Experimental investigation of methane explosion fracturing in bedding shales:Load characteristics and three-dimensional fracture propagation

Methane in-situ explosion fracturing(MISEF)enhances permeability in shale reservoirs by detonating desorbed methane to generate detonation waves in perforations.Fracture propagation in bedding shale under varying explosion loads remains unclear.In this study,prefabricated perforated shale samples with parallel and vertical bedding are fractured under five distinct explosion loads using a MISEF experimental setup.High-frequency explosion pressure-time curves were monitored within an equivalent perforation,and computed tomography scanning along with three-dimensional reconstruction techniques were used to investigate fracture propagation patterns.Additionally,the formation mechanism and influencing factors of explosion crack-generated fines(CGF)were clarified by analyzing the morphology and statistics of explosion debris particles.The results indicate that methane explosion generated oscillating-pulse loads within perforations.Explosion characteristic parameters increase with increasing initial pressure.Explosion load and bedding orientation significantly influence fracture propagation patterns.As initial pressure increases,the fracture mode transitions from bi-wing to 4–5 radial fractures.In parallel bedding shale,radial fractures noticeably deflect along the bedding surface.Vertical bedding facilitates the development of transverse fractures oriented parallel to the cross-section.Bifurcation-merging of explosioninduced fractures generated CGF.CGF mass and fractal dimension increase,while average particle size decreases with increasing explosion load.This study provides valuable insights into MISEF technology.

ESTIMAING AMOUNT OF EXPLOSIVE FOR FRACTURE PLANE CONTROL BLASTING WITH NOTCHED BOREHOLES

With the development of fracture mechanics,the fracture plane control blasting with notched borcholes hascome into being.This technique is used to create a satisfactory presplit along the contour of an excavation inrock.However,the amount of explosive loaded in each hol usually is determined by trial and error.Because ofthis,two approaches estimating the amount of explosive for the blasting technique are suggested.

A model to determine hole spacing in the rock fracture process by non-explosive expansion material

The application of the non-explosive expansion material （NEEM） is widely used as the controlled fracture method in quarry min- ing, especially in hard rocks. The pressure of NEEM is an important parameter in causing rock fracture. An empirical model based on hole spacing was developed to determine the pressure of NEEM in the rock fracture process. Primarily, the empirical model was developed by the mathematical method, utilizing dimensional analysis. Then, the Phase2 code, which is based on the finite element method, was utilized to predict crack growth in rocks. The results of numerical analysis show slight deviations from the empirical model. Hence, the polynomial re- gression analysis was used to modify the model. Finally, the modified model shows a good agreement with the results gained from numerical modeling.

Research on the Fracture Mechanism of Scored Liner Under Explosive Loading

The notch tip fracture criterion of cored liner is proposed based on a dislocation model. The analysis reveals that the ductile shear fracture is a dominant fracture mode in the scored liner, and the fracture path is along the maximum shear stress tracing line. The numerical simulation of fracture process of scored liner under explosive loading is performed using the nonlinear finite element analysis program ANSYS-LS/DYNA, and then the experiments are made to verify the simulation. The experimental results are demonstrated to be in line with the numerical simulation results. The liner can form a focused jet of metal fragments with certain amount and mass that travels at very high speed in the cone-angle direction, which indicates that the dislocation model can be used to analyze the crack fracture of notch tip.

Radial explosion strain and its fracture effect from confined explosion with charge of cyclonite

Instrumented experiments were conducted in concrete models to study the explosion-induced radial strain and fracture effect of rock-like media under confined explosion with a charge of cyclonite. As a charge was exploded, two different radial strain waves were sequentially recorded by a strain gage at a distance of 80 mm from the center of charge. Through the attenuation formula of the maximum compressive strain(εrmax), the distribution of εrmax and its strain rate（ ） between the charge and gage were obtained. The effect of the two waves propagating outwards on the radial fracture of surrounding media was discussed. The results show that the two waves are pertinent to the loading of shock energy （Es） and bubble energy （Eb） against concrete surrounding charge, respectively. The former wave lasts for much shorter time than the latter. The peak values of εrmax and of the former are higher than those of the latter, respectively.

