Tectonic and Geodynamic Setting of Oil and Gas Basins in China

About 26 sedimentary basins bearing oil and gas are developed in China. They can be classified into two main types . extensional basins and foreland basins . The former are chiefly distributed in the eastern part and the latter in the central and northwestern parts of the country . The present paper discusses the structural characteristics of these basins . including subsidence history , thermal history and structural style and kinematics . Combined with tectonic setting analysis of geophysical data and eruptive rocks , the geodynamic setting of the basins is established , and the formation mechanism of the basins is deduced to have been related to the subduction of the Izanagi and west Pacific plates and the closing of the Tethys ocean .

Giant Mineral Deposits and Their Geodynamic Setting in the Lanping Basin, Yunnan, China

There are giant mineral deposits, including the Jinding Zn-Pb and Baiyangping Ag-Co-Cu, and otherimportant mineral deposits (e.g., Baiyangchang Ag-Cu, Jinman Cu deposits, etc.) in the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin, Yunnan Province, China. The tabular ore-bodies and some veins hosted in terrestrial clastic rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age and no outcropping of igneous rocks in the giant deposits lead to the proposal of syngenetic origin, but the giant mineral deposits are not stratabound (e.g. MVT, sandstone- and Sedex-type). They formed in a continental red basin with intense crust movement. The mineralization is controlled by structures and lithology and occurs in different strata, and no sedimentary nature and no exhalative sediments are identified in the deposits. The deposits show some relations with organic matter (now asphalt and petroleum) and evaporates (gypsum). The middle-low-temperature (mainly 110℃ to 280℃) mineralization took place at a depth of about 0.9 km to 3.1 km during the early Himalayan (58 to 67 Ma). The salinity of ore-forming fluids is surprisingly low (1.6% to 18.0 wt% (NaCl)eq). Affected by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, the mantle is disturbed under the Lanping Basin. The large-scale mineralization is closely linked with the geodynamics of the crust movement, the mantle and mantle-flux upwelling and igneous activity. Giant mineral deposits and their geodynamic setting are unique in the Lanping Basin.

Geochemical discriminations of sandstones from the Mohe Foreland basin,northeastern China:Tectonic setting and provenance

Discrimination of sandstone geochemistry to tectonic settings and provenance has become an effective method in the studies of complex geological circumstances because of its higher sensitivity for the stability of tectonic settings in the period of basin deposition. Results of geochemical analyses in this paper show that sandstone samples of the Mesozoic Mohe basin fall in active continental margin settings on several kinds of tectonic discriminatory diagrams (Bhatia et al. 1983, 1986; Roser et al. 1986,1988,1999). The samples are also characterized by binary-system provenances, whose terrigenous clastic materials mainly derived from the oro- genic belt near the basin to the north and secondarily from the continental region in the south of the basin at the same time. The research results of rock geochemistry, combined with tectonic analysis, reflect that tectonic type of the basin is a foreland basin with nature of depositional ac- cumulation of molass, but not continental rift basin considered in the past. This finding provides important evidence of rock geochemistry for the original structural linkage between the Mohe Foreland Basin and Mongol-Okhotsk Orogen in Mesozoic.

Dynamic Settings and Interactions between Basin Subsidence and Orogeny in Zhoukou Depression and Dabie Orogenic Belt

This paper presents a study of the geo dynamic setting and the relation between orogenic uplift and basin subsidence in the inland Zhoukou depression and Dabie orogenic belt. Since the Mesozoic the evolution of Zhoukou depression can be divided into three stages: (1) foreland basin, (2) transitional stage, (3) fault depression. Formation and variations of basin were not only related to the orogenesis, but also consistent with the orogenic uplift.

Complexity and Geodynamics of Ore-accumulating Basins in the Qinling Orogenic Belt,China

Researches were made of different continental-margin and intraplate basin systems in the Qinling microplate in terms of hydrothermal deposition, geodynamics of basin formation, hydrothermal sedimentary rock facies, syntectonics in the basins, and the styles of ore accumulation in the basins.

Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin Features and Evolution of Southeast China

The Late Triassic to Paleogene （T3-E） basin occupies an area of 143100 km^2, being the sixth area of the whole of SE China; the total area of synchronous granitoid is about 127300 km^2; it provides a key for understanding the tectonic evolution of South China. From a new 1：1500000 geological map of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins of SE China, combined with analysis of geometrical and petrological features, some new insights of basin tectonics are obtained. Advances include petrotectonic assemblages, basin classification of geodynamics, geometric features, relations of basin and range. According to basin-forming geodynamical mechanisms, the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin of SE China can be divided into three types, namely： 1） para-foreland basin formed from Late Triassic to Early Jurassic （T3-J1） under compressional conditions; 2） rift basins formed during the Middle Jurassic （J2） under a strongly extensional setting; and 3） a faulted depression formed during Early Cretaceous to Paleogene （K1-E） under back-arc extension action. From the rock assemblages of the basin, the faulted depression can be subdivided into a volcanic-sedimentary type formed mainly during the Early Cretaceous （K1） and a red -bed type formed from Late Cretaceous to Paleogene （K2-E）. Statistical data suggest that the area of all para-foreland basins （T3-J1） is 15120 km^2, one of rift basins （J2） occupies 4640 km^2, and all faulted depressions equal to 124330 km^2 including the K2-E red-bed basins of 37850 km^2. The Early Mesozoic （T3-J1） basin and granite were mostly co-generated under a post-collision compression background, while the basins from Middle Jurassic to Paleogene （J2-E） were mainly constrained by regional extensional tectonics. Three geological and geographical zones were surveyed, namely： 1） the Wuyishan separating zone of paleogeography and climate from Middle Jurassic to Tertiary; 2） the Middle Jurassic rift zone; and 3） the Ganjiang separating zone of Late Mesozoic volcanism. Three types of basin-granite relationships have been identified, including compressional （a few）, strike-slip （a few）, and extensional （common）. A three-stage geodynamical evolution of the SE-China basin is mooted： an Early Mesozoic basin-granite framework; a transitional Middle Jurassic tectonic regime; intracontinental extension and red-bed faulted depressions since the Late Cretaceous.

GEODYNAMICS OF SUPERLARGE DEPOSITS IN CHINSES YUNNAN-GUIZHOU-GUANGXI ON THE EASTERN MARGIN OF THE QINGZANG PLEAUTAN

Interest in the ore\|forming histories of basins has grown rapid since 1960 and is now intensive. The main reason behind the acceleration is the increasing awareness that the natural processes responsible for generating metal deposits in the sedimentary basin from the source rocks of the beneath the basin and intensively hydrothermal activity in the basin. Observations made in different continental margin basin systems and superlarge deposits in Chinese Yunnan\|Guizhou\|Guangxi Province on the eastern margin of the Qingzang (Himalaya—Karakoram—Tibet) were investigated in terms of geodynamics of basin formation. Geotectonically, the area is situated in the conjoint between the Tethys—Himalaya and the Marginal\|Pacific tectonic domain, characterized by very complex geological structure, typical basin\|mountain tectonics, abundant Superlarge deposits.

扬子陆块西缘寒武系砂岩的物源分析:对古地理位置重建和构造背景的指示

扬子陆块西缘寒武系主要为一套碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩的岩石组合,前人研究多认为形成于相对稳定的克拉通盆地。但同时期出现的大陆岩浆作用显然与前期认定的克拉通盆地性质不符,需要借助扬子西缘的物质来源探讨构造背景。基于野外露头等资料,本文通过对扬子陆块西缘会泽和会东附近寒武系3件砂岩样品进行重矿物分析、电气石电子探针和碎屑锆石U-Pb测年分析,确定扬子西缘寒武纪沉积物的源区;并结合沉积序列等综合探讨扬子陆块西缘寒武纪的构造背景。沉积序列表明,扬子西缘寒武系沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组主要由砂岩和白云岩等组成,沉积环境为滨岸—潮坪。细—粗砂岩碎屑颗粒为次棱角状—次圆状,分选较差;碎屑组分主要为石英,岩屑几乎全部为燧石,长石含量较少。测试分析结果表明:重矿物分析指示扬子西缘寒武系砂岩重矿物主要由锆石、赤—褐铁矿、电气石、钛铁矿、金红石、磷灰石等组成,重矿物组合指示岩浆岩为其主要母岩;电气石电子探针分析结果表明,物源主要来自于贫锂花岗岩和变砂岩、变泥岩;碎屑锆石测年分析表明物源区母岩主要为983~540 Ma岩浆岩。碎屑锆石年龄对比等综合分析表明,寒武系沉积物部分源自康滇古陆983~708 Ma的岩浆岩和变沉积岩,部分源自冈瓦纳大陆东非造山带663~540 Ma的岩石,物源区岩石经历再旋回产物作用。扬子西缘寒武系的沉积序列、碎屑锆石年龄谱图和碎屑组成等特征综合分析表明,扬子陆块西缘寒武系形成于前陆盆地。

