机理,修正低速斜撞击条件下的成坑相似律.讨论所修正的相似律在不同撞击条件下的适用性及其在天文学上的应用.试验结果表明,坑型随撞击速度的增加而增大;坑长、坑体积随撞击角度增加而增加,坑宽随撞击角度的增加先减小再增加,坑深随撞击角度的增加先增加后减小;成坑体积可由撞击角度、撞击速度、球体尺寸、球体密度、重力参数进行缩放得到;低速斜撞击成坑过程中动量和能量共同影响耗散冲击过程.

装药弹体高空跌落冲击动态响应研究

弹药意外跌落的冲击作用,可能引发事故甚至导致弹药出现早爆而造成灾难性后果。采用LSDYNA研究了分体式装药弹体从10~35 m范围内6个不同高度垂直撞击混凝土介质的冲击响应,获得了装药弹体从不同高度冲击混凝土介质时冲击过载峰值和脉宽的变化规律、装药内部应力波的传播规律,以及混凝土地面的开坑状况。冲击过载脉宽大约为5 ms,过载峰值最大约为1000 g,装药头部主要受到压缩作用,轴向应力呈近似半正弦规律变化,其最大值为43.9 MPa。开坑数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,证明了数值模拟的合理性。

The Origins of the Arc-Shaped Langshan Uplift and Linhe Trench

In the northern part of the Ordos Basin, there is a 325 km long arc-shaped Langshan uplift and a 15 km-deep Linhe Trench in front of Langshan, which are rare geological phenomena for which origins no one has explained. This article comprehensively analyzes the research achievements over the past 40 years of geology, geomorphology, seismic exploration, paleogeography, and oil and gas exploration in the Ordos Basin and Langshan. It recognizes that the northern part of the Ordos Basin experienced a meteorite impact in the Late Cretaceous period. The impact pushed the block northwest ward, subducting after colliding with igneous rocks in the north. This sudden event formed a clear arc-shaped mountain zone in the north and a wedge-shaped trench in front of the mountain. The chaotic layers, prolonged and continuous faults, and numerous thrust layers in the Langshan, a negative anomaly area in the center of the northern Ordos, abnormal orientation of crystalline basement structures in the north of Ordos, Moho uplift, and distribution of meteorite fragments in the northwest of Langshan, all of these geological phenomena support the occurrence of the meteorite impact event, forming the arc-shaped Langshan and the Trench.