Study on orientation fracture blasting with shaped charge in rock

On the basis of the theories of mechanics of explosive and rock fracture mechanics, the mechanism of crack initiation and its expansion of directional fracture controlled blasting with shaped charges in rock were studied, then the blasting parameters were designed and tested by a model test in laboratory and field experiment. The experimental and test results showed that the energy from blasting is directionally concentrated for the cumulative action. The directional expansion of cracks is satisfactory, the results of the model test and field test suggested that the orientation fracture blasting with shaped charge is a good means of excavating tunnels or cutting rock.

Interfacial Characterization and Mechanical Property of Ti/Cu Clad Sheet Produced by Explosive Welding and Annealing

It was aim to investigate the interfacial microstructure and shear performance of Ti/Cu clad sheet produced by explosive welding and annealing. The experimental results demonstrate that the alternate distribution of interfacial collision and vortex of flyer layer forms in the interface a few of solidification structure. TEM confirms that the interfacial interlayer contains obvious lattice distortion structure and intermetallic compounds. It interprets the explosive welding as the interfacial deformation and thermal diffusion process between dissimilar metals. The interfacial shear strength is very close to the Cu matrix strength, which is determined by the mixture of the mechanical bonding and metallurgical bonding. Several cracks exist on the shear fracture owing to the intermetallic compound in the interfacial solidifi cation structure and also the probable welding inclusion.

Research on the fracture behavior of PBX under static tension

The fracture behavior of polymer-bonded explosive(PBX) seriously affects the safety and reliability of weapon system.The effects of interface debonding and initial meso-damage on the fracture behavior of PBX under quasi-static tension are studied using numerical method.A twodimensional representative volume element(RVE) is established based on Voronoi model in which the component contents could be regulated and the particles are randomly distributed.A nonlinear damage model of polymer matrix relative to matrix depth between particles is constructed.The results show that the simulated strain-stress relation is coincident with experiment data.It is found that interface debonding leads to the nucleation and propagation of meso-cracks,and a main crack approximately perpendicular to the loading direction is generated finally.The interface debonding tends to occur in the interface perpendicular to the loading direction.There seems to be a phenomenon that strain softening and hardening alternatively appear around peak stress of stress and strain curve.It is shown that the initial damages of intragranular and interfacial cracks both decrease the modulus and failure stress,and the main crack tends to propagate toward the initial meso-cracks.

Hydromechanical characterization of gas transport amidst uncertainty for underground nuclear explosion detection

Given the challenge of definitively discriminating between chemical and nuclear explosions using seismic methods alone,surface detection of signature noble gas radioisotopes is considered a positive identification of underground nuclear explosions(UNEs).However,the migration of signature radionuclide gases between the nuclear cavity and surface is not well understood because complex processes are involved,including the generation of complex fracture networks,reactivation of natural fractures and faults,and thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical(THMC)coupling of radionuclide gas transport in the subsurface.In this study,we provide an experimental investigation of hydro-mechanical(HM)coupling among gas flow,stress states,rock deformation,and rock damage using a unique multi-physics triaxial direct shear rock testing system.The testing system also features redundant gas pressure and flow rate measurements,well suited for parameter uncertainty quantification.Using porous tuff and tight granite samples that are relevant to historic UNE tests,we measured the Biot effective stress coefficient,rock matrix gas permeability,and fracture gas permeability at a range of pore pressure and stress conditions.The Biot effective stress coefficient varies from 0.69 to 1 for the tuff,whose porosity averages 35.3%±0.7%,while this coefficient varies from 0.51 to 0.78 for the tight granite(porosity<1%,perhaps an underestimate).Matrix gas permeability is strongly correlated to effective stress for the granite,but not for the porous tuff.Our experiments reveal the following key engineering implications on transport of radionuclide gases post a UNE event:(1)The porous tuff shows apparent fracture dilation or compression upon stress changes,which does not necessarily change the gas permeability;(2)The granite fracture permeability shows strong stress sensitivity and is positively related to shear displacement;and(3)Hydromechanical coupling among stress states,rock damage,and gas flow appears to be stronger in tight granite than in porous tuff.

