Microstructure of explosively compacted Nd-Fe-B magnet by TEM

The microstructure of an explosively compacted Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet（Nd-Fe-B） was investigated by means of TEM and XRD. It is shown that there are three kinds of phases: Nd2Fe14B matrix phase, O-rich phases and Nd-rich phase with different structures and compositions in the magnet. The hard magnetic phase Nd2Fe14B is tetragonal, which lattice parameters are determined to be a=0.88 nm and c=1.22 nm. The O-rich phase locates at the grain boundaries and the triple junctions has fcc structure whose lattice parameter is a=0.559 nm. A dislocation is observed in this phase. It is also found that a large number of the block-shaped Nd-rich phases with hcp structure are embedded in the Nd2Fe14B matrix or at grain boundary. Their lattice parameters are determined to be a=0.395 nm and c=0.628 nm.

CuCr bulk alloy produced by mechanical alloying and explosive compaction

CuCr bulk alloy was produced by mechanical alloying and explosive compaction technology. Four kinds of milling time were used to analyze the function and influence on mechanical alloying. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and optical microscope, and the density and hardness of the four samples were detected. The results show that the CuCr grain size is decreased with the milling time increasing, and nano-crystalline is observed in both Cu and Cr phase after 20 h milling. The density and hardness of samples are also increased with the increase of the milling time, so that the sample relative density reaches 96.6% and hardness reaches HV 217. The results indicate that high quality of CuCr bulk alloy can be manufactured using explosive compaction method when mechanical alloying and explosive compaction process parameters are reasonably selected.

Magnetic properties and thermal stability of anisotropic bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets by warm compaction

Anisotropic bonded magnets were prepared by warm compaction using anisotropic Nd-Fe-B powder. The forming process, magnetic properties, and temperature stability were studied. The results indicate that the optimal temperature of the process, which was decided by the vis-cosity of the binders, was 110°C. With increasing pressure, the density of the magnets increased. When the pressure was above 700 MPa, the powder particles were destroyed and the magnetic properties decreased. The magnetic properties of the anisotropic bonded magnets were as follows： remanence Br=0.98 T, intrinsic coercivity iHc=1361 kA/m, and maximum energy product BHmax=166 kJ/m3. The magnets had excellent thermal stability because of the high coercivity and good squareness of demagnetization curves. The flux density of the magnets was 35% higher than that of isotropic bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets at 120°C for 1000 h. The flux density of the bonded magnets showed little change with regard to temperature.

Research of warm compaction technology on nylon bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets

Warm compaction and room temperature compaction were applied to prepare bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets. The results indicated that the density of magnet was determined by the compaction pressure and warm compaction temperature, whereas, the thermosetting temperature could hardly affect the density of magnet. The mechanical properties of magnets were the best when the thermosetting temperature was 200 ℃. The Br, Hob, and （BH）max of warm compaction magnet were higher than those of room compaction. When the warm compaction temperature and thermosetting temperature were invariable, the density of magnet increased with the increase of compaction pressure, which resulted in the increase of Br, Hcb, and （BH）max of magnet and the decrease of Hcj of magnet. When the warm compaction temperature and compaction pressure were invariable, the magnetic properties of magnets decreased with the increase of thermosetting temperature. The magnetic properties of warm compaction molding magnets were better than those of injection molding magnets.

Structure and flaws of CuCr alloys by explosive compaction

CuCr alloys are prepared by mechanical alloying and explosive compaction. After we have studied their structure and flaws, the results show that the CuCr alloys have definite strength and toughness, while their fractured surface displays ductile characteristics. In the metallurgical structure, CuCr alloys are composed of two phases of uniform distribution; the SEM morphology is like thin strips with an end arrangement that is bonded to each other and the two-phase distribution of CuCr alloys is more homogenous. It is in only in a very small zone that formation of Cu-rich and Cr-rich phases take place. The flaws of the compaction samples are mainly central-holes and cracks.