Formation of the Permian basalts and implications of geochemical tracing for paleo-tectonic setting and regional tectonic background in the Turpan-Hami and Santanghu basins,Xinjiang

The Turpan-Hami and Santanghu basins are the late Paleozoic-Mesozoic-Cenozoicreworked intracontinental basins that superposed on the folded basement of the Paleozoic orogenicbelt. ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar geochronological study of the basalts developed in the basins reveals that theformation period is Permain (293—266 Ma). From geochemical comparison of the basalts, theSantanghu basalts exhibit a strong depletion in Nb and Ta, and a selective enrichment in HFSE,reflecting that the source region is influenced by the subducted components related to subduction ofthe ancient oceanic crust and characterized with ''lagged arc volcanic rocks''. In contrast, theTurpan-Hami basalts show a slight depletion in Nb and Ta, high Th/Ta ratio, similar to the basaltsformed in an intracontinental ex-tensional zone or in an initial rift. Combined with the formationperiod of the ophiolite and ophiolite melange zones and regional magmatic activities occurring onthe post-orogenic extensional background in northern Xinjiang, it can be inferred from thesegeochemical characteristics that the tectonic background for forming the Turpan-Hami and Santanghubasins is closely related to the regional extension after the continent-continent collisionalorogeny. The basalts of the two basins came from different sources on the post-orogenic extensionalbackground of the similar basin-forming dynamics. Although the settings are all intracontinentalrift, the source for the Santanghu basalts is obviously subjected to the metasomatism of thesubducted components, implying the existence of the previous subduction.

郯庐断裂带的伸展活动及其动力学背景

郯庐断裂带的伸展活动发生于晚白垩世至早第三纪 ,控制形成了一系列断陷盆地。安徽段的断陷出现在晚白垩世至早第三纪 ,苏鲁段仅发生于晚白垩世 ,而山东潍坊以北的断陷皆出现在早第三纪 ,显示了伸展活动南早北晚的迁移规律。这一伸展活动叠加在前期走滑构造之上 ,呈现为幕式的正断层运动。现可鉴别出断裂带的伸展活动经历过 5次显著的断陷事件。郯庐断裂带的伸展构造多不同于典型的裂谷。它与中国东部同期一系列伸展盆地形成的动力学背景一致 ,是太平洋板块向西正面高角度俯冲下。

准噶尔盆地构造演化与动力学背景再认识

准噶尔盆地是中国西部重要的含油气盆地,关于其演化历史,至今尚存在争议。地球物理资料分析表明,准噶尔盆地地质结构在平面和剖面上具前陆盆地系统的结构特征。本文运用前陆盆地理论,通过压陷挠曲作用,以演化动力为背景,将准噶尔盆地分为5个演化阶段:①碰撞成盆阶段;②压陷挠曲阶段;③挠曲坳陷阶段;④坳陷沉降阶段;⑤再生前陆盆地阶段。石炭纪至二叠纪,准噶尔地块周围海槽先后关闭,发生陆陆碰撞。首先是西北缘:早石炭世末期形成西北缘界山的雏形;其次是东北缘:晚石炭世中晚期,形成了克拉美丽造山带;最晚是南缘:于早二叠世晚期风城组沉积期,形成南缘界山。随着周缘界山的隆升,准噶尔盆地形成三大前陆盆地系统。三叠纪至古近纪,板块挤压作用减弱,准噶尔盆地由强烈压陷期逐渐进入坳陷沉降阶段。新近纪至第四纪,受喜马拉雅运动的影响,北天山快速、大幅度隆升,准噶尔盆地南缘再次挠曲下沉,形成近EW向的再生前陆盆地。多期演化造就了盆地具有多套生、储、盖组合和多期次成藏,为油气的富集创造了条件。

下扬子地区盆地的“四层楼”结构及其动力学机制

下扬子地区震旦纪以来经历了不同的大地构造与地球动力学背景 ,盆地演化相应地经历了震旦纪—中三叠世海盆→晚三叠世—中侏罗世沿江前陆盆地→晚侏罗世—早白垩世火山岩盆地→晚白垩世—早第三纪陆相伸展盆地。下扬子地区震旦纪—中三叠世海盆发育于伸展性被动大陆边缘。沿江前陆盆地形成于扬子与华北板块碰撞活动中的前陆变形带上。火山岩盆地出现于区域性走滑剪切和环太平洋岩浆弧背景下。库拉—太平洋板块高角度、高速正面向东亚大陆下的俯冲 ,造成了岩石圈上拱拉张 ,从而产生了晚白垩世—早第三纪的陆相伸展盆地。随着西太平洋边缘弧后盆地的出现及印度与欧亚板块的碰撞 ,中国东部遭受近东西向挤压 ,从而结束了下扬子地区的盆地演化历史。