Analysis of explosion wave interactions and rock breaking effects during dual initiation

In blasting engineering, the location and number of detonation points, to a certain degree, regulate the propagation direction ofthe explosion stress wave and blasting effect. Herein, we examine the explosion wave field and rock breaking effect in terms of shockwave collision, stress change of the blast hole wall in the collision zone, and crack propagation in the collision zone. The produced shockwave on the collision surface has an intensity surpassing the sum of the intensities of the two colliding explosion shock waves. At the collisionlocation, the kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy with a reduction in particle velocity at the wave front and the wavefront pressure increases. The expansion form of the superposed shock wave is dumbbell-shaped, the shock wave velocity in the collisionarea is greater than the radial shock wave velocity, and the average propagation angle of the explosion shock waves is approximately 60°.Accordingly, a fitted relationship between blast hole wall stress and explosion wave propagation angle in the superposition area is plotted.Under the experimental conditions, the superimposed explosion wave stress of the blast hole wall is approximately 1.73 times the singleexplosionwave incident stress. The results of the model test and numerical simulations reveal that large-scale radial fracture cracks weregenerated on the blast hole wall in the superimposed area, and the width of the crack increased. The width of the large-scale radial fracturecracks formed by a strong impact is approximately 5% of the blast hole length. According to the characteristics of blast hole wallcompression, the mean peak pressures of the strongly superimposed area are approximately 1.48 and 1.84 times those of the weakly superimposedand nonsuperimposed areas, respectively.

Numerical Simulation and Dynamic Fracture Criteria of Thin Cylindrical Shells under Inner Explosive Loading

An FAE (Fuel Air Explosives) device is used to develop a numerical and theoretical analysis of a thin cylindrical shell with inner explosive loading. The dynamic fracture process is simulated numerically in the DYNA3D program using the finite element method. The material’s dynamic properties are described by a strain hardening viscoplastic constitution. A damage variable is introduced in the determination of the dynamic fracture criterion. Final rupture of structure is decided by a rupture strain criterion which is deduced in terms of a critical damage variable. The numerical results have been compared with theoretical solutions.

PBX炸药缝隙挤压加载下的破裂模式及点火响应

武器装药服役过程中内部容易产生缝隙等结构弱环。针对圆形缝隙开展PBX-3炸药及其模拟材料缝隙挤压加载实验。通过结构设计,使样品内部的宏观裂纹在实验结束后的拆卸过程中不发生破坏,保留裂纹原始形貌以便于观测分析。采用45°镜反射成像结合高速摄影,记录样品缝隙挤压的动态全过程。采用欧拉-拉格朗日耦合方法对炸药缝隙挤压过程进行仿真计算,用未点火情况下的实验数据进行模型参数校核,使用校核后的模型对点火情况进行再计算。基于做功和加热增加物体内能的等效性,对主导点火机制和点火时间进行分析。研究结果表明:缝隙挤压加载下样品内部形成滑移区和死区,两区分界面为锥面;对于φ0.8 mm直径的缝隙,强围压下挤压速度仅4.2 m/s即可导致点火,点火后的燃烧反应烈度随缝隙尺寸的减小而增加;数值模拟得到的挤压应力、速度及破裂模式与实验结果符合较好,滑移区与死区之间的挤压摩擦功率高达数千W/cm^(2),点火时间为百μs量级,引发点火的重要机制是滑移区-死区界面的挤压摩擦温升。

基于断裂相场的高分子黏结炸药裂纹演化及其力学性能退化分析

为了解高分子黏结炸药裂纹演化过程及其力学行为,综合考虑弹性、黏性以及热特性的影响及作用机制,提出了该材料热黏弹性断裂相场模型。基于断裂相场,建立了热黏弹性体的单一单元模型,对不同温度和应变率进行参数分析。然后,针对高分子黏结炸药开展该材料断裂相场的模拟及其模型参数校准。从而基于断裂相场在细观层面上阐明不同应变率、不同环境温度作用下高分子黏结炸药材料的裂纹演化及其力学性能退化的规律。结果表明,驱动断裂的能量和抗压强度随着应变率降低和温度的升高而呈现出减小的趋势,因此裂纹出现的时间越晚,扩展速度越慢。