Ti/Al_2O_3 Functionally Gradient Material Prepared by the Explosive Compaction/SHS Process

Ti1Al2O3 Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) was prepared by an explosive compaction/SHS process. Ten sheets of the compounding powder were laminated and pressed to get a green body of FGM. It was then compacted explosively By burying the explosive compaction body into a stoichiometric Al/TiO2 mixture and igniting the combustion of the stoichiometric Al/TiO2 mixture, the SHS reaction of the explosive compaction body was initiated by the heat released from the combustion of the stoichiometric Al/TiO2 mixture. In this way, Ti/Al2O3 FGM was synthesized. The adiabatic temperatures of each gradient layer were calculated when the preheating temperatures were 298 K and 1173 K, respectively The microstructure, composition and properties of Ti/Al2O3 FGM and the reaction mechanism of each gradient layer were studied. It was found that Ti/Al2O3 FGM prepared by the explosive compaction/SHS process had a high density and a high microhardness. Its structure, composition and properties showed apparent gradient distribution. The structure of the standard stoichiometric ratio gradient layer of FGM was a network structure. Its reaction mode could be described as follows: Al powder melted first, then the molten Al penetrated into the TiO2 zone and reacted with TiO2, and big pores were left in the original positions of Al powder. The reaction of gradient layers with the addition of Al3O3 as diluents was similar to that of the standard stoichiometric ratio gradient layer, so were their structure and composition. However, the reaction of gradient layers with the addition of Ti as diluents was more complex and the composition deviated slightly from the designed one

Safety control for powder compaction of initiating explosive device

Powder compaction is one of the most crucial processes in initiating explosive device manufacturing. The quality of powder compaction may influence the performances of product directly. Traditional powder compaction mainly makes use of manual gravitational spiral loading machine or lever loading machine. Potential accident by the strike in powder compaction of initiating explosive device could risk life, property and the environment. To prevent this risk, automatic control system and control strategy can be used to guarantee no strike in pressing process. The scope of this paper is to analyze and review the control strategy for powder compact and discuss the experimental results for the application of the proposed strategy.

Explosive compaction of CuCr alloys

The production of CuCr alloys utilizing explosive compaction was studied. Mixture powders of CuCr alloys placed in tubes with a dimension of d14.0 mm×21.4 mm can be compacted using explosive pads of 16.5 mm or 22.5 mm. Thicker pads of explosive make the compacts more porous. The effects of the ratio of m e/m p, ratio of m e/(m p+m t) and impact energy on the density of compacts were similar, they were chosen to control explosive compaction, respectively. When adequate value of the parameters m e/m p, m e/(m t+m p) and impact energy of unit area of tube was chosen, high density(7.858 g/cm 3), high hardness(HB189) and low conductance (13.6 MS/m) of CuCr alloys could be made by explosive compaction. The general properties of CuCr alloys by explosive compaction are similar to those of CuCr alloys by traditional process.

EFFECT OF OXIDE LAYER THICKNESS OVER Al AND Al ALLOY POWDERS ON QUALITY OF THEIR EXPLOSIVE COMPACTS

Observations of microstructure of explosive compacts made of Al or Al-Li alloy powders by atomization with water,nitrogen or ultrasoic Ar gas were carried out under optical and scanning electron microscopes.The rsults indicate that super quality explosive compact can only be obtained by powders of which the thickness of the oxide layer is less than 30 nm.

Compaction of TiAlMn Alloy Powder by Explosion and Sintering

Direct explosive compaction and sintering of a mixture of Ti-30Al-2Mn(wt%)and Ti-38Al-2Mn(wt%) intermetallic compound powders were carried out.Microstructure and phase characteristics of the alloys were analysed by TEM,SEM,X-ray diffractometry and optical microscopy.The results showed that the rel- ative density of the samples which were explosive-compacted and sintered reached 99.90%,and fine grain structure was obtained.Through the explosive-compacting and then sintering at 1373 K in argon atmos- phere,mutual diffusion between Ti-30Al-2Mn particles and Ti-38Al-2Mn particles took place and TiAl phase was formed in the alloy.TiAl based alloys prepared by high-energy ball-milling powders had much fi- ner grain size than those prepared by general ball-milling powdeis.

