Brittle deformation in the Afikpo Basin (Southeast Nigeria): Evidence for a terminal Cretaceous extensional regime in the Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria

This paper deals with the regional and structural framework of the Cretaceous rocks in the Afikpo Basin located in the southeastern part of the Lower Benue Trough. Results from regional tectonics are presented together with those of the microtectonic analysis of microfaults in the Owutu-Afikpo-Adadama area in the basin. The Owutu-Afikpo-Adadama ridge at the north-central part of the basin marks the boundary between the Late Cenomanian-Turonian-Conianian sediments and the Campanian-Maastrichtian sandstones. This ridge trends N45oE on average and is faulted in three main directions, namely: (1) N-S normal faults; (2) NE-SW strike-slip faults; and (3) NW-SE strike-slip faults. The faulted rocks along these brittle discontinuities are mainly cataclastics with internal fracture cleavage and sigmoidal quartz mosaics that are reminiscent of extensional deformation. The cataclasites often bear slickenside striations. The NE-SW and NW-SE strike-slip faults are the results of the youngest brittle events on the Owutu-Afikpo-Adadama ridge. These faults were reactivated after deposition of the Campanian-Maastrichtain sediments (post-depositional faults) and, therefore, are post-Maastrichtain. Microfault analysis of these fault trends suggests an extensional regime that prevailed in the Lower Benue Trough. These results are of significance because this event is least poorly understood and less documented in contrast to the Cenomanian and Santonian events that affected the older Cretaceous strata in this region.

四川盆地中二叠世广元—巴中拉张槽的发现及其油气地质意义

利用野外、钻井和地震资料综合研究,在四川盆地广元—巴中地区发现中二叠世的槽谷,为上扬子西北缘受海西期拉张作用形成的拉张槽。拉张槽的地质—地震特征明显,呈北西向展布,宽度为70~120km,面积约为2×104km2,根据其中线展布将其命名为广元—巴中拉张槽。拉张槽控制着中二叠统的烃源岩展布,拉张槽内为深水欠补偿沉积,充填10~30m的深水陆棚相泥质岩,TOC为2%~9%,为优质烃源岩。该拉张槽还控制着中二叠统茅口组台缘带优质储层的形成与展布,拉张槽两侧发育台地边缘滩相沉积,三维地震资料解释表明,台缘带宽度为8~10km,面积达3000km^2,受岩溶等成岩作用改造,可形成规模优质储层。广元—巴中拉张槽的发现改变了四川盆地二叠纪构造沉积分异形成于长兴期的传统认识,拉张槽内部优质烃源岩与其周缘规模滩相储层构成旁生侧储的源储配置关系,为有利成藏组合,是茅口组重要勘探方向。

准噶尔盆地的原型和构造演化

文中讨论了以下三个问题:(1)洋-陆转换时限和中、晚石炭世盆地原型。根据准噶尔盆地及其邻区的构造演化及岩浆活动研究,洋-陆转换时限应为早石炭世末,中、晚石炭世裂陷槽是由于造山期后伸展塌陷作用产生的;(2)二叠纪—早更新世陆内盆地的原型。根据陆内盆地的鉴别标志,提出了二叠纪盆地为陆内裂谷—裂谷期后弱伸展坳陷—弱缩短挠曲坳陷,三叠纪、侏罗纪、白垩纪和第三纪为弱伸展或稳定大陆内坳陷和陆内前陆坳陷或弱缩短挠曲坳陷交替的叠合盆地;(3)准噶尔盆地原型和构造演化对油气分布的控制作用。

转换型陆缘——尼日尔三角洲盆地成因类型再认识

尼日尔三角洲盆地是世界上规模最大、油气最为富集的陆缘三角洲盆地之一,过去普遍被认为是起源于白垩纪三叉裂谷的伸展型被动大陆边缘盆地。本文综合前人研究,剖析贝努埃槽和非洲陆上断裂体系及其相关盆地构造-地层结构,认为冈瓦纳大陆裂解前(侏罗纪-早白垩世)陆内存在巨型走滑断裂系,先期裂开的南大西洋和中大西洋沿该断裂系贯通形成赤道大西洋;提出了尼日尔三角洲盆地为受先存大型走滑断裂体系影响的转换型陆缘盆地,具有明显的窄洋陆过渡带特征,致使现今三角洲主体沉积于新生洋壳之上;重建了尼日尔三角洲盆地裂陷期、过渡期和陆缘期的形成演化历程,提出因边缘脊和洋底转换脊的遮挡作用,在过渡期转换型陆缘更有利于形成局限的海洋环境,为形成大面积优质烃源岩创造了良好条件,大幅度地提升了转换型陆缘盆地的油气勘探前景。

川中地区新元古代—古生代初多幕裂陷过程及其演化

经钻井、二维和三维地震勘探证实,四川盆地川中威远—安岳之间存在一个近南北向展布的裂陷槽,为川中地区的生烃中心,对其进行研究具有非常重要的油气地质意义。在前人研究的基础上,结合最新的地震和钻井资料,依据断层相关褶皱理论对该裂陷槽的形成演化和成因机制进行了分析。分析认为在桐湾二期末,受到拉张作用,基底发育正断层,在正断层相关褶皱作用下,构造发生反转,"隆起"变"凹陷",从而在四川盆地形成大型裂陷槽,结合断层相关褶皱理论分析其成因机制,认为四川盆地受南华纪—震旦纪伸展作用影响,发育多幕裂陷,形成半地堑—坳陷组合,早寒武世,裂陷槽受基底正断层传播作用影响而形成。