松软煤层底板爆破致裂增透模拟试验研究及应用

针对松软煤层爆破增透钻孔施工困难,爆破增透产生的裂隙不发育且易于重新压实的问题,提出在底板岩层开展爆破作业,达到松软煤层增透进而增加瓦斯有效抽采时间的目的。为了监测跨界面应力波传播规律及煤层损伤状况,在实验室构建了物理模型并开展了煤层底板爆破相似模拟试验。同时使用数值模拟的研究方法对煤层底板爆破过程中煤、岩体内部的损伤及裂隙的演化过程进行补充。结果表明:松软煤层底板爆破裂纹沿爆破孔向四周岩体扩展,爆破孔位置和底板煤岩交界面以及煤层内部的破坏较为严重,产生跨界面损伤裂纹。爆炸应力波从松软煤层底板岩层传播到松软煤层时,岩体和松软煤体的交界面产生透射压缩应力波和反射拉伸应力波,透射波作用于松软煤体,使煤层裂隙增加;反射波反作用于岩体,在煤岩交界面形成交叉裂纹,使底板岩层裂隙和松软煤层裂隙贯通,有利于松软煤层的瓦斯垂向运移流动和卸压瓦斯抽采。潘一东煤矿现场应用表明,煤层底板爆破增透后瓦斯抽采纯量及其浓度快速上升,抽采纯量从0.06 m^(3)/min提高到1.46 m^(3)/min,增加了23.33倍;瓦斯浓度从爆破前的10.46%上升到45.50%左右,增加了3.34倍,并且长时间维持在较高水平。研究成果可为深部松软煤层瓦斯高效抽采提供理论基础和技术支持。

立式锅壳式蒸汽锅炉爆炸事故失效分析

针对某企业发生的一起立式锅壳式蒸汽锅炉爆炸事故,本文对失效锅炉样品分别进行了壁厚测量、金相分析、硬度试验、拉伸试验、化学成分分析、断口分析。分析结果表明:锅炉残骸样品力学性能、金相分析、厚度等均未发现异常,补焊板存在未焊透、夹渣等严重缺陷,补板与锅壳焊缝厚度远小于锅壳名义厚度,补焊锅炉本体撕裂断口形貌为韧性断裂,锅炉由于替换后的补板强度不够而发生爆炸失效。

裂纹长度对PBX代用材料表观断裂韧性Kc的影响

表观断裂韧性(Kc)是表征高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)抵抗裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展的重要材料性能,研究表观断裂韧性Kc的尺寸效应对预测不同尺度的PBX的起裂及失效行为具有重要意义。通过中心裂纹巴西圆盘(CSTBD)试验,对PBX代用材料的表观断裂韧性Kc的尺寸效应特性进行研究,通过断裂试验研究了不同裂纹长度(2,4,6,8,10 mm)对CSTBD试样表观断裂韧性Kc的影响。并采用了传统的最大切应力(MTS)准则以及考虑Willimas级数高阶项系数和断裂扩展区(FPZ)长度预估模型的修正最大切应力(MMTS)准则,对PBX代用材料的表观断裂韧性Kc的尺寸效应解释。结果发现,随着裂纹长度的增加,Kc从0.139 MPa·m0.5增长至0.251 MPa·m0.5,并且随着裂纹长度的增加Kc趋于稳定。在使用A3项修正的FPZ长度预估模型下,相较于传统的MTS准则,使用MMTS准则能够很好地解释PBX代用材料表观断裂韧性Kc的尺寸效应。

Numerical study on explosion-induced fractures of reinforced concrete structure by beam-particle model

In the field of disaster prevention mitigation and protection engineering,it is important to identify the mechanical behaviors of reinforced concrete(RC)under explosive load by simulation.A three dimensional beam-particle model(BPM),which is suitable to simulate the fracture process of RC under explosive load,has been developed in the frame of discrete element method (DEM).In this model,only the elastic deformations of beams between concrete particles were considered.The matrix displacement method(MDM)was employed to describe the relationship between the deformation and forces of the beam.A fracture criterion expressed by stress was suggested to identify the state of the beam.A BPM for steel bar,which can simulate the deformation of steel bar under high loading rate,was also developed based on the Cowper-Symonds theory.A program has been coded using C++language.Experiments of RC slab under explosive load were carried out using the program.Good agreement was achieved between the experimental and simulated results.It is indicated that the proposed theoretical model can well simulate the fracture characteristics of RC slab under explosive load such as blasting pit formation,cracks extension, spallation formation,etc.