装药结构对爆炸压实W-Cu粉末的影响

在爆炸压实技术中,粉体中激波和稀疏波的强度及作用时间直接影响压实体的质量。为探究爆炸压实中不同因素对粉体中压力变化的影响,基于AUTODYN有限元程序,建立了爆炸压实W-Cu粉末的有限元模型,通过流固耦合算法实现炸药、盛粉管和W-Cu粉末的相互作用。建立与现有试验对应的有限元模型,模拟结果和试验结果具有较好的吻合性,验证了模型和材料参数的可靠性。通过对爆炸压实过程的数值模拟,分析了装药厚度和盛粉管厚度对爆炸压实压力的影响。结果表明,装药厚度越厚,激波压力的作用时间越长,对粉末的压实越有利;随着装药厚度的增加,作用时间的增长减缓。盛粉管厚度越厚,粉体中稀疏波的强度越低,对压实体的影响越小;但随着管厚增加,粉体中心压力将会降低,粉末的压实质量下降;故选择盛粉管厚度时,需综合考量粉体中心压力和稀疏波强度对爆炸压实体的影响。

爆炸压结Nd-Fe-B永磁体微观结构

利用透射电镜、X射线衍射仪、X射线能谱仪,对爆炸压结Nd-Fe-B永磁合金进行微观组织结构的观察和分析.结果表明:爆炸压结Nd-Fe-B的组织主要由基体Nd2Fe14B相、富O相和富Nd相组成;基体相是硬磁相,四方晶体结构,其晶格常数为a=0.88 nm和c=1.22 nm;富O相形貌呈三角状或层状,分布在3个晶粒交隅处和两个晶粒交界处,其晶体结构均为面心立方(fcc),点阵常数a=0.559 nm;富Nd相呈不同块状形貌,镶嵌在基体内或晶界上,其晶体结构为密排六方(hcp),晶格常数a=0.395 nm和c=0.628 nm;在富O相中O,Nd和Fe的含量(原子分数,下同)分别为45%～60%,20%～40%和10%～12%,块状富Nd相中则为80%～85%Nd和10%～15%O,同时还发现晶界相中分布着少量的位错.

深厚软基超长防波堤爆炸挤淤快速施工技术

含有深水较厚淤泥层的软基加固处理难度大,海上施工工况复杂,一直是软基处理工程的难点。在渔港斜坡式防波堤建设工程中,针对淤泥层厚、抛填方量大、防波堤长度大的特点,采用爆炸置换方法进行挤淤施工。防波堤总长2 180 m,抛石量约434万m3,为加快施工速度,构筑了双人工岛施工方法,人工岛尺寸为36 m×36 m,增加了同时工作面。在合拢段采用子堤拓宽法施工,子堤宽度8 m,由内侧向外侧推进完成合拢。经沉降点观测和钻孔取样,防波堤建设取得了较好的质量效果,可为相似工程提供借鉴经验。

黏土中爆炸成坑地冲击耦合效应实验研究

为获得黏土中爆炸成坑体积与耦合地冲击能量的关系,采用10.5 g TNT厘米级球形炸药球作为爆炸源,在Φ1500 mm×1490 mm分层式爆炸装置中开展了变埋深条件下的爆炸实验,利用3D扫描设备记录不同埋深下弹坑的真实体积,并通过动态土压力传感器测得地冲击传播衰减规律。实验结果表明:随埋深增大,耦合至黏土中的有效地冲击能量急剧增大,装药中心下方的有效弹坑体积与耦合至黏土中的有效地冲击能量基本呈正比关系,当装药比例埋深与封闭爆炸条件下爆炸空腔半径相当时,耦合至黏土中的有效地冲击能量基本达到饱和。结合实验结果给出了黏土中爆炸耦合地冲击能量分配随装药比例埋深的变化规律,建立了地下爆炸等效封闭当量计算方法,为地下工程抗爆设计提供了理论依据。