中国中、新生代含油气盆地构造和动力学背景

中国有大约26个含油气盆地。盆地主要有两种类型:(1)伸展盆地;(2)前陆(或挠曲)盆地。第一种伸展盆地主要位于东部,第二种前陆盆地主要位于中部和西北地区。本文讨论了伸展和前陆盆地的以下特征:(1)沉降史;(2)热史;(3)构造样式和运动学。结合深部地球物理和火山岩资料,确定了盆地的地球动力学背景,并且推测盆地形成与西太平洋板俯冲作用和特提斯洋闭合有关。

中国中西部盆地区岩石圈热-流变学结构及其对前陆盆地成因演化的意义

中国中西部地区发育众多前陆冲断带,它们具有构造变形复杂、油气潜力大和有别于经典前陆盆地的沉积和油气地质特征,但其成因过程和动力学并不清楚。文中利用中西部盆地区的地温、岩石热物性参数和地热学模拟技术,分析该区岩石圈热状态和流变学特征,进一步结合其他地质、地球物理资料,揭示盆地区的深部构造特征和岩石圈性质。研究表明,中西部各主要盆地的岩石圈具有厚度大、强度高、地温低等热-流变学特征,表现为刚硬块体;而其周缘和造山带区却表现为温度高、强度低和厚度小等特征,是构造变形的易发区。在此基础上讨论了岩石圈性质和变形过程等深部构造对前陆盆地成因演化的控制作用,进而初步归纳这类陆内再生前陆盆地的成因演化机制:发育于小型克拉通块体的边缘,其就位受控于岩石圈热-流变学非均质性和构造继承性,其动力来源是新生代印度-欧亚大陆碰撞及其持续的挤压作用。上述研究为探讨中国中西部地区的前陆盆地成因机制提供了深部资料和岩石圈热-流变学约束。

中国含油气盆地中的超压体系

随着石油勘探程度的提高及钻探深度的加深，我国含油气盆地中超压体系陆续地被揭露出来。目前已发现２９个地区具有超压，而且发现它们与油气有密切的关系。一般超压体系就是烃源岩，但也可以作为盖层，对下伏油气藏起压力封闭作用。超压又是油气运移的原动力，它迫使地下流体通过水力压裂断层或各种输导层，由高势区向低势区运移、聚集。强超医储层（压力系数＞２）成藏比较困难，从理论上讲除非周围泥岩（烃原岩）压力系数比储层还大，也可成藏。经考察在一些特定的地质条件下强超压储层也可以成藏，所以在具有超压体系的含油气盆地中，首先应搞清超压体系的成因分布规律，特别注重那些压力、温度正异常区，因为无论是在平面上，还是在纵向上这些异常区，都是压力突破点，代表地下流体主泄露区，是油气最有利的聚集区，应作为勘探的靶区。

东秦岭-大别山及邻区盆-山系统演化与动力学

东秦岭-大别造山带受不同块体间的拼合碰撞及其之后陆内变形的控制,在造山带边缘和内部形成了不同的盆山系统造山带北缘响应北秦岭与华北板块的弧陆碰撞及其之后的陆内变形作用,形成了后陆逆冲与弧后前陆盆地系统。三叠纪至白垩纪,造山带南缘随着扬子板块与秦岭-大别微板块沿勉略缝合带自东向西的斜向俯冲和之后的陆内旋转挤压,在扬子北缘形成了前陆逆冲与周缘前陆盆地系统。晚侏罗世末至白垩纪,造山带挤压与伸展并存,伸展自核部向边缘发展,形成造山带伸展塌陷和近东西向裂谷盆地系统。大致在中始新世之后,受中国东部环太平洋构造带东西向伸展作用和深部构造作用的控制,横跨造山带形成近南北向的裂谷盆地。