CO_(2)相变冲击下岩石损伤演化规律研究

【目的】CO_(2)相变致裂技术具有环保、低危险、便于控制等优点,被广泛应用于矿产开采、工程施工等领域。探究CO_(2)相变致裂损伤演化规律对爆破施工参数的选取具有重要意义。【方法】针对等当量炸药损伤模型描述CO_(2)相变破岩过程的局限性,采用理想气体状态方程表述超临界CO_(2)相变过程,结合Mises准则给出相变作用下的岩石损伤半径计算模型,基于LS-DYNA软件建立相变作用下岩石损伤计算模型,分析了CO_(2)相变作用下岩石损伤演化规律,并进一步讨论了破裂压力、致裂管型号等参数对岩石损伤演化的影响。【结果】建立的相变岩石损伤半径计算模型能较好地评价岩石的损伤范围;相变冲击使岩石产生径向裂隙,CO_(2)相变气体嵌入主裂纹附近的裂缝中,裂纹尖端效应促使岩体产生更为密集的环向裂隙及细小的轴向裂隙。数值模拟结果显示,在174、250、290 MPa三种破裂压力下,85型致裂管产生的裂隙区范围分别为0.42、0.43、0.46 m;裂隙长度的增大幅度则随着管径的增大而减小,51型、85型、100型三种型号致裂管在290 MPa的破裂压力下产生的裂隙平均长度比在174 MPa下的分别提高13.2%、5.75%、1.41%;破裂压力为250 MPa时,三种致裂管所产生的裂隙区范围分别为0.42、0.43、0.47 m;在这三种破裂压力下,100型致裂管下的裂隙平均长度比51型致裂管下的分别增加14.2%、11.1%、2.4%;此外,随着破裂压力和致裂管管径两个参数的增大,相变致裂所产生的主裂隙和环向裂隙增多,岩石的裂隙平均长度增大。【结论】研究结果可为CO_(2)相变致裂施工的损伤控制、技术参数选取等提供参考。

内爆炸加载条件下圆筒的膨胀、破裂规律研究

以经典热粘塑性本构关系 (John Cook本构关系和Powerlaw本构关系 )为基础 ,建立了更适当表征材料特征的新的、解耦的本构关系。采用SHPB(分离式霍普金森杆 )技术测定了常用弹箭材料 35CrMnSiA的不同应变率下的应力、应变关系 ,并采用拟合的方法确定了本构方程中的材料常数。与高速摄影技术测得的径向位移函数及圆筒材料的损伤演化方程相结合 ,建立了控制内爆炸加载圆筒膨胀 ,直至破裂的完备方程组 ,完成了内爆炸加载圆筒问题的数值模拟 ,计算结果与以往有关箭弹材料圆筒膨胀的实验结果符合较好。

燃爆冲击作用下岩石初始破坏区形成机制与主控因素

为揭示燃爆冲击作用下井周岩石破坏区的形成机制,并分析影响初始破坏区（破碎区和初始裂隙区）的主控因素,开展了两种岩样在不同加载速率下的冲击破坏实验,分析了岩石冲击破坏模式及岩石对加载速率的响应,借助基于Von Mise准则建立的岩石冲击破坏的破碎区和初始裂隙区计算模型可知：加载速率低于190GPa/s时,可依据冲击峰值压力引导的应力分布确定破碎区和初始裂隙区作用范围;燃爆压裂在近井地带主要产生破碎区和裂隙区,破碎区直径为井眼直径的1-3倍,初始裂隙区直径为井眼直径的5-7倍;冲击载荷作用下,初始破坏区与加载速率、脆性指数呈正相关,且受脆性指数影响更显著。研究结果可提高对燃爆压裂过程中岩石的破坏模式及其主控因素的认识深度,为燃爆压裂冲击条件设计提供指导。