不同初装粉末条件对爆炸压实铜锡合金的影响

为避免传统粉末冶炼工艺易使铜锡合金产生缺陷而影响其强度,用爆炸手段对铜锡粉末进行压实,研究不同初装密度、不同粉末颗粒下铜锡粉末的压实效果。结果表明:铜锡粉末颗粒度从10μm减到1μm时,铜锡合金的密度增加,压实效果更好,当颗粒度减到200 nm时,因颗粒度减小,比表面积增加,导致粉末压实能量增大,影响压实效果,压实后的铜锡合金密度略小。但整体来看,试件硬度随颗粒度的减小而增大;当初装密度从43%增至52%时,基本无缺陷,铜锡合金棒材的密度提升,整体硬度增加,压实效果更好,但当初装密度超过52%后,初装密度的增大对压实效果影响较小。

爆炸粉末烧结机理的研究现状及其发展趋势

分析了爆炸粉末烧结技术的高温、高压、瞬时作用及其在新材料开发,特别是在粉末冶金中不可替代的特点和发展前景。从粉末材料状态方程、宏观机理和细观机理出发,综述了爆炸粉末烧结机理的研究进展。最初作为多孔材料本构模型提出的p-模型经过不断修正已能反映孔隙的完全闭合并计入熔化效应;在宏观机理的研究上,除实验外,数值模拟已被用于分析烧结机理及各种实际因素对烧结质量的影响;在细观机理上,综述了对爆炸粉末烧结过程中颗粒间结合机制和沉能方式的由浅入深的认识过程,简单阐述了各种沉能机制,分析了以往研究成果的不足,对其今后的发展方向进行了展望。

爆炸压实CuCr合金过程中的能量与变形

根据爆炸冲击能分为钢管变形能和粉末压实能两部分,爆炸冲击能由钢管动能计算给出,而钢管变形能由钢管的实际变形程度决定,由此得到爆炸压实CuCr合金过程中能量与变形之间的关系.结果表明,采用爆炸压实工艺制备了相对理论密度92%以上的CuCr触头材料;随着冲击能的增加,粉末压实能同步增加,而钢管变形量和变形能几乎不变.因此,炸药量太多,粉末压实能也就太多,反而发生马赫反射,导致爆炸坯密度降低.

炸药颗粒压制成型数值模拟

分析炸药压药过程中细观的力学行为,能够为改进压药工艺和提高炸药元件质量提供理论依据。建立了模压条件下炸药颗粒压制成型的计算模型。模型中炸药颗粒被认为是直径相同的球形颗粒,并按一定规律排列。利用非线性有限元计算方法,对炸药颗粒压制成型过程进行了数值模拟计算,分析了压制过程中炸药颗粒变形、受力和温度变化情况。结果表明:药粒在压缩中存在运动和变形两个阶段。在药粒运动阶段,应力集中主要出现在颗粒与约束面的接触部分;药粒进入了塑性变形后,药粒内部压力迅速升高且压力趋于一致。压缩过程中药粒温度升高,药床接近密实状态时,药床中心处药粒温度最高。

爆炸荷载作用下土中爆坑形成的数值模拟

利用爆破产生能量可进行软基处理,但不同药量、不同药包埋设深度下爆坑形态和土体属性变化会存在差异。采用基于欧拉法的爆炸流体动力学数值模拟技术对土中爆破问题进行了分析,结果表明,最终爆坑形态与已有试验成果具有较好一致性;爆坑直径与药量和埋药深度存在一定的非线性关系;爆炸荷载在近域传播与冲击波类似,随着远离药包中心,则表现为应力波特征;随埋药深度增加,爆破挤密效果明显,但浅层爆破对土体挤密效果有限。

金属粉末爆炸烧结界面能量沉积机制

本文用“绝热摩擦机制”和“微爆炸焊接模型”讨论了爆炸烧结过程中金属粉末颗粒边界局部升温以至熔融的机理。指出这种升温时间大致和激波前沿的上升时间相当,约10^(-8)秒量级 升温率高达10^(11)度/秒。其界面温度可超过常压下的金属熔点。并与McQueen等人建立的多孔隙材料的绝热压缩理论进行了比较。