含油气盆地地球动力学模式

文章讨论了含油气盆地地球动力学模式,其中着重讨论了以下几个问题:(1)沉积盆地地球动力学研究的进展,使得能够提出一种根据盆地所处的板块位置和地球动力学模型进行划分的含油气盆地分类;(2)尽管我们有一些古生代克拉通盆地的地球动力学模式,但其成因机制仍缺乏令人信服的解释;(3)通过大陆内裂谷火山岩化学成分、地温场、构造变形、岩石圈结构以及区域板块构造背景综合分析,我们建立了六种大陆裂谷形成的地球动力学模式;(4)前陆盆地的形成与其周缘造山带密切相关,其地球动力学模式是大陆岩石圈对褶皱冲断带构造负载的挠曲响应;(5)走滑伸展盆地与被走滑断层改造的伸展盆地十分相似,许多伸展盆地被认为是拉分盆地,因此需要综合平面和剖面标志可靠地鉴别它们。

冀中坳陷的伸展构造系统及其构造背景

冀中坳陷主要发育在古近纪,是渤海湾盆地西北部的一个典型的半地堑群,以发育古潜山油气藏著称于世。本文在地震剖面分析基础上,建立了冀中坳陷的伸展构造系统。该系统以大兴、保定—石家庄拆离滑脱断层为主体,与牛东—河东、马西、宁晋、新河等伸展断层以及徐水—安新变换带和衡水、宝坻—桐柏镇变换断层等组合而成。最后,探讨了伸展构造系统发育的深部构造背景及其与太行山变质核杂岩之间成因上可能的联系。

川西前陆盆地上侏罗统—白垩系泥质岩稀土元素地球化学

为了探讨川西前陆盆地上侏罗统—白垩系的物源属性及源区构造背景,对该区上侏罗统—白垩系泥质岩的稀土元素(REE)地球化学特征进行系统分析,结果表明,构造区及沉积环境对泥质岩的REE特征及其沉积分异作用有一定的控制性。在沉积成岩过程中,泥质岩的REE特征在一定程度上受到沉积作用的改造;泥质岩具有明显的LREE富集、HREE丰度低、负Eu异常以及大多数样品具有较明显负Ce异常的特点;从J3到K2,泥质岩均具有较高的REE分异程度,不同阶段的REE平均分异程度相对稳定;泥质岩形成于一种总体偏氧化、局部具还原性质的沉积环境;源区母岩以沉积岩和花岗质岩石为主,也可能有玄武岩成分的混入;源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧,也有来自被动大陆边缘的物源。

粤西阳春盆地多金属矿床成矿系列及动力学背景

粤西阳春盆地为广东省重要的多金属矿集区之一,主要包括矽卡岩型、斑岩-矽卡岩型和热液脉型3类多金属矿床。阳春盆地发育多种矿化元素,矿种以Cu、Fe、Pb、Zn、Ag、W、Sn为主,Au、Mo、Bi次之。文章在梳理前人工作成果的基础上,将阳春盆地的多金属矿床厘定为一个成矿系列和3个成矿亚系列：即与燕山期侵入岩有关的Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn-W-Sn多金属矿床成矿系列,包括与中侏罗世侵入岩有关的铁铜多金属矿床成矿亚系列（Ⅰ）、与早白垩世中酸性侵入岩有关的铜钼铅锌多金属矿床成矿亚系列（Ⅱ）和与晚白垩世花岗岩有关的W-Sn多金属矿床成矿亚系列（Ⅲ）。Ⅰ和Ⅱ成矿亚系列主要沿阳春盆地的边缘坳陷带分布,受NE-NNE向构造及EW向构造复合控制,成矿岩体主要为花岗闪长岩、二长花岗斑岩以及二长花岗岩等,来源于相对深部,为壳幔同熔的产物,成因类型主要包括矽卡岩型和斑岩-矽卡岩型;Ⅲ成矿亚系列主要产于隆起区与坳陷带接壤部位及坳陷带中局部隆起地段,受隐伏的NW向构造控制,与成矿有关的花岗岩类属弱过铝质-准铝质花岗岩,由地壳物质重熔而形成,也可能有少量的地幔物质加入,矿床类型以石英脉型和斑岩-矽卡岩型-热液脉型为主。大量的高精度测年数据表明：Ⅰ亚系列成矿时代主要集中在170-160 Ma,Ⅱ亚系列成矿年龄主要集中在110-98 Ma,而Ⅲ亚系列成矿年龄为85-76 Ma,前一成矿亚系列对应的成矿动力学背景为太平洋板块的俯冲环境,而Ⅱ和Ⅲ成矿亚系列则处于燕山晚期的拉张伸展环境并伴随强烈的壳幔相互作用,其可能与135 Ma之后太平洋板块的运动方向发生转